I-Biograge
IBertrand Russell yisazi sefilosofi saseBrithani esidumile, usopolitiki, umbhali wemisebenzi yePrososa. Waphonsela inselelo i-pacifism, wayengumthandi bokukholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu futhi athuthukise izinzwa ezikhululekile. Ngenxa yososayensi ekutholeni okunengqondo kwezibalo, ifilosofi kanye nomqondo wolwazi. Abaphenyi babiza uBerran Russell phakathi kwabasunguli be-neorealism yaseBrithani kanye ne-neopolitisism.Ubuntwana nentsha
Igama eligcwele lomfana, elivele emkhayeni we-Aristocrats Russell ngoMeyi 18, 1872 - Bertrand Arthur William Russell. Wazalelwa eTrelleck, isifunda saseMontmautshire, efeni laseRahevenskrift. Ubaba wengane kwakuyindodana kaNdunankulu waseNgilandi kanye nomholi weqembu leVigi. Izihlobo zefilosofi yesikhathi esizayo ziyehluka ngemfundo kanye nesimo emphakathini. I-Liberalism yayisegazini lamaRussells, ngokusobala likhuluma ngezingqinamba zempi nezwe.
Ubaba kaRussell, i-Lord Ambes, wayengomunye wabafundi bePeacificialism, okwakhiwa okungokomfanekiso ngaleli khulu le-19 futhi kwathandwa kakhulu ngekhulu lama-20. UBertrand usephenduke umsakazo osebenzayo wemibono nemibono kaYise. Unina naye wayengumngane wenkululeko futhi wavikela amalungelo abesifazane kunoma yiliphi icala elifanele. Lokhu kugcina kwaletha intukuthelo yeNdlovukazi yeNdlovukazi.
Abazali bakaRerrtran Russell bashonile lapho eneminyaka emi-2. Wabe eselandela ukufa kwalo dade. Ngokubambisana nabafowethu ababili abaphezulu, umfana uhlala enakekela ugogo. Unikeze abazukulu abanomfanekiso omuhle kakhulu wezemfundo ngenxa yababusi bakwamanye amazwe. Ezemfundo e-Aristocracy, umtapo wezincwadi omkhulu kanye nothisha abanesiphiwo bakha umbono wezwe wezingane. UBertrater wakhombisa intshisekelo kwiMathematics futhi wamemezela ugogo wakho okholwayo, ophethe isikhundla sokungakholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona. Ngo-1889, eneminyaka engu-17 ubudala, iBertrand yaba ngumfundi we-Trinity College eCambridge.
Ngo-1894, wathola i-bachelor of art. Uthathwe yizitatimende zokuhlaziya zikaGeorge Edward Mura, uRussell wafunda amandla emisebenzi kaJohn Locke kanye noDavid Yuma. Ngo-1895, iBertrand yaba yilungu lesayensi yesayensi yasekolishi, kwathi ngo-1897 waqeda ukusatshalaliswa okubizwa ngokuthi "ezisekelweni zeJiyomethri".
Njengoba esethole imfundo, uRussell waba okokuhlonishwayo waseBrithani wahamba nokuvakashela ibhizinisi eParis. Wabe esevakashela iBerlin, lapho okubhalwe khona umsebenzi wokudonswa kwemali "I-German Social Democracy", enyatheliswa ngo-1896. Ukuhamba kwaqhubeka ekuvakasheni e-United States kwaphela ngokubuyela eNgilandi, lapho uBertrand russell aletha izinkulumo zakhe zeCambridge encwadini ethi "Ukuchazwa Okubucayi kweLagert Filosophy".
Ukubukwa nokuqhubeka kwefilosofi
Ngo-1900, uBertrand russell othisha kaZiqu-zintathu wasekolishi u-Alfred Whitehead waba yilungu lePhilosophical Congress elibanjelwe eParis. Ufunde umsebenzi we-Gotoba Filosophers Friege noJuseppe Perano, owafunda logic okungokomfanekiso, wadala incwadi yakhe ebizwa ngokuthi "izimiso zezibalo". Washicilelwa ngo-1903. Umsebenzi waletha uRussell udumo.
Ucwaningo emkhakheni we-One kuMathematics kanye ne-Logic Olobi lwaqhubeka ngesikhathi kusuka ngo-1910 kuya ku-1913, sabe sethula uhlelo lwevolumu kathathu 'lwezibalo ezinkulu', ezibhalwe ngokubambisana noWhitehedh. Ososayensi baqinisekisile ukuthi ifilosofi ihumusha yonke isayensi yemvelo, futhi umbono waba yisisekelo saluphi ucwaningo. Bahlukane nefilosofi yezimilo kanye nezenkolo, okwenza kube yisisekelo sokuhlaziywa kwesimo sento. I-Empirical Russell kanye ne-whitehead yafakwa eChader, ngoba itholakala ngeqiniso, kuyilapho konke okunye kuhlala kungaphansi, futhi ngenxa yalokho kuyathandeka.
Esikhathini esizayo, uRussell waqhubeka ecabanga nge-Empirical futhi ephetha ngokuthi yiyona ukuphela kwendlela yokwazi iqiniso. Ngo-1904, wafundza eHarvard wabe ewashicilela ngencwadi ehlukile. Usosayensi wabona ukuba khona kokuphikisana emcabangweni futhi waqala ukuphikisana ngeqhaza lama-hypotheses kanye nobufakazi bokuhlangenwe nakho kwefilosofi.
URussell wayenaka ezepolitiki. Njengoba eseba ndawonye nonkosikazi we- "Fabian Society" kanye nomlingani weSocialism, walwa nokulingana kwabesifazane ezindabeni zokhetho. Ngo-1910, iBertrand yaqoka ama-unifileyo akhe avela ephathini yenkululeko eya okhethweni lwePhalamende. Akazange athole ukwesekwa okufiselekayo, njengoba abasekeli bemibono yososayensi emphakathini babesencane, futhi isimo sakhe sengqondo ngenkolo sasiphikisana naleso sikhathi.
Kusukela ngo-1916, uRussell wayesenhlanganweni "ukumelana nenkonzo yezempi" futhi wabhala nezincwadi "zokwakhiwa kabusha kwezenhlalo", "impi nobulungiswa", "Imibono yezepolitiki", njll. Imisebenzi yakhe ayizange idonswe phansi Futhi abafakwanga ejele ngephamfulethi elibhekene nezinhlawulo zejele ngokwenqaba ukukhonza empini.
Idumela elimpofu lifaka ukuxoshwa kusuka kuZiqu-zintathu ekolishi laseTriqu, kuthisha kaButrand. Umtapo wezincwadi wakhe wathengiswa ukukhwabanisa inhlawulo, futhi uhulumeni wavimba ukuhamba e-United States wafunda izinkulumo eHarvard.
URussell akazange ashiye imibono yakhe futhi ekhuluma ngokubucayi ngo-1918 wayesejele uBrikston, lapho abhala khona "isingeniso sefilosofi yezibalo". Ama-1920s aphawulwa ngokushicilelwa 'kokuhlaziya ukucabanga', "izisekelo ze-athomu", "izisekelo zokuhlobana", "zihlaziya into". Ukubukwa kweSocialist of the Socist kwathola ukuqiniswa ngemuva kokwazana noTrotsky, eGorky noLenin ngo-1920.
Ngokuvakashela iSoviet Union, uRussell wagxeka umbuso osencwadini ethi "Theory kanye nokwenza kweBolshevism." Uhambo olwalandela oluya e-Asia lwaletha okuhlangenwe nakho kokufundisa e-University of Beijing futhi kwakhiwa umsebenzi obizwa ngokuthi "inkinga yeChina". Kusukela ngo-1924 kuya ku-1931, usosayensi wafunda izinkulumo e-United States.
Ngaleso sikhathi, izinkinga zomhlaba wonke zazinentshisekelo. Umlobi uboniswe ezincwadini ezithi "Inkululeko Nenhlangano, 1814 ... 1914," Iyiphi indlela eholela emhlabeni? "," Amandla: Ukuhlaziywa kwezenhlalo okusha. " Kusukela ngo-1935, uBertrand russell wahlala eMelika futhi wafundwa emanyuvesi aseChicago naseCalifornia. Ukubukwa kwakhe kwe-pacifist kwahlulwa ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kwamaNazi, okwenzeka ePoland ngo-1939.
Usosayensi owenzele impendulo yezempi futhi ngenxa yalokhu ayengathandwa e-United States. Akazange amukelwe ngabamele abefundisi namalungu omkhandlu wedolobha, aphoqwa ukuba aphendule ngokuqokwa koprofesa kaRussell wefilosofi edolobheni laseNew York.
Ukubuya ngo-1944 ezindongeni zeNative Trivel College, uBertrand Russell waqhubeka nemisebenzi yoMsakazo, wafunda izinkulumo zomsakazo futhi waba ngumnikazi we-oda "ngokufanele. Ishicilelwe ngo-1950 "indatshana engathandeki" yathola umklomelo kaNobel ezincwadini. URussell akazange ayishayele ithuba lokwenza inkulumo esemthethweni lapho etholwe umklomelo.
Umsebenzi Wezenhlalo
Ukulwa nokuthula, isazi sefilosofi sahlanganyela ekubonisweni futhi sasiyisikhulumi sezingqungquthela ezahlukahlukene ze-thematic. Isimemezelo seRussell-Einstein-Einstein sasiza ekwenzeni ukudalwa kwenhlangano ye-paguic ofsosayensi. Kusukela ngo-1954, wadlala indikimba yenuzi, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi amabhomu ama-hydrogen ahlolwa. URussell wayeyilungu leNhlangano ehambisanayo ne- "Comitte 100".
Ngo-1959, wathola isikhundla sakhe engxoxweni nembutho yomoya. Ngenkulumo endala ikakhulukazi ezindongeni zePhalamende, waze waya ejele. Ngo-1962, uRussell wabhala amakhanda amazwe, uJohn Kennedy kanye noNikita Khrushchev, ngesidingo sezingxoxo zokuthula ezinhlelweni zaseCaribbean.
Ukuphuma "ekomitini 100" ngo-1963, isazi sefilosofi sagxila emisebenzini ye-Atlantic Feature of the World nenhlangano yaso ephikisana nomjaho wezikhali zenuzi. Waqoqa ikhomishini yempi elwa impi ngokusekelwa kwezinye izibalo zomphakathi. Le nhlangano yaqaphela obala ubuhlobo be-United States yi-Culprit of Mility Massif eVietnam. URussell waphikisana nokungenelela, futhi wakusola futhi ukuhlasela kweCzechoslovakia, eyenzeke ngo-1968.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Kubukeka sengathi uByrran Russell Biography waxhunyaniswa kuphela nemisebenzi yesayensi nezenhlalo yezepolitiki, kepha ifezeli ayizange ayikhohlwe ngempilo yakhe. Igama lakhe labaphenyi banikela kuhlu lwabathandi abadumile bamakhulu eminyaka edlule, futhi kukhona ukuqinisekiswa. Umlobi wasushada amahlandla amane, futhi inani lezinceku zakhe limi likhulu.
U-Alice Smith waba yi-russell yokuqala ekhethiwe, ejwayelene nayo eyayibanjelwe eTrinity College eminyakeni yabafundi. Ngo-22, eBertrand washada no-Alice, kodwa umbono wabo wokuphila komndeni akazange ahambisane. Ukukhohlisa kwenjabulo yomndeni, owadalwa ngabashadikazi, kwawa lapho kutholwa umkakhe, emhlophe. Ukuphazamiseka okudlulayo kwaholela ekwehlukanisweni, kwathi ngo-1910 uthando olusha luxazululwa enhliziyweni yesayensi. Wakhangwa u-Ottelin Morlal, umlingani welungu lePhalamende. Ubudlelwano basheshe babuyela ku-Cha, bamisa esiteji sokuxhumana, kanti uRussell wathola umhlaba wamanoveli amasha.
Ngo-1914, e-US, e-Bertrand, wahlangana nendodakazi yodokotela ohlinza udokotela waseHelen futhi wammema ukuba avakashele eNgilandi, kodwa ukuze ukuvakashela intombazane sekuvele ebudlelwaneni no-Ullis we-Irin Cooper Ullis. Ngo-1916, walwa umlingisi oshadile ngoConstance Maleson waba owesithathu ebuhlotsheni bakhe noshade naye. Ukuxhumana nalo mculi kwasekelwa iminyaka engama-30.
Ngo-1921, isazi sefilosofi sashada noNobhala, umbhali, wahamba naye ohambweni lokuya eRussia. Wabeletha indodana nendodakazi yaseBerran. Ukukhetha isikole sezingane, abashadikazi banquma ukudala isikhungo sabo semfundo savulwa ngo-1927. Imicabango ephathelene nomshado nemindeni, eyabalekela umbhali ngalesi sikhathi, waveza encwadini ethi "umshado kanye nokuziphatha".
Inyunyana yaseRussell noMnyama ibifushane. Usosayensi waba nesithakazelo kuJoan Foleell omncane futhi wawunawo ebudlelwaneni beminyaka emithathu. Ngo-1936, umshado wabanjwa nothisha wezingane zakhe, uPatricia Spencer. Umehluko phakathi kwabashadikazi wayeneminyaka engama-40 ubudala. Umndeni uhlala e-USA. Owesifazane wabeletha indodana kaBerran, kodwa lo mshado wawungeyona indawo yokugcina empilweni yomuntu wangasese.
Ngo-1952, wehlukanisa ngenxa yobudlelwano bomkayo nomlobi u-Emith. Bavumelana ngesisekelo sokubukwa komfaniswano wezepolitiki - ndawonye bahlanganyele emibonisweni, bahanjiswa eYurophu futhi bahlanganyela emisebenzini elwa impi.
Ukushona
Ngokungafani nabalandeli abaningi be-theory yothando lwamahhala, uBertrand Russell akazange afihle imicabango yakhe, ethi izitatimende nezingcaphuno ezincwadini zakhe. Ukudonsa iqiniso nokwethemba ebudlelwaneni, wayethembekile othandekayo wakhe, ngakho-ke owokugcina wempilo yakhe wachitha indoda ejabule. Eminyakeni yamuva nje uBertrand Russell wayehlala eNorth Wales, ukuxhumana nezingane nabazukulu.
Usosayensi washona ngoFebhuwari 2, 1970. Imbangela yokufa yayingumkhuhlane. Ukungavikeleki kwesazi sefilosofi asebekhulile akuzange kubhekane nalesi sifo.
Ifa lomlobi linemisebenzi eminingi ahlola ngalo udaba lwefilosofi, futhi isithombe sesimo sesayensi kanye nomphakathi sigcwalisa amakhasi ezincwadi zesimanje zokufundisa.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1903 - "Ukukhulekelwa Kwendoda Ekhululekile"
- 1910 - "Izinkinga zefilosofi"
- 1012 - "Umnyombo Wenkolo"
- Ngo-1914 - "Imfihlakalo kanye ne-Logic"
- 1922 - "Art Cabanga"
- Ngo-1925 - "Impilo NgeNkathi Ephakathi"
- Ngo-1935 - "Inkolo neSayensi"
- Ngo-1936 - "Ingabe kukhona impilo ngemuva kokufa?"
- 1938 - "Izinkumbulo Zami Zenkolo"
- Ngo-1945 - "Umlando Wefilosofi yaseNtshonalanga"
- 1948 - "Ukuba khona kukaNkulunkulu"
- 1953 - "Umthelela wesayensi emphakathini"
- Ngo-1987 - "Kungani ngingeyena umKristu"