I-Biograge
I-Vissarion Belinsky ingummeleli okhanyayo womcabango obalulekile waseRussia ngekhulu le-19. Waba umsunguli walesi siqondiso sobuciko eRussia. Umlobi wawusekela imibono yaseNtshonalanga futhi wayesengaphambili wacabanga ngongcosi ononhlaka wanamuhla. Ukuhlolwa okuphezulu komsebenzi wakhe kwanikezwa iminyaka ngemuva kokushona komlobi.Ubuntwana nentsha
UVission Grigorieving Belinsky wazalelwa eFinland ngoJuni 11, 1811 emkhayeni weLekary. Lapho umfana eneminyaka engu-5 ubudala, uBelinsky washiya izindawo zabo zabantu bawo futhi wathuthela esifundazweni sasePenza. Lapha, iVisission esencane yafunda idiploma nothisha wendawo, yabe isiqala ukuya esikoleni. Ngo-1825, waba ngumfundi wendawo yokuzivocavoca endawo. Ulimi lweRussia nezincwadi zaziluthando olukhulu lomfana. Wangena ekuqothulweni lapho efunda incwadi noma umagazini.
Imfundo e-County ishiye okuningi ukuze ifuneke. UVission wayeka ukuya ezifundweni, njengoba bengazange balethe ulwazi olufunayo nokwaneliseka. Ngo-1825, uBelinsky wathatha uhambo oluya eMoscow, lapho angena khona ubuhlakani obuningi benhloko enkulu yedolobha. Umndeni wawungenamali eyanele yokusekela iNdodana, kepha ayizange imvikele. Insizwa ekhukhumezelayo yaphila ngemali ngenziza yaze yamisa umfundaze. Ezemfundo Belinsky etholwe i-akhawunti kahulumeni.
Kancane kancane, isiyingi esincane sahlangana ngasensizwa ehlakaniphile. U-Alexander Helzen, uNikolai Stanketich, uNikolay Ogarov nabanye abathandi bezincwadi nefilosofi bahlangana egumbini lakhe elincane lehostela laseNyuvesi. Abantu baxoxa ngemisebenzi ehlukahlukene, bahlanganyela imibono yakhe ngesimo sezepolitiki ezweni, bakhuluma ngamadivaysi emphakathini nezobuciko eRussia. Phakathi kwazo, abafundi babiza inhlangano ethuthukisiwe "ubudlelwano bemibhalo benombolo eyi-11".
Ngonyaka ngemuva kokuqala kokufunda, uBelinsky wabhala umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala. Baba ngumdlalo obizwa ngokuthi "Dmitry Kalinin". Indatshana ilandisa ngezinkinga zeSerfdodom. Umbhali wagxeka izisekelo zendabuko kanye nabanini bomhlaba.
Ngemuva kokucatshangelwa umsebenzi, ikomidi elihlanganisiwe le-Moscow University livinjelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umfundi watshelwa nguKatoroga nereferensi. Isipiliyoni sokuqala esingaphumelelanga salandelwa yisifo nokudonswa kwemali. Ngo-1832, othisha banquma ukuthi le nsizwa yayinempilo ebuthaka kakhulu namakhono okufunda athobekile. Wenqatshwa ukuthola imfundo. UBelinsky wayengenamali. Ukwenza imali empilweni, wathatha izinguqulo ezingokoqobo nezifundo zangasese.
Abagxeki Bokubhala
Ukuqala impilo ezimele, iBelinsky yahlangana noBoris Nevdodin, umsunguli kamagazini "Isibonakude". Umngani omusha uhlongoze umsebenzi onesizotha womlobi ngendlela yokuhumusha kwezindatshana zokushicilelwa. Kancane kancane agunda indlela yakhe, uBelinsky wanquma ngembangela yempilo. Ngo-1834, kwashicilelwa i-athikili yokuqala ebalulekile yombhali, eyaba isisekelo somsebenzi wayo.
Ngokubambisana ne-stankevich ejwayelekile ejwayelekile kusukela ngo-1833, i-Vissarion Grigorievivich yavakashela imibuthano yezemibhalo konstantin aksakov kanye ne-Selivansky imbewu. Umlobi wayevame ukuvela kwelinye efulethini elinye, njengoba imali yayo iye yaba yindlala kakhulu, futhi kwakungekho sikhala esiguquliwe semisebenzi ebhaliwe. Wahlala okwesikhashana nabangane: Efulethini uBoris Nadezdin, endlini ka-Alexander Sukhovo-Kobylin futhi waphila esakhiweni saseNyuvesi yaseMoscow. Ngo-1835, uBelinsky uthole umsebenzi njengoNobhala kumlobi uSergei Poltoratsky.
Kumagazini we-telescope we-telescope we-1836 uvale, ecishe yabhubhisa iBelinsky, eyayikuleso sikhathi iNhloko yoMnyango Wokugxekayo. Ukuxhaswa kuphela kwabathandekayo abavumele isibalo sezincwadi ukunciphisa iziphetho zihlangana. U-Aksakov wacela uBelinsky ukuthi afundise isikhungo semihlangano yeKonstantinovskky, futhi esikoleni indoda eyayinomsebenzi waphakade.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, wathola umhleli we-freelance wamaphephabhuku waseMoscow. Ukushicilelwa kwavalwa ngemuva kweminyaka emi-3, futhi uBelinsky waphinde waba khona futhi ngaphandle kokuziphilisa. Wabuyiselwa emuva ngo-arches Kraevsky, owahola umnyango obalulekile wejenali "amanothi omphakathi". Kubahleli, umlobi waqala indlela yakhe nge-vasily BOTKIN. Ngemuva kwalokho uBelinsky washiya iMoscow wathuthela eSt. Petersburg.
UVission Grigorieviving ovela kulo mdala wawunentshisekelo ngefilosofi, ezothando ezinsukwini ezincwadini kwakuyi-protagonist yemibono yeHegel futhi eqede. Kusukela ngo-1840, wavuma ngesitatimende esibukhali sokubhekana nenqubekela phambili enqumayo, ebeka isiphetho somuntu othize ngaphezu kwenzuzo yezwe nezintshisakalo. Ebonisa ukunamathela kumbono omuhle, uBelinsky wayengakholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona futhi ezincwadini zikaGogolus wagxeka amasiko esonto.
I-biography yomlobi iyadideka ngokugxekwa kwemibhalo. I-Patriot neNtshonalanga, wayengumphikisi womqondo weSlavicophone, eshaya izisekelo zezinzalamizi nezisekelo eziphelelwe yisikhathi. Ngasikhathi sinye, umlobi waphenduka umphikisi onolaka lobuzwe. Emisebenzini yakhe, waphikisana nokubaluleka kwezimiso ezingokoqobo ezincwadini.
UBelinsky wayengumsunguli wendlela yesayensi kule ndlela futhi wagqugquzela "isikole semvelo". Umsunguli wakhe ogxekwayo wabiza uNikolai Vasilyevich Gogol.
UVission Grigorieving wabelana ngesimo sokomoya nangokomzimba somuntu, ebona umthombo wenqubekela phambili ekuthuthukisweni kokwazi kanye nemibono eqhubekayo. IBelinsky ithe ubuciko bumelela amandla okucabanga ngokomfanekiso, futhi akunzima ukucabanga ngokunengqondo.
Ngenxa yeVissionsion Belinsky, indawo esezingeni eliphakathi nendawo yesiko laseRussia lavuka, futhi umbhali wathola isimo sesipika esichaza isiphetho sombuso. Ifa lokudala lomlobi lilele ezihlokweni eziningi ezibucayi kanye nencazelo yesimo sezincwadi zaseRussia maphakathi nekhulu le-19.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Naphezu kwesibalo esikhulu sokuqonda nabangane basePoland, iBelinsky yayivame ukubona umzwangedwa wesizungu futhi iphupha ngomndeni wangempela. Isimo sezimali esingazinzile kanye nempilo yokuhamba ngezinyawo yenza impilo yomuntu siqu yombhali iphefumulelwe ngokwengeziwe.
UBelinsky othandekayo waba nguMaria Vasilyevna Orlova. Bahlangane ngesikhathi sempilo yeBelinsky eMoscow kwathi ngo-1842 baphinde bahlangana ngemuva kokuhlukana. U-Orlova wancoma ireferensi yokudala yokugxekwa futhi wabona umsunguli kuye. Abathandi bahola izincwadi. Ngo-1843, uVissarion Grigorievivich wafika eMaria Vasilyevna ehlanza ihlobo. Ukuxhumeka kwabo kwethenda elahlekile kwahlanjalazwa, futhi umlobi wenza isiphakamiso sesandla sakhe nenhliziyo. Umshado wenzeka ngoNovemba 12, 1843 eSontweni Lezokwakha. Umkhosi omuhle bekungenjalo. Usuku olubalulekile lwalugujwa yiqembu letiye lasekhaya.
Impilo yomndeni yaletha izibopho ezintsha zeBelinsky, futhi wathathwa ngenxa yanoma yimuphi umsebenzi wokuzondla yena nomkakhe. Imali ekhokhwayo yaba induduzo eyenziwe ekhaya nokuvumelana ngokomoya, okutholakala emshadweni. Imizamo yomuntu oshade nayo iyantuleka. UBelinsky uvame ukugula, kwakungekho mali eyanele kunoma yini.
Umbhali wayethanda izingane kakhulu. Ngo-1845, indodakazi kaBelinsky, kwavela u-Olga. Ukuba nguBaba, uVission Grigorieving wazama ukuchitha sonke isikhathi sakhe samahhala nengane. NgoNovemba 24, 1846, kwazalwa indodana yakhe, uVladimir, kodwa ngemuva kwezinyanga ezi-4 umfana washona.
Ukushona
Impilo kaBelinsky ihlala ibangela ukukhathazeka. Wayevame ukuzizwa edangele futhi wadalulwa ekuhlaselweni kwe-Chakhotka. Ukuxilongwa kogxekayo owazi kahle, yize ngaphambi kokuba umkakhe nabangane bakhe banamathela. Ukukhwehlela kwaqina, inhlala-kahle empofu yahlala ingashintshiwe. Ngo-1845, umlobi waphoqeleka ukuthi wenqabe ukusebenza ephephabhukwini. Wahamba eyokwelashwa eningizimu yeRussia futhi, wabuya, waqala ukusebenza kumagazini "owayephila naye".
Ukwelashwa okwenziwe ngo-1847 akusizanga. Ukufa kwendodana entsha kuye kwaba ukushaya. UChakhotka akazange avume futhi ngonyaka we-1848 kwabangela ukufa kokugxekwa. UBelinsky wangcwatshwa ngenxa yabangane bakhe abathembekile kumathuna aseVolkovssky. Namuhla, izingcaphuno kanye nemifanekiso yesibalo esibhaliwe sekhulu le-19 leminyaka ehlobisa izincwadi zefilosofi nomlando wezincwadi, nasemadolobheni aseRussia kukhona izikhumbuzo ezinikelwe kuVisarion Belinsky.
Amacaphuna
"Igunya nobungani - amanzi nomlilo, izinto ezinobutha kanye nobutha; Ukulingana kuyisimo sobungani. "" Ukunganaki nobuvila kuyiqiniso kweqiniso komphefumlo nomzimba. "
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1832 - "Dmitry Kalinin"
- Ngo-1834 - "Amaphupho Okubhala. E-ELELY KAKHULU
- Ngo-1835 - "NgeTale yaseRussia kanye nabaPeter of Gogol"
- Ngo-1835 - "Lutho ngalutho
- Ngo-1837 - "Izisekelo zolimi lwaseRussia"
- Ngo-1838 - "Hamlet. Idrama Shakespeare. Mocholav endimeni kaHamlet
- Ngo-1841 - "Imibhalo Ephathelene Nezinkondlo Zabantu"
- Ngo-1842 - Ama-adventures kaChichikov, noma imiphefumulo efile "