I-Biograge
Isazi sefilosofi saseRussia-etopist uNikolai Chernyshevsky, indodana kaSaratov Archprist, kwadingeka enze umsebenzi ongokomoya omuhle kakhulu, kodwa iminyaka yokufunda e-seeminary naseyunivesithi yaphendulela inhliziyo yakhe enkolweni. Ngenxa yalokho, waba yintando yeningi ebaluleke kakhulu.
Izindleko zamahhala-izintambo Umbhali uyabiza: ngaphandle kwe-katorga encane eneminyaka engama-20 ubudala wamphuca amandla, impilo, ekhuluma nomndeni wakhe nethuba lokusebenza, kodwa i-biophy yakhe yaba ngumthombo wokuphefumulelwa kwesizukulwane esisha, kanye Isebenza ubeke umfutho omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni okulandelayo kwefilosofi yezenhlalo nezincwadi.
Ubuntwana nentsha
UNikolai wazalelwa eSaratov 12 (24) ngoJulayi 1828. Ubaba wakhe uGavril Chernyshevsky wayengumpristi futhi waleminyaka umuntu ofundile kakhulu ofuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izingane zayo ziyikusasa elifanele. Ubuntwana obuncane be-kolya bachitha izincwadi. Ukulungela kanye nemigqa yomfana kwamangazwa ontanga kuphela, kodwa futhi nabangane abadala bakaYise.
Ngo-1842, i-Chernyshevsksky encane yangena emfundweni ngokomoya. Izinga lokufundisa esikhungweni sezemfundo alizange lifane naye, futhi le nsizwa yamphonsa ngezemfundo, yafunda i-geography, izincwadi, uhlelo lolimi kanye nezilimi. Ngemuva kokutadisha iminyaka emi-4 ku-Seminary, uNikolai wafaka amadokhumenti afaka amadokhumenti eSt. PeterSburg University e-Faculty of History and Philology.
Imisebenzi Emibhalo nezincwadi
Ngesikhathi somfundi, ukubuka komhlaba wonke kwenguquko yesikhathi esizayo kwasungulwa ekugcineni. Waqala ukuzilungiselela ngonembeza ngomsebenzi wokufundisa waqala ukubhala ubuciko. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uNikolai uke wafunda esikhungweni semfundo engokomoya futhi ngokuvamile kwakunguholwa emndenini wezenkolo, imfundiso ye-Orthodoxy esemthethweni eyayinqamule.
Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-2, uChernyshevsky, kanye nonkosikazi osemusha, wabuyela ePotersburg. Wanikelwa indawo yothisha ezidumbu zaseCadet, futhi wavuma ngenjabulo ngentokozo, ebona ukuthi kungenzeka inkulumo yemibono yakhe. Uthisha uNikolai Gavrilovich wayengekubi kakhulu, kodwa ethembeke kakhulu, kodwa nozakwabo, akazange abambe ubuhlobo bakhe: Ngemuva kokuhlambalaza okukhulu, uthisha ayeke.
Ngo-1853, uChernyshevsky waqala ukushicilelwa "kumanothi wasekhaya" kanye "neSt. Petersburg Vedomosti". Kuqala ngamanothi amafushane, kancane kancane wathuthela ezihlokweni zohlelo. Ngemuva konyaka, umbhali waya "kwesimanje". Naphezu kwemibono yezinguquko, uNikolai Gavrilovich namanje bengafuni ukuguqula uhlelo lube yizindawo eziyingozi ngaleso sikhathi semibono nasemhlabathini wayeka nabalobi abanenkululeko u-Angenkov, uDruzhinin, eTurgenev naseBotchev naseBotgench ne-BOTKIN.
Imibono yefilosofi kanye nezepolitiki
Ngo-1855, uChernyshevsky wavikela umbono wakhe onikezelwe ebudlelwaneni besimo sengqondo sobuciko kulezi zimo zangempela zomhlaba wangempela. Inkulumo yakhe yabangela ukubabaza umphakathi, ngoba ukugxekwa okubukhali kwengqondo kanye nomqondo wokuthi "umsulwa", akhungathekiswa ngokoqobo kobuciko, abaningi bathathwa njengobucayi nemizamo yokonakalisa izisekelo zendabuko.
Abamele iziphathimandla nabo abasithandi isikhundla sososayensi abasebasha: A. S. UNOAROV, owayenguNgqongqoshe Wezesayensi, waphikisana nomklomelo weSayensi Yezesayensi. UNikolai Gavrilovich wathola isihloko se-Master of Master of Russian eminyakeni emithathu kuphela kamuva, lapho uNorova enolwazi u-E. P. Kovalevsky.
Ngasikhathi sinye, umlobi walingisa lo magazini "Iqoqo lezempi". Ukuheha kwakhe ukuhlela le ncwadi kwakungeyona ingozi: UChernyshevsky wamenywa ukuba ahole imisebenzi yenkulumo-ze kulokhu okuthunyelwe, ngoba, ngohlelo lwabavukeli ngaleso sikhathi, ibutho bekufanele kube yimikhosi yokushayela esemqoka yoshintsho oluzayo. Lapho-chernyshevsky yajwayelana no-Ogarev noHezen. Ngokubambisana baba yizikhukhula zabantu futhi zasungula umphakathi oyimfihlo "Umhlaba nentando".
Ukuboshwa kanye Nenkomba
Ngo-1861, uNikolai Gavrilovich wadonsela ukunaka okusondele emaphoyiseni, futhi kwamiswa ukubhekelwa yimfihlo phezu kwakhe. Isihleli we "iqoqo zamabutho 'nombhali" owayephila "usolwa tekuhlelwa kwemisebenti izikhalazo wamavukelambuso nokusungula nobutha izinzwa uhulumeni wamanje (ngalezizinto alotshwa inothi inkonzo ihlanganiswe main gendarme dolvalukov). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Chernyshevsky yasolwa ngokuzibandakanya emlilweni okwenzeka eSt. Petersburg ngo-1862.
Ngokushesha "ophikweni" kwakuvaliwe, kwathi ngenyanga kaNikolai Gavrilovich kuboshwe, kwabeka inqaba yePetropavlovsk egumbini elilodwa. Imbangela esemthethweni yokuboshwa kwakuyincwadi yakwaHezetland eya eSouth Solovyovich, eyayikhuluma ngegama elithi Chernyshevsky - kusolwa ukuthi ihlelele ukuhlela umsebenzi we "Wamanje" Wenqatshelwe "e-UK. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uNikolay Gavrilovich wathweswa icala lokuhweba okubiza abalimi kuya ekuvukeleni kwabanini bomhlaba.
Uphenyo uma kwenzeka kuvuselelwa khona kwahlala iminyaka eyi-1.5. Ikhomishini yokuqinisekisa ukuthi unecala likaChernyshevsksky wasebenzisa izindlela ezingekho emthethweni - ubufakazi bofakazi bamanga, amadokhumenti angelona iqiniso. Ukuheha ukunakwa ngokungabi nabulungisa, isiboshwa samemezela isiteleka sendlala yezinsuku eziyi-9, kodwa akusizanga.
Ngisho nasejele, usosayensi waqhubeka esebenza ngokubhala amashidi angaphezu kwama-200 ombhalo. Lapho elola khona, waqeda inoveli "Ongakwenza?". Iqiniso elihehayo - umsebenzi wamukelwa futhi washicilelwa, yize isikhundla sombhali wakhe.
Ngo-1864, uNikolay Gavrilovich umemezele umusho: i-katorga eneminyaka engu-14 eSiberia kanye nendawo yokuhlala impilo yonke lapho. Ngokwesifiso somuntu siqu sombusi, isikhathi sekhalenda saphindwa kabili, kepha ngenxa yalokho, umlobi waqhuba isixhumanisi 19 nonyaka. Inhlawulo ye-Chernyshevsky's's's's's's's Favil isijeziso esilulazo ngendlela yokuvalelwa komphakathi kwazo zonke izikhundla namalungelo - yenzeka ngomhlaka 19 Meyi 1864 esigcawini sase-Equestrian seSt. Petersburg.
Lesi siboshwa sawela e-Nerchinsky Cathedral, futhi kamuva bakhona eVilyuisk. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-10, uChernyshevsky uhlongozwe ngokusemthethweni ukuhambisa ukuxolelwa, kepha wenqaba. Ama-Comrades embuthanweni wezinguquko enza imizamo eminingana yokuyikhulula, kepha i-saratov kaChernyshevsky ekugcineni yabuyela eSaratov kungekudala.
Ekugcineni, abangane kanye nezihlobo bakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi udluliselwe eSiberia waya e-Astrakhan. Umbusi wahamba ngenxa yokwesaba izinduna ezintsha, ngoba "umhlaba ne-volia" wabe esezibonakalisa njengenhlangano eyingozi emphakathini, futhi wayengafuni ukukhanyisa isimo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Umlobi washada. U-Olga Skutovna Vasilyeva, abashade nabo ngo-1853 baba yinhloko yakhe. Unkosikazi wezwe umuntu wokuqala, nokukhethwa kweChernyshevsky akuvumi ukuthi bonke: U-Olga wasolwa ngokulangazela nangokunganakwa emsebenzini womlingani, kodwa uNikolai Gavrilovich uqobo wakujabulela. Uthando lwakhe ngomkakhe lwaba yimpumputhe futhi lunemikhawulo, futhi wawucabanga ngomshado ngendlela yokuhlola ubudlelwano obusha ukuqeda ubugqila nokucindezelwa kwabesifazane emndenini.
Lapho uhlangana noChernyshevsky uxwayise ngobuqotho ukuthi uyazithanda "izinto ezinuka njengezinqola", kodwa u-Olga akazange ayeke. Lapho esethole imvume yakhe emshadweni, umlobi wahosha "idayari yobudlelwano bami nalowo manje owenza injabulo yami" futhi waqala ukuhlanganisa imibono yakhe yezinguquko empilweni yomndeni.
UChernyshevyky wathi bobabili abashadikazi balingana namalungelo nemisebenzi, okwathi ngalesosikhathi kwakuyisikhundla esinesibindi. Emshadweni, wanikela ngenkululeko ephelele, washintsha, ekholelwa ukuthi unelungelo lokuzilahla, njengezifiso. Lapho unkosikazi eqala ngenoveli nomngane womndeni u-Ivan Savitsky, wasikisela ukumvumela, aqinisekise ukuthi akukho lutho olufisayo njengentokozo yakhe. U-Olga, uncoma ukupha, wakhetha ukuhlala nomyeni wakhe.
Ukuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu kwase-Chernyshevsky kamuva kwehla umugqa oyisisekelo wenoveli ethi "Ongakwenza?", Futhi ubudlelwano bowesifazane oyedwa kanye nabesilisa ababili abachazayo bahlala ezincwadini zaseNtshonalanga ezibizwa ngokuthi "unxantathu waseRussia".
Izihlobo zikaNikolai Gavrilovich zibukele kubakhethiweyo "Kosos", naseSaratov yakhe yendabuko mayelana nempilo yomuntu siqu yalo mbhangqwana bahlala behleba ngokungathandeki namahemuhemu. Ukuhamba komndeni osemusha eSt. Petersburg kukhunjuzwa ukuphunyuka kubandlululo nasezikhulile. Uwoyela emlilweni wathela iqiniso lokuthi umshado wenzeka ngokushesha kakhulu - ngaphambi kwalokhu, uNikolai Gavrilovich wafa, noma kunjalo, wenqaba ukumelana nokulila.
Ngokubambisana, uChernyshevsky waphila iminyaka engu-9, kepha ikusasa laba lababakezela iminyaka eminingi eneminyaka engama-20 yenjabulo yomndeni. Ukusuka ezixhumanisi zaseSiberia, isazi sefilosofi sabhala umkakhe izincwadi ezingama-300, kodwa kamuva wamisa ukuba izincwadi, enquma ukuthi i-Olga ethe xaxa izomkhohlwa, ibe ngcono.
Ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwakhe, abashadikazi base bevele bakhula amadodana amathathu - uMikhail, uVictor no-Alexander, futhi, abasele ngaphandle komyeni nobaba wakhe, umndeni wafunda isidingo esibuhlungu. U-Olga kwadingeka asebenze nge-duct ne-knitten. Ngo-1866, wathatha ingane encane, wavakashela lowo oshade naye. Indlela yathatha izinyanga eziyisithupha, kepha bakwazi ukuchitha izinsuku ezi-4 ndawonye nje. UNikolai Gavrilovich wanxusa u-Olga ukuthi wenqabe futhi ashade futhi, kepha akakaze afune ukukwenza.
Ukushona
Ngenxa yezinkinga zikaRodney Chernyshevsky ngoJuni 1889, wabuyela eSaratov, kodwa akuzange kube kuhle ukuthi aphile ngezinsuku zakhe ezolile ezweni lakubo. Abasebenzi abalukhuni bahlukana nempilo yakhe, kwathi eminyakeni engama-55 umlobi wayeyindoda ebuthakathaka.
Ekwindla konyaka ofanayo, wagula ngeMalariya futhi wafa kungazelelwe. Imbangela yokufa yayigcwele ubuhlanya ebuchosheni.
Ithuna likaNikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky litholakala ovukweni lwamathuna eSaratov.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Enoveli "Yini okufanele uyenze?" I-aluminium ebizwa nge- "Metal of the future". Ngaleso sikhathi, wasetshenziswa kancane, kepha isibikezelo seChernyshevsky maqondana nokusetshenziswa kwakhe okusakazekile embonini kwenzeka ngempela.
- Kusebuntwaneni, abangane bahlekisa umlobi ngebhayibheli, futhi abangane bakhe babebizwa ngokuthi yi-Earties of Izincwadi - ukomela kwakhe ulwazi kwakungeshwa.
- Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, inoveli "yenzeni?" Kwathandwa ngokwengeziwe ngenxa yezibuyekezo ezinhle zikaLenin.
- Uthando ngomkakhe uChernyshevsky ugcinwe impilo yakhe yonke futhi akazange ayeke ukucabanga ngaye ngisho naseminyakeni emikhulu kakhulu ye-cortis. Ukusindisa ipeni kusuka kwimali etholwayo, wakwazi ukuthenga izimpungushe zika-fox ezijulile kuye futhi athumele isipho kuPeterSburg.
Amacaphuna
Umsebenzi wobuntu awunalutho futhi awunalutho uma kungewona umbono uwumqondo. Ilungelo lokuphila. Ilungelo lokuphila futhi lijabule - uphawu olungenalutho lomuntu olwalungenayo eqinisweni lokuthi lo mlingiswa Ukuphumula kulula futhi kumnandi kakhulu kuye. Ukuzibona-ke kukhiqiza ngempela umphumela lapho ungacabangi ngemiphumela.I-Bibliography
- 1862-1863 - "Yini okufanele uyenze?"
- Ngo-1863 - "Alfiev"
- Ngo-1883 - "Amanothi kuNekrasov"
- Ngo-1854 - "Ukubuka Okubucayi Kwemiqondo Yanamuhla Yezibuhlungu"
- Ngo-1855 - "Izimo zobuhle zezobuciko zangempela"
- Ngo-1855 - "Sublime ne-comic"
- Ngo-1855 - "Isimo solwazi lomuntu"
- Ngo-1858 - "Ukugxekwa kobandlululo lwefilosofi ngokumelene nobunikazi bomphakathi"
- Ngo-1860 - "Isimiso se-Anthropological ngefilosofi"
- Ngo-1888 - "Umsuka Wemfundiso Wokuzuzisa Umzabalazo"