I-Biograge
I-ESCHIL ingenye yezimbongi ezinkulu kakhulu - umdlandla wesikhathi samaGrikhi wasendulo, owayehlala ngekhulu lesi-5 BC. E., "Baba" wale nhlekelele, ukhokho wohlobo lweTrilogy noTetralogia, okwenza ushintsho emcabangweni wobuciko bezemidlalo. Umsebenzi wakhe we- "Persian" ungumthombo wolwazi emkhakheni womlando wasendulo, ngokuba ukuphela kwemodeli elondoloziwe yomdlalo we-greek wakudala ohambisana nemicimbi yesimanje.
Izincwadi, kufaka phakathi indalo yembongi, zisefunwa abafundi, ama-play akhe aboniswa ngempumelelo ezingosini eziseshashalazini zomhlaba wonke.
Ukhanda
U-Eschil wazalwa cishe ngo-525 kuye ku n. Ns. Edolobheni laseGreek of Eleusin (Elefsis), elalingu-20 km kusuka e-Athene, ezigodini ezivundile zaseNtshonalanga Attica. Ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, uyise u-Eurohorion wayengowasekilasini le-Aristocrats - U-Evpatridov, nomndeni wawuphawuleka futhi ucebile.
Ebusheni bakhe, u-Eschil wasebenza ezivinini. Ngokwenganekwane, ngolunye usuku waphupha ngoNkulunkulu weWinemail Dionysis, owayala amaphethini ukuba anake ubuciko obumnandi benhlekelele. Ukuvuka, imbongi yadala umsebenzi wayo wokuqala, enza naye ngo-499 BC. Ns. Futhi ku-484 BC. Ns. Wanqoba ukunqoba okungu-1 emqhudelwaneni we-PlayWright eMkhosini weDoonysia.
Ku-490 BC E., Ekuphakameni kwezingxabano zamaGreko-Persian, u-Eschila wacela usizo lwezempi. Kanye nomfowabo, imbongi yavikela i-Athene ekuhlaselweni kwamaPheresiya ngaphansi kobuholi bakwaDariyu empini yaseMarathon. Kwathi emva kweminyaka eyishumi, wahlanganyela empini yasolwandle eSalamine, ethatha enye yezindawo eziphakeme ezinhlelweni zamaPheresiya, kanye nomhlaba othosiwe ngama-placas.
U-Eskil wayeyingxenye yamaGrikhi akhethiwe anikezelwe ezimfihlo ze-Defeter Cult, eyayenqatshelwe ukudalula ngaphansi kokufa. Imbongi ibamba iqhaza ezimfihlakalo ze-Elesknsky, amasiko abonisa ukuxhumana phakathi kokuphila nokufa okusho ukuhlanzwa okungokomoya nangokomoya.
U-Aristotle kanye nezinye izizukulwane zase-Aeschicha athi umdlandla wehluleka ukugcina imfihlo yehlelo elingcwele futhi akhombise ezinye zezinto zamasiko esiteji. Kulezi zibukeli ziphonsa umlobi ngamatshe futhi kwanikeza inkantolo eyabona ngayo ukungazi. U-Eschila wanesizathu, ubheka ukuxhashazwa kwezempi, kanye nokubheka ukunxusa komfowabo omncane we-Aminiya, iqhawe lezimpi zaseGreco-Persian.
Ngemuva kokushona kwesigabishi sikaFritich, owayeyimbangi eyinhloko ye-eschil emikhosini yeDionisia, kusukela cishe ngo-473 kuye ku-N. e., Umdlandla wawuba ngumholi kuphela wazomncintiswano wezimbongi.
Cishe akukho lutho olwaziwa ngempilo yomuntu siqu yembongi yasendulo yamaGreek. Izazi-mlando zithi u-Eschil wayenenkosikazi nezingane ezimbili. Omunye wamadodana okuthiwa u-Eurohorion wangena ezinyathelweni zikayise futhi waba yimbongi edabukisayo. Ngemuva kokufa komzali, wayezikhathi ezi-4 enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini enemidlalo ye-Eshil. Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kwakuyinzalo yesiGreek esihle okwakungumbhali we- "Prometheus eboshwe" inhlekelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, euphorion ku-431 BC. Ns. Uwine umklomelo wokuqala emncintiswaneni wezemibhalo, ushiye ama-sophoclas ne-euripid.
Kwi-biography ye-ESCHIL, izindawo eziningi ezimhlophe, noma kunjalo, kukhona imininingwane yokuthi imbongi eku-470s kuya kuN. Ns. I-Sicily Island ivakashelwe isiqhingi sasendaweni yendawo iTirana Gieron I.
Ngesikhathi sokuvakasha kwe-3 kunyaka we-456 noma i-455 ngonyaka B. Ns. I-Great Workwight yafa. Imbangela ngqo yokufa kwe-ESCHIL ayaziwa. Abalaheleli bangempela bathi imbongi yabulala ufudu, imlahlile ekhanda lokhozi noma ubuhlakani. Inyoni edla inyama yemukele i-Lysin etsheni, eyayisazohlukanisa igobolondo lesisulu.
Ukudramaturgy
Ukuchuma kokuvuka kwe-Eschil kwawela esikhathini lapho imincintiswano ebhaliwe ethandwa eGrisi, eyenzeka phakathi nemikhosi kaDionysia. Lo mkhosi waqala lo mhlangano, ulandele umncintiswano wezinsizwa owenza lezo zinto ezihlukene, ekuphelweni kwejaji 3 kulowo odlala i-playwright kwamelela indalo yabo: idrama, amahlaya kanye ne-satire. Umlobi we-Oresteia wabamba iqhaza emiqhudelwaneni eminingi yale mincintiswano adale ngayo kusuka kuma-70 kuye kwangama-90 ama-drays. I-duel ebhala phakathi kwe-eschil ne-Eripid ichazwa kuma-aristophane aristophane "amasele".
I-PlayWright ithuthukise isitayela namasu ayo okubhala. Ulethe endaweni yesigameko salowo mdlali wesi-2 futhi wadala inkhulumomphendvulwano enobunzima phakathi kwezinhlamvu ezimbili, wasungula uhlobo lwe-trilogy ne-tetralogy, lapho ahlangana khona nezinkondlo ezidumile nezamasitimukile, anciphise ngendabuko ye-Homer epopos. kanye neziza zesimanje zomlando.
Kuze kube manje, izinsizi eziyisikhombisa zesiGreki esikhulu sezifinyelelwe: "Persians", "Sudils", "ama-Sudils", "izinhlansi", "i-evmetheus", "i-Prometheus eboshwe", umbhali okusaqhubeka okukhulunywa ngakho. Izingcezwana zeminye imidlalo yokudlala ye-Playwright zigcinwa ngezingcaphuno, ziyaqhubeka zitholakala ngesikhathi sezinto ezimbiwe e-papyrus yaseGibhithe.
U-ESchil uthole umklomelo wokuqala emikhosini kaDionusia Times 13, kuyaziwa ukuthi yonke imisebenzi yokusinda yanikezwa umklomelo ophakeme kakhulu.
Okokuqala kweMisebenzi ye-ESCHILA yile nhlekelele "yamaPheresiya", eyabhalwa cishe ngo-472 BC. Ns. Ukudlala kusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwamasosha komuntu embongi, kubandakanya nokubamba iqhaza kwakhe empini kaSalamin. I-PlayWright idale indalo eyingqayizivele, eyayingasuselwa kucebo lezinganekwane, kodwa umcimbi wangempela womlando owenzeka emehlweni abantu besikhathi sabantu. Ukudlala bekuyingxenye yeTetralogy, ehlanganisa imisebenzi elahlekile ye- "Glavk", "ukulunga" kanye "ne-Prometheus - isinxibi somlilo", ehlanganiswe nesihloko sokuziphindisela kwaphezulu.
Inhlekelele iqala ngezindaba zokunqotshwa kwamaPheresiya empini yasolwandle, okwakunikezwa isithunywa, isithunywa uKeterks kaMama. Owesifazane uya ethuneni lomyeni wakhe uDariyu, lapho isipoki sikaMbusi sibikezela khona ukuhlupheka okusha kubantu bakubo bakhe futhi sichaza ukuthi imbangela yokufa kwebutho kwakuwukuzethemba nokuzikhukhumeza kwama-Xerxes, okwadala ulaka lwabankulunkulu. Imbangela yokunqotshwa kwamaPheresiya ivela ekugcineni komdlalo, ophela ngeNkosi ekhala futhi ehluliwe.
Inhlekelele "Eyisikhombisa ngokumelene noPhiv" yagcwaliseka okokuqala ku-467 BC. Ns. Yingxenye yokugcina ye-trilogy emangalisayo esekelwe kwi-FVAN Mythology. Umsebenzi wawususelwa esihlokweni sokungenelela konkulunkulu ezindabeni zabantu kanye nomqondo weqhaza elinqumayo lenqubomgomo (idolobha) ekwakhiweni kwempucuko yabantu.
Ukudlala kuxoxa indaba yama-Eteoka kanye nabafowethu abaphangi, izindlalifa zikaFani Tsar Edipa, oye waphothula isivumelwano sokubusa phansi, kodwa angahlanganyeli esihlalweni sobukhosi nokubulala. Isiphetho sokuqala sokudlalwa sasiqukethe ukujaha ngokufa kwababusi, kepha ngemuva kweminyaka engu-50 ngemuva kokuboniswa kokuqala, kwashintsha. Kuhlobo olusha lwendodakazi ka-Edip, antigone, lwenza ukukhala, bese luvukela encazelweni yokuvinjelwa kokungcwatshwa kwesibindi.
Isihloko sePolis saqhubeka nokukhula engcupheni ye- "Sumdaders" ka-Eschil, okuyingxenye yeTetralogy elahlekile. Kulomdlalo, imbongi yabonisa isimo esihle sengqondo ngokuthambekela kwentando yeningi, isimilo se-Athene ngaleso sikhathi.
Lesi sakhiwo sisuselwa ku-Danad Hiko, amadodakazi omsunguli we-Argos, emshadweni ophoqelekile nabazala bawo baseGibhithe. Bacela ama-asylums kumbusi wendawo wamaPelags, ongeke akwazi ukuthatha isinqumo ngaphandle kokubonisana nabantu. Ekupheleni kokudlala, abantu bavuma ukumsiza abathumeli futhi abanikeze indawo yokuhlala edolobheni.
Kweminye imidlalo ye-trilogy, ebizwa ngokuthi "uDanada", izehlakalo ze-mip yamadodakazi angama-50 enkosi, eyabulala abayeni babo abangama-49 emshadweni wokuqala.
Ukuphela kwe-trilogy ye-eschil, eyahlala ngokuphelele, yi-OreSteya, yadalwa ngo-458 BC. Ns. Futhi okubandakanya imidlalo ye-Agamemnon, "izinhlanza" kanye ne- "Evmenia". Ukuxoxa umlando wegazi womndeni we-Argos Tsamemnon, imbongi iyaphuma ezikhundleni zentando yeningi, emenjiswe emisebenzini eyedlule, futhi ihlise amandla we-aosopag kanye nobulungiswa bomthetho.
Usizi lokuqala lwe-trilogy luchaza ukubuya kweMycena Tsar Agamemnon ngemuva kokunqoba empini yeTrojan. Umfazi weqembu lakhe uyathukuthela ukuthi umbusi ngenxa yenkazimulo waletha onkulunkulu ukuba bahlabele umnikelo owakhe indodana yakhe futhi bagcina uKassandra enkundleni. Lesi siprofetho sibikezela ukubulawa kuka-Agamemnon nokufa kwakhe ezandleni zomuntu ozoshada naye. Ekupheleni kokudlala, indodana yenkosi iyavela, isitronde, esibhekisisa, esibheka ukuziphindisela ngenxa yokubulawa kukaYise.
"Ama-hoeofors" aqhubeke nokulandisa, aqale e-Agamemnon. Indlalifa enkosini, kanye nodadewabo, yasungula indawo yokuziphindisela kwe-clisetre ye-c yakhe. Lapho-ke ikwaya ilandisa ngephupho elibi lendlovukazi, elizalela inyoka. Ukuze ahlenge icala phambi komyeni wakhe, uhulumeni uyale ukuhlolwa ethuneni lika-Agamemnon, kodwa athathe ukufa esandleni se-Orst. Esendaweni yokugcina, umbulali kamama uzungeza ezine, abaphikisi abanecala lokufa kwezihlobo.
Ekudlaleni kokugcina kwe- "Orestei", iNdodana ka-Agamemnon ifuna ukubuyisana ngobugebengu obuhle, ivela phambi kweNkantolo yase-Athena, ekuyikhulula ekushushisweni kwentukuthelo, okuvela ezimpahleni ezihlangene nokuwa kwa-evmenia.
Owokugcina kwezingcezu ezigciniwe ze-Eschila, inhlekelele ka- "Prometheus eboshwe", iyingxenye ye- "Prometheus" Trilogy. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, ososayensi baqala ukungabaza ukubhaliswa kombhali we-Greekswright ngezizathu ze-stylistic. Umsebenzi yizigcawu eziqinile ezibonisa inganekwane yoMlilo.
I-Bibliography
- 472 BC - "AmaPheresiya"
- I-470th noma 463 BC - "Sudils"
- 467 BC - "Abayisikhombisa ngokumelene ne-FIV"
- I-458 BC - Orestea (Trilogy)
- "Agamemnon"
- "Hoofers"
- "Enmendy"
- 450-40-E noma 415 BC - "I-Prometheus eboshwe"