I-Biograge
U-Adolf Eichman usopolitiki waseJalimane - wase-ObreastbanFühührer kanye nomunye wabahleli abaphambili bokuQothulwa Kwesizwe, inhloko yoMnyango WamaJuda, onesibopho sokuxoshwa kwabo ekamu lokubhubhisa, lapho izisulu zibulawa khona igesi. Umlando wempilo, umsebenzi wezepolitiki kanye nokufa u-Eichman uchazwa kwifilimu elombhalo yoMqondisi wase-Italy uFeruzcio Valerio "imiphefumulo enesihluku".Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Otto Adolf Eichman wazalwa ngoMashi 19, 1906 edolobheni laseJalimane laseSolingen emndenini wamaProthestani waseCalvinist. Abazali bakhe kwakungu-Adolf Carl Eichman, owayesebenza njenge-accountant, futhi uMaria Deffeling, umfazi wasendlini.
Ngo-1913, uyise wathuthela edolobheni lase-Austrian of Linz ukuthatha isikhundla somphathi wezentengiso we- "Electric Tram Company", amalungu omndeni asele, oshade naye nezingane ezi-5 eza kuye ngemuva konyaka. Ngemuva kokushona komkakhe ngo-1916, u-Adolf Eichman-SR. Kuhlanganiswe nomshado neZarzeli, umProthestani ozinikele namadodana amabili.
Umfana wavakashela i-State Secondary School eLinz, wahlanganyela emculweni wahlanganyela emiqhudelwaneni yezemidlalo, wayeyilungu leqembu lesikali nezinye izinhlangano zentsha. Ngenxa yokusebenza okubi, waxoshwa esikoleni futhi wasinikeza isikole sobuchwepheshe ayengasiqedi.
Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, u-Eichman wasebenza eSalzburg, emayini etholwe nguYise, wabe esengumthengisi e-Oberömesyereichische Elektrobau AG Commission. Kusukela ngo-1927, insizwa yayingumenzeli wesifunda wenkampani yamafutha e-vacuum kawoyela.
Ngalesi sikhathi, u-Adolf wajoyina "inyunyana yentsha ye-Frovikov" futhi waba nesifiso sokufunda amaphephandaba akhishwe yiqembu lamaNazi (NSDAP), ipulatifomu yalo lalisuselwa ekuchithweni kwe-versailles, i-radical anti-Semitism kanye ne-anti-bolshevism.
Umsebenzi wezepolitiki
Ngeseluleko somngane womndeni, u-Ernst Kaltenbrunner Eichman wajoyina igatsha lase-Austrian le-NSDAP ngo-Ephreli 1, 1932. Umcimbi wakhe we-SS-Standarte 37 waba nesibopho sokuphepha kwendlunkulu yeqembu eLinz nasekupheleni kwezikhulumi zamaNazi eziminyangeni. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuthathwa kweBhodi nezezizwe eJalimane eJalimane ekuqaleni kuka-1933, u-Eichman waphelelwa ngumsebenzi kumafutha we-vacuum, nase-Austria evimba i-NSDAP. Le micimbi seye yachaza kuma-biografikhi ka-Eichman, owanquma ukuphunyula e-Austria abuyele eJalimane.
Ngo-Agasti 1933, u-Adolf waqeqeshwa ekamu lokuhlasela indiza eKlosstellehfeld, wabe esehlala emngceleni we-pasau ekhanda leqembu le-SS eHorianian e-AUSTRAAGANDA e-Austria. Ekupheleni kukaDisemba, lapho le yunithi ichithwa, u-Eikhman wakhulela ngaphandle kwe-Untershruer.
Ngo-1934, amaNazi amancane amukelwa e-SD futhi aqokwa okufakiwe kuma-masons ahlanganyele ekutholeni kwezinto zemnyuziyamu esizayo, kwathi ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezihunyushwe eMnyangweni wamaJuda. U-Eichman wayalwa ukuba ahlole ukunyakaza kweZionist futhi anikeze imibiko ezinhlanganweni. Wafunda u-Aza Hebrew noYidisha waba ngokuthi "uchwepheshe ezindabeni zamaJuda." IJalimane lamaNazi lasebenzisa izindlela zobudlova nengcindezi yezomnotho ukuze akhuthaze amaJuda ukuthi ashiye iJalimane ngesicelo sawo.
Ngo-1937, u-Untersshurmffücher Eichman wahamba noHerbert Hagen ngesikhathi sohambo oluya ePalestine. Inhloso yokuvakasha kwakuwukuhlolwa kwamathuba okufuduka kokuzithandela kwama-semite aseJalimane kuleli. I-mission yehlulekile ngoba amaNazi anqabile ukukhipha ama-visa. Noma kunjalo, izithunywa zaseJalimane zahlangana eCairo nomholi weHagan, inhlangano engaphansi komhlaba, eyayisekela umbono wokwandisa inani lamaJuda ePalestine.
Ngo-1938, u-Eikhman wathunyelwa e-Austria eyosiza ekuthukeni kwamaJuda ezweni, eyaba yingxenye yeReich yesithathu, yabela isihloko se-CC-Oberphurm. Lapho esuka eVienna entwasahlobo kaBelanasekupheleni kuka-1939, amaJuda ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu asuka e-AUSTRIA ngezizathu zomthetho, futhi athathwe ngokwengeziwe ePalestine nakwezinye izindawo.
Ngemuva kokuqala kwempi yezwe yesibili ngoSepthemba 1, 1939, inqubomgomo yaseJalimane, ingeyabantu bobuzwe bamaJuda, iguqukile isuka ekuthuthweni ngokuzithandela ekuxoshweni okuphoqelelwe. Bekumele baqoqwe emadolobheni asePoland ngokuxhumana njalo kwesitimela futhi bathumela kusuka ezindaweni ezilawulwa yiJalimane. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebedale umnyango omusha, uMnyango Omkhulu Wezokuphepha (RHsh), ngaphansi kokuholwa kabusha kwe-rehhard heydrich.
Ngemuva kohambo oluya ePrague ukudala lapho, ihhovisi le-Eichman's Edigrecation ladluliselwa eBerlin phakathi kwekwindla ka-1939 ukuba liyala ihhovisi elikhulu lokufuduka kwamaJuda ngaphansi kobuholi bukaHeinrich Muller, libhekwe yiGestapo Muller, libheke iGestapo. Wayalwa ukuba ahlele ukuxoshwa kusuka kumaJuda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-70 kuye kwangama-80 eMoravia.
Ngokwethu, u-Eichman wahlela ukuthatha amaZiyoni eVienna. I-WrasturmFührer SS ikhethe idolobha lasePoland laseNisco liye endaweni yekamu lokuhamba. Ngokwesonto eledlule ngo-Okthoba 1939, amaJuda angama-4700 athunyelwa kule ndawo ngesitimela, futhi ashiywe ukuze anqume isiphetho esivulekile ngaphandle kwamanzi nokudla. Kwahlelwa amakamelo, kepha azange aphothulwe.
Ngo-1939, u-Eikhman wafakwa eRsh, wabeka imboni ye-IV-B4 ekhanda. UReinhard Heydrych umemezele inhloko entsha yoMnyango "uchwepheshe okhethekile" wakhe, obhekele ukuhlela konke ukuxoshwa kwayo yonke indawo ePoland. Kusukela ekuqaleni kokuhlasela kwaseJalimane kweSoviet Union ngo-1941, kwalandelwa amasosha ase-Ainzattzz, amaJuda, abasebenzi bakaCommunn kanye namalungu eqembu lamaKhomanisi aqoqwa futhi babulawa. U-Eichman wathola imibiko evamile enemininingwane yokufa kwabantu.
NgoJulayi 31, 1941, uGering wanikeza umuthi kaHeyDrich ukuze alungiselele futhi alethe 'isinqumo esiphelele sombuzo wamaJuda' kuwo wonke amazwe ahlalwa yiJalimane. Inhloko ye-RSA yayala u-Eichman, owayenikezwe isihloko sika-Obsternbanbürera ss, abhubhise wonke amaJuda eYurophu elawulwa yiYurophu. Ngokushesha ngemva kwengqungquthela yaseVelzea ngoJanuwari 20, 1942, kwaqala ukushukumisa inhlangano enkulu ka-Eichman ekamu lokubhujiswa eBelchets, eSobili, Chelvka nakwezinye izindawo.
Isigaba se-ObsternMbanürera sasibhekele ukuqoqa imininingwane ngamaJuda endaweni ngayinye, sihlela ukuthathwa kwawo impahla kanye nesheduli yezitimela zazo. U-Eichman wachitha imihlangano ejwayelekile nabasebenzi bawo, futhi wahamba kakhulu ezohlola amakamu okuhlushwa kanye ne-ghetto.
NgoMashi 19, 1944, iJalimane yangena eHungary. AmaJuda endawo, aze afike kuleli phuzu ahlala engajabule, asuswa ekamu lokuhlushwa lase-Auschwitz ngomsebenzi ophoqelelwe noma egumbini lokufa. U-Eichman uqobo walandela ukulungiswa kule nsimu.
Ngo-Ephreli 1944, i-OverShurMbanfürer yahola izingxoxo nabamele ukunyakaza kweZionist mayelana nokuhlengwa kwamaJuda. Ukuhlangana noRudolph Kasstner, inhloko yosizo lwe-Hungary noKomidi Lensindiso, igcinwe khona amaJuda angama-1686 athunyelwa isitimela eSwitzerland eshintshana ngentela le-3, igolide, imali kanye nokuphepha. Ngaphambi nje kokuphela kwempi enkulu yokuthanda izwe, u-Eichman washisa amarekhodi, ebeka phansi uMnyango we-IV-B4, futhi, kanye nezinye izikhulu, ama-SS abaleka eBerlin wahlala e-Austria.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
NgoMashi 21, 1935, u-Adolf Eicman wahlanganiswa nomshado nomKatolika emndenini we-veronika (ukholo) uLibl. Lo mbhangqwana wawunamadodana amane: uClaus, uHorsta Adolf, uDieter Helmut noRicardo Francisco. Unkosikazi ka-OberstonMbanürera akazange athande uBerlin, wahlala ePrague nezingane. U-Eichman wasekuqaleni wahambela kubo masonto onke, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuvakasha kwakhe kwehle kanye ngenyanga.
Ekupheleni kwempi, u-Eichman wanyamalala e-Allies, kodwa waboshwa ngabaseMelika. Wabaleka ejele ngemibhalo eyimbumbulu futhi walifaka impilo yakhe yangasese enyakatho yeJalimane. Ngo-1950, isigebengu samaNazi sathola i-Red Cross International Passport, evumela ukuthi owayeyiphoyisa laseJalimane athuthele e-Argentina. Umndeni wahlangana naye ngo-1952 eBuenos Aires.
Okokugcina isikhathi u-Eichman wabona umkakhe ngo-Ephreli 30, 1962, ngenyanga ngaphambi kokubulawa.
Ukuthwala kanye necala
AmaJuda amaningana asinda ngemuva kokugwetshwa ukuQothulwa Kwesizwe azinikele ekutholeni i-Eichman nabanye amaFascists. UHothar Herman wadlala indima ebalulekile ekuvezeni ubuntu becala lezempi laseJalimane. Indodakazi yakhe uSylvia eBuenos Aires ilethe ukujwayelana noKlaus Eichman ngo-1956, okwaziqhayisa ngokuxhaphaza kukaNazi kayise. Lokhu kwatshelwa nguFritz Bower, umshushisi jikelele uHese eWest Germany, owanikeza lolu lwazi kuMqondisi Wezempi wezempi wase-Israel u-Israel Harrelu.
I-Eichman yaqashwa, kodwa ayitholanga ubufakazi bokuzibandakanya kwakhe eNazi. Ngo-1960, i-MoSSAD agent zvi aaroni ikuqinisekisile ukuthi ungubani lowo owayengu-OvelshurmannFürera esithombeni futhi ngenxa yokubhekwa.
I-Israel Intelligence yahlela ukucashunwa kuka-Eichman, kusukela i-Argentina yayinomlando wokwenqaba ukwengeza izelelesi zamaNazi. NgoMeyi 22, 1960, owayeyiphoyisa laseJalimane wayiswa kwa-Israyeli, lapho ahlala khona ezinyangeni eziyi-9 esiteshini samaphoyisa esibiziweyo, evezwa ephefumulelwe iminjunju.
Ngo-Ephreli 11, 1961, i-Eichman Theko yaqala kwinkantolo ekhethekile yeNkantolo Yesifunda saseJerusalema. Isazi secala lamaNazi sasolwa ngamacala abhekene nobuntu kanye nabantu abangamaJuda, ubugebengu bempi nobulungu e-NSDAP. U-Eichman waphikelela ukuthi akanakho ukukhetha ngaphandle kokulandela ama-oda, ngoba waboshwa ngesifungo sokwethembeka ku-Adolf Hitler.
Ngo-December 15, 1961 wagwetshwa isigwebo sentambo ngo-gasure njengomuntu osemqoka wokuqothuka.
Ukushona
Ukuzivikela kuka-Eichman kufakwe izikhalazo eziningana eNkantolo Ephakeme, kugwetshwe mathupha ukuthi wabuza uMongameli wakwa-Israyeli u-Itzhak Ben-zvi ngokuxolelwa. Zonke izikhalazo zenqatshwa. U-Eichmana wabulawa ngoJuni 1, 1962 ejele Ramla. Imbangela yokufa yayingunhlangothi.
Eminyakeni embalwa, umzimba wakhe wawushisiwe, futhi uthuli lwaluswa eMedithera, ngaphandle kwamanzi akwa-Israyeli.
Ngo-2000, uhulumeni weZwe Elingcwele washicilela idayari yase-Achman, lapho achaza khona izinyatheliso zamaNazi maqondana nabantu abangamaJuda.