I-Biograge
UKarl Linney ungusosayensi, i-Academian noProfesa enegama lomhlaba, elenza umnikelo omkhulu kwisayensi. I-Botany ibheka ngayo uMdali wesayensi yawo, kodwa empeleni umsebenzi wesayensi weLinneia ubanzi kakhulu. Indoda iyakwazisa womabili uMdali wolimi lwaseSweden olubhaliwe ngendlela yalo yamanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usosayensi waba nomthelela ekwenziweni kwemfundiso yesayensi yemvelo ohlelweni lwemfundo yaseyunivesithi.Ubuntwana nentsha
UKarl wazalwa ngo-1707 edolobhaneni elincane laseSwitzerland. UNikolaus Linneus - uyise womfana, wasebenza njengompristi. Njengoba ayeyindodana yabakhululi, abazali babengenamali eyanele yezifundo zakhe. Isikhathi esithile safunda e-University of Lund, kodwa hhayi ukuthola iziqu zesayensi, kwaphoqelelwa ukuba ibuyele ekhaya. Lapho, insizwa yanelisekile ngumsizi wamfundisi wendawo, futhi ngokushesha athathe iSan ngokomoya futhi asebenze njengomsizi esontweni amakholwa.
Umama uCarla - indodakazi yompristi. UKarl waba yingane yokuqala yalombhangqwana, emva kwakhe, kwazalwa ezinye izingane ezine emndenini. Ubaba kamama, umfundisi uBroderborson, ufa ngonyaka wokuzalwa komzukulu wokuqala. Futhi ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2, uNicolaus wamisa umpristi, futhi umndeni ufudukele endlini lapho kwakuhlala khona umkhulu.
Njengoba uhlele endaweni entsha, inhloko yomndeni ihlukana nengadi yendlu, izitshalo zemifino, izithelo nezimbali. UCarl kusukela ebuntwaneni ebuntwaneni wafuna ukwazi, unesifiso sezwe elingaphandle, futhi ikakhulukazi uhlaza. Eminyakeni engu-8 ubudala, umfana wayazi izitshalo eziningi zendawo yazo. Ama-NicasAs abeke indodana yakhe icebo elincane eliseduze nendlu, lapho uKarl efika khona imbewu ehlukahlukene, izimbali ezikhulile namakhambi.
Ulwazi lokuqala lweKarl lutholwe esikoleni esiphansi kakhulu sohlelo lolimi edolobheni elikhulu, lapho uyise afunda khona, nangemva kweminyaka eyi-8 angena endaweni yokuzivocavoca. Njengoba lo muzi wawukude nendlu, imvamisa ukuba nomndeni waseKarl akazange asebenze, ngakho wabona kuphela eholidini noyise nonina. Esikoleni, umfana wafunda kabi, okuwukuphela kwento ethile le nsizwa eyabhekana nayo - izibalo, kodwa futhi nge-biology akazange ayeke ukuthwalwa.
Lolu cwaningo lwalungeze lwanikezwa insizwa yokuthi othisha baze banikela nabazali babo ukuhumusha iNdodana ukuba bayifundele ubuciko. Ngaleso sikhathi, izifundo ezifundweni ezinengqondo nezizokwelashwa zafundiswa esikoleni, eziqinisekisile ubuholi besikole ukuba bashiye umfundi ukuba afunde kudokotela. Kulokhu, uCarlo kwadingeka axazulule kuthisha, yena uqobo wafundisa umfana. Ngaphezu kwamakilasi amakhulu, uhlelo lwaluwusosayensi othandekayo weBotany.
Isayensi
Ngemuva kokuphothula esikoleni, ngo-1727, uLinney ungena eyunivesithi eLund. Lapho, wenza ukujwayelana noSolwazi Stobes. Esikhathini esizayo, le ndoda iyamsiza ngezindlu futhi ahlele ekhaya lakhe. Le nsizwa ivula ukufinyelela kumtapo wezincwadi. Ngasikhathi sinye, uhlangabezana neqoqo lomuntu siqu labezi zasolwandle nabasemfuleni kanye ne-herbarium yezitshalo eziqoqwe nguthisha eLund. Izinkulumo zeStobeUS zidlale indima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kweLinneia njenge-botany.
Ngo-1728, uLinney uya eyunivesithi e-Uppsal. Le yunivesithi inikeze amathuba amaningi okufunda umuthi ngaphansi kokuqala koprofesa abanethalente. Abafundi bazame ukuthola ulwazi oluningi ngangokunokwenzeka nangesikhathi sabo samahhala esichithwe kwisayensi yabo efundwayo.
Lapho, uKarl wagxuma nomfundi, naye unesifiso se-biology, futhi abantu abasha baqala ukusebenza ekubuyekezweni kwezigaba zomlando zemvelo ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi. UKarl wagxila ekufundweni kwezitshalo. Isigaba esibalulekile empilweni kaLinneya sajwayelana no-Ulf Celsius, uthisha wezenkolo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kwawo-1720, le ndoda yahlinzeka abantu abasha ukufinyelela umtapo wezincwadi futhi bavumela ukuhlala ekhaya lakhe, njengoba uKarl esesimweni esinzima sezimali.
Ngokushesha le nsizwa yabhala umsebenzi wokuqala wokucwaninga, okubandakanya imibono esemqoka yokuhlukaniswa ngocansi okuzayo kwezitshalo. Phakathi kothisha basenyuvesi, ukushicilelwa kwadla isithakazelo esikhulu. Umsebenzi wesayensi womfundi wawazisa iRudbeck Jr., onguprofesa eyunivesithi, futhi wavumela uKarl ukuba afundise njengombukiso e-University's Botanical Garden.
Izitimela zokuphuma eLapland zenzeka eLinneia ngo-1732. Njengoba ayengenalo ithuba lokuzimela ngezezimali, leyunivesithi lasebenzisa ithuba lokuthola lokho. Le ndoda yaya enhlonhlo yeScandinavia, izinyanga eziyisithupha zokulethwa kwayo yafunda amaminerali, izilwane nezitshalo, yafunda nokuphila kweSaami yasendaweni. Ukuze ungaphuthelwa okutholakele okubalulekile, cishe yonke indlela ayehamba ngayo futhi amanye amasayithi athile anqoba ihhashi. Ngaphezu kweqoqo elicebile lamasampula wesayensi yemvelo, owesilisa waletha eSweden nasezintweni zempilo yabantu bomdabu baleli lizwe.
Umbiko we-Carl Expedition udlulisa emphakathini we-Upppsal Royal Science Science, ukubala eqinisweni lokuthi amarekhodi awo azoshicilelwa ngokuphelele. Kepha lokhu akwenzekanga, kwathi ngo-1732 kuphela umbiko omfishane kuphela eLapland Flora eshicilelwe ekushicilelweni. Kwakuyikhathalogu yezinhlobo zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene.
Lesi sihloko esibizwa ngeFloru Lapponica sesiphenduke umsebenzi wokuqala oshicilelwe wesosayensi, lapho axoxa khona ngokoqobo kohlelo lwezocansi zezitshalo. Usosayensi wabahlukanisa abe amakilasi, baphikisana ngokuba khona kwesitezi ezitshalweni, esinqunywa yizinambuzane nezinto ezinamathela. Futhi amakilasi ahlukaniswe eKarl kuma-squads asuselwa kwizici zesakhiwo sezindiza. Lapho ufunda lesi sihloko, uLinenei wayevame ukuba namaphutha, kodwa, ngaphandle kwalokhu, uhlelo olwenziwe nguprofesa lwaluthakazelisa futhi lwabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngo-1811 kuphela amarekhodi ashicilelwe kuqala kusuka kudayari yamadoda, lapho achaza khona ukubonwa kwempilo kaSaami. Olunye ulwazi mayelana nendlela yokuphila yabantu bomdabu baleso sikhathi, ngakho-ke, okwesikhathi esithile, amarekhodi awo abaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni we-ethnography.
Ngo-1735, uKarl uya eHolland, lapho uvikela i-dissertation futhi athole iziqu zobudokotela bezokwelapha. Ukusuka lapho, ishesha ukuya eLeiden, lapho ishicilela khona i-eseyi esihlokweni "Isistimu yemvelo". Eminyakeni engu-2 yokuphila, imibono eminingi yobuhlakani izalwa edolobheni laseDashi, ayichaza ezincwadini ezishicilelwe. Amakilasi ezilwane esosayensi ayahlukana: Lezi ziyizinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo, ama-amphibians nezinhlanzi, izibungu nezinambuzane. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umuntu ubheka izilwane ezincelisayo, ezaziwa ngesikhathi sakhe ama-invertebrates awela ekilasini lezikelemu, ne-ampharious neziphindaphindwayo eziya kuma-amphibians.
Ngalesi sikhathi, isazi sezinto eziphilayo ezichazwe futhi sahlukanisa iqoqo elikhulu lezitshalo elilethwe emhlabeni wonke. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukushicilelwa kuvela e-Biography kaLinnei, kamuva kwashintsha isayensi yemvelo futhi ekhanyiselwe ngumuntu phakathi kososayensi.
Iminyaka esetshenziswe kuleli lizwe yaba okhiqizayo kakhulu emsebenzini wesayensi weKarl. Ngalesi sikhathi, ushicilela izincazelo ezinkulu. Ngaphezu kwamaphepha esayensi, le ndoda yabhala kanye ne-autobiography, lapho achaza khona impilo yakhe futhi ahlanganyela nabafundi amaqiniso athakazelisayo nemilando evela ekuhambeni.
Ngemuva kokubuyela eSweden, uLinney akazange ashiye imingcele yawo, ekuqaleni owesilisa wayehlala eStockholm, wabe esethuthela e-Uppsalu. UKarl wasebenza njengodokotela, oholwa nguMnyango weBotany, waya kuloluhambo wadlula ulwazi lwakhe esizukulwaneni esisha.
UCarl Linney wenza okutholakele okuningi emkhakheni we-biology kanye ne-botany. Inani lezindatshana ezishicilelwe lihle, ama-Essays ashicilelwe ngesikhathi sokuphila nangemva kokufa kososayensi. Ukufaneleka koprofesa kwaqashelwa ngumbuso, futhi izimpumelelo zalo zaziwa kakhulu ngale kwemikhawulo yezwe lendabuko.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngomkakhe uSara Liza, uLinny Linny wahlangana noFalun. Ngaleso sikhathi, le ntombazane yayisineminyaka engu-18 ubudala, uyise wayengudokotela wendawo, owesilisa wafundiswa futhi waba nesimo esihlaba umxhwele. Emavikini amabili emva kwakomazi, uKarl wenza uLisa anikele, masivume ngokushesha, ngakusasa abancane bathola isibusiso sikaYise.
Umshado wanquma ukungihlehlisa iminyaka emi-3, waya phesheya, ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokubuyisa laba bobhangqa. Kuliqiniso, umshado wadlalwa ngonyaka olandelayo, umcimbi wadlula entombazaneni yasepulazini yomndeni.
ILinneyev yayinezingane eziyi-7. Indodana yokuqala yazalwa ngonyaka we-1741, umfana wabizwa nangokuthi uKarl, futhi vele wabantu abadala, le ndoda yathola udumo njengoKarl Linny Jr. Imindeni emibili yomndeni yabuya ebuntwaneni.
Impilo yomuntu siqu yososayensi iye yathuthuka ngempumelelo, yayithanda owakwakhe, futhi imizwa yayinobumbano. Le ndoda yaze yabizwa nangegama lesibongo somkakhe noyise izimbali ezinhle emndenini we-Iris zikhula eningizimu ye-Afrika.
Ukushona
Kusukela ngo-1758, uLinny nonkosikazi wakhe nezingane bahlala efeni 10 Km kusuka ku-Uppsala, lapho waphumula futhi wasebenza.
Ngo-1774, uLinnei waba nokushaya (hemorrhage engqondweni). Lapho-ke odokotela basindisa indoda, kepha impilo ayitholakalanga ngokuphelele. Wayekhubazekile ngokwengxenye, futhi uprofesa wayeka ukufunda izinkulumo. Wayala lo msebenzi ngendodana yakhe endala, futhi wahlala efeni.
Isiteleka esilandelayo senzeka ebusika, kusukela ngo-1776 kuye ku-1777 iminyaka. Ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kwesibili, uKarl walahlekelwa inkumbulo yakhe, akazange azibone izihlobo eziseduze waze wazama nokuphuma endlini. Indoda yashona ngo-1778 e-Uppsala eminyakeni engama-71.
Njengoba usosayensi waqashelwa njengesakhamuzi somuzi, wangcwatshwa e-Uppsa Cathedral.
Ngemuva kokufa kweLinney, kwesokunxele iqoqo elikhulu, kufaka phakathi, kufaka phakathi i-herbaria, kanye nomtapo wezincwadi obanzi. Konke lokhu kwathola njengefa indodana yakhe uKarl Jr., Kepha ngemuva kokushona komuntu ngokuzumayo ngenxa yokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo, umfelokazi kaLinnei wanquma ukuthengisa iqoqo. Naphezu kokuphikisa komhlaba wesayensi wezwe lomdabu lasesosayensi, umhlangano usathengiswa futhi wasuswa. I-Sweden Lost Linnei's Works eyayinakubaluleka ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi.
I-Bibliography
- 1735 - "Uhlelo Lwemvelo"
- 1736 - "I-Botanical Library"
- 1736 - "Izisekelo zeBotany"
- 1737 - "Flora Lapland"
- 1737 - "Ukuzalwa Kwezitshalo"
- 1738 - "Amakilasi Wokutshala"
- 1745 - "Flora Sweden"
- 1749 - "Ipani laseSweden"
- 1751 - "Ifilosofi yeBotany"
- 1753 - "Izitshalo Izitshalo"