I-Biograge
Kanye no-Eschil ne-Eripid, uSofokl kungubuhlungu bakudala wamaGrikhi, abasebenza emisebenzini yakudala kuze kube manje: kepha abadlali babhala babhale izingcezu ezingaphezu kuka-120, kepha bangu-7 kuphela kubo abatholakala ngokuphelele kumfundi wanamuhla. Kwaphela iminyaka engama-50, wabhekwa njengembongi engcono kakhulu ye-Athene: elahlekile emiqhudelwaneni engama-6 eminyaka eyi-6, ngenkathi engangeni ngaphansi kwendawo yesi-2. Inani lobuqambi bobuhlungu abunciphise kuze kube namuhla.Ukhanda
USophokl wazalwa cishe ngo-496 kuye ku n. Ns. EColon, indawo yase-Athene, emndenini ohlonishwayo ovikelekile womenzi wamazempi wezempi kaSofilla. Ubaba wathuthukisa ngokuphelele iNdodana yakhe, kepha umfana othela ngokukhethekile unobuhlobo nobuciko. Ngiseyingane, uSofokl wafunda umculo, futhi ngemuva kokunqoba kwamaGrikhi phezu kwamaPheresiya eMpumalanga Ye-Salamina ka-480 kuye kuN. Ns. Ubhekise ikwaya yentsha, ejaha ubuqhawe bamaqhawe.
I-biography yembongi ayixhunyiwe hhayi kuphela ngedrama, kodwa futhi nempilo yezenhlalo yezepolitiki. Ngokunokwenzeka, ngo-443-442 BC. Ns. USophokl wahlanganisa iKholeji Yomfakisini we-Athenia Union, kwathi ngo-440 BC. Ns. Ukhethe i-Strategist yempi yamaSamos. Ekugugeni kwesiGreek, bafakwa phakathi kohambo, okungukuthi, abeluleki abasiza e-Athene ukuba balulame ngemuva kokwehluleka kokuphuma kwempi yasePepononNonneseyia.
Emsebenzini wesithombe sikaMudretov, u-Athena wabhala ukuthi uSofokl wahlolelwa amadoda:
"USofokl wayezithanda abafana njengabathandi be-EURISID."
Akunakwenzeka ukuphikisa noma ukuqinisekisa leli qiniso elithandekayo empilweni yomuntu osizi, kodwa kwaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi uSophoka wayenomfazi - i-nickoton. Kulezi zingane ezimbili emshadweni ongokomthetho, munye kuphela, u-Iofonte, wazalwa. Indodana yesibili, u-Ariston, yazalwa ngama-heterides aseFerida Serikion. U-Aofont wangena ezinyathelweni zikaYise futhi waba ngumdlandla.
Ukuphila iminyaka engama-90, uSophokl washona ngo-406 kuye ku-N. Ns. Kunezinhlobo ezi-3 zenhlekelele. Ngokusho kwezazi-mlando i-Istr neNeanfu, i-playwright ebiyelwe amagilebhisi. Ngokusho kwezindaba zomlobi we-satira, ngesikhathi sokufunda "i-antigona" ngaphambi komphakathi, uSofokl akazange abale imali yokubhuka amaphaphu futhi anenhlonipho enkulumweni ende.
Uhlobo lwesithathu lucabanga ukuthi imbangela yokufa kwaba ukunqoba okulandelayo ngemincintiswano ebhaliwe - imbongi, thokozani, yafa ngokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo.
USofoka wangcwatshwa ngumgwaqo, oholele e-Athene eya edolobheni lomthengisi. Etsheni lethuna, kubhalwa isicaphuni:
"Kuleli thuna, esigodlweni esingcwele, sifihla izinsalela zobuhlungu, ezazithatha phezulu ngobuciko obukhazimulayo."I-DRAMAC
U-Eschil wayeyisibonelo sikaSofokla ukuze alingise, kepha ngaphezulu okuvuthiwe (eschyl 29 iminyaka ubudala) asebenzisa amasu amancane okuthandana emisebenzini. Isibonelo, uSofokl uqale wengezwe esigabeni somlingisi wesithathu, esenciphise indima yekwaya, khona-ke ngaphandle kwendawo yokuphumula ye-ESCHYL. IsiGreki sashintsha inani lama-choraids - kusuka kubantu abangu-15 kuye kwali-12, futhi baphinde bakhiphe umbhali wokudlala phakathi kwezikhulumi (ikakhulukazi ngenxa yobuthakathaka be-ligaments yabo yezwi). Ngenxa yalokhu okusha, i-Athenes Theatre yavuselelwa.
Umsebenzi wobuhlungu endabeni yeminyaka usakaze ngale kwemikhawulo ye-Athene. Ababusi bakwamanye amazwe bavame ukucela iGrek ukuthi bazenzele, kodwa ngokungafani no-Eschila, owashona eSisily, noma e-Eripid, ababevakashela eMakedoniya, uSofokl akazange amukele noma yisiphi isimemo. Wayethanda ukubhala abakwethu, futhi nabo, bakhuthaza uSofoka ngehalaza namavoti emiqhudelwaneni ebhaliwe.
Emincintiswaneni engama-30, i-Playwwright yazuzwa emikhosini eyi-18 ukuhlonipha uNkulunkulu uDionysus nangamaholide ayi-6 kaLena. Ukunqoba kokuqala okubalulekile kwenzeka ngo-469 BC. e. Lapho uSofokl, ethula i-tetrallogue kubantu babantu (hhayi ukusinda), adlula i-eschil.
Ngokwezilinganiso zika-Aristophane Byzantine, uSophokl wabhala imisebenzi eyi-123, 7 kwawo afinyelele kuyo ngokugcwele isikhathi sethu: "Ama-Trachna", "Antigona", "Electra", "Philokt", "Philoktt", "Philokt", Ekholoni "," Trackers ". Ukudlala okudume kakhulu yi- "King Edip" (429-426 BC), okuyi-Aristotle e "Poinics" ebizwa ngokuthi yinto ekahle emsebenzini.
Maphakathi nesakhiwo - u-Oedip, oyise, inkosi yaseLai, ethukile izibikezelo ezithi iNdodana izoba ngumbulali wakhe futhi ashade nonina e-Iokasta, wanquma ukuqeda ingane. Indoda eyayiphathiswe ukubulala umfana yahlelwa phezu kwesidalwa esingenakuzivikela futhi yanikeza umalusi. Ngemuva kwalokho u-Edipa wamukele i-Tsar Polyb.
Lapho esevuthiwe, indodana kaLaia yafunda ngalesi siprofetho futhi yashiya indlu kaYise, kodwa yathola inqola endleleni. Empini, insizwa yabulala ikhehla kanye nama-satellite amathathu. Indoda endala kwakunguLai. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waba yinkosi yaseFiv, u-Oedipus washada ne-Okasta, ehlanganisa ingxenye yesibili yesiprofetho.
Ukugula okubi kwehlela edolobheni. Ukuzama ukubhekana nezizathu zalabo abahlukunyezwayo, izakhamizi ziphendukela e-Oracle, futhi kubika ukuthi umuthi udingisiwe inkosi yenkosi yenkosi. Ngakho-ke i-Edipa ivule imfihlakalo embi kakhulu yobugebengu obuhle. Ayikwazi ukubhekana nosizi, i-Okasta igcina impilo yokuzibulala, ne-Edip, ecabanga ukuthi ukungafanele kokufa, iyangabaza ngobumpumputhe, ukumpompa amehlo akhe.
I-Piece "Tsar Edip" yavula umjikelezo obizwa nge-FVAN. E-Dionysia, leli qoqo lathatha indawo yesibili ngokunikela ngomsebenzi owabhalwa umshana wase-Eschil - i-Philoklet. Noma kunjalo, isazi sefilologifikazi saseFilologing saseBrithani uRichard ClavVerivause uJebb wavuma no-Aristotle, ephawula ukuthi ukudlala "ngomqondo kuyingcweti yenhlekelele ye-attic." Ngemuva kokuhlaziya umsebenzi, uSigmund Freud wavula i- "Oedipus Complex" - okuhehayo kwengane kumzali wobulili obuhlukile.
Ekuqhubekeni kwendaba ekhuluma nge-Tsar ephuphuthekile, uSofokl wabhala umdlalo "Oedipal eColon" (406 BC), owaphakanyiswa ngemuva kokushona kwembongi - ngo-401 BC. Ns. Umsebenzi utshela ukuthi u-Oedip oxoxiswayo e-FIV nendodakazi ka-Antihogoy wazungeza iGrisi efuna ikhaya elisha. Bathola izindaba zokuthi amadodana ezimpumputhe, i-Polick ne-Eteokl alungiselela ukuya komunye nomunye ngempi yesihlalo sobukhosi se-FIV. Ngesikhathi somhlangano nomunye wamadodana, u-Oedip uyaqalekisa ekufeni ezandleni zomunye nomunye. Umsebenzi uphela ngokufa kwezimpumputhe.
Usizi lokugcina lomjikelezo we-FVAN 'lwalungu "Antigon" (442-441 BC. E). Inkinga enkulu yokudlala ukubhekana nemithetho yombuso neyejwayelekile. Abafowethu bakwa-antigoge balwa futhi bafe, ngokwesiqalekiso, ezandleni zomunye nomunye. Inkosi ebusayo iyakwenqabela ukungcwaba umzimba we-polick, futhi imshiya njengomlandeli, obolile elangeni.
I-Antigone iza ngokumelene nentando yentando yenkosi futhi yabenza umfowabo ngokwemithetho yendabuko yohlobo oluthile, inkosi yenza ukuba ilolisise yintombazane embhoshongweni. Ahluleka ukulalela, u-Antigone uqeda impilo yokuzibulala, okuletha ukufa okuthe xaxa - othandekayo nonina, indodana kanye nomlingani weNkosi, ngokulandelana.
Ubungako obubalulekile bezingcezu ze-sophocla ukuthi amaqhawe ahlangenwe nakho: banokwesaba nobuthakathaka, bangalingwa, bangalingwa nesono. Ngakho-ke, usizi lwe- "Electra" luyatshela ngentombazane nomfowabo, o-Oreste abafuna ukuziphindisela kunina kanye nesithandwa sakhe ngokufa kukaYise. Futhi uma isenzo se-Orse sikholwe yisiprofetho sika-Apollo, i-Electra senza ubizo lwenhliziyo, liqondiswa yimizwa ejulile.
Emisebenzini emangalisayo yesiGreek, ukungenelela kwaphezulu kuba nzima kakhulu, futhi umuntu ukhululekile ngokwengeziwe. Futhi nokho, enkolweni, uSofokl ubona insindiso, imbongi iyaqonda ukuthi abantu abanamkhawulo. Ngasikhathi sinye, ubuntu bufa, ngokusho kwababuhlungu, ngenxa yokuzikhukhumeza kwakhe. Ku-AJAX "uthe:
"Ukuba nobuhlakani ukuthi kusho ukuthi ukungathuki onkulunkulu ngezwi elingaphansi, akwenzeli intukuthelo yabo ukuba baziqhenye."Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi uSofokl uyindoda ekholwayo, nangemva kokufa wahlelwa.
Izinkinga zezinhlekelele zesiGreek zaba khona ukuthi zifanele kanjani umphakathi wanamuhla, ukuthi ngemisebenzi kaSofoka kuze kube namuhla amafilimu asusiwe. Okuthandwa kakhulu yi- "Antigone" - Kususwe izihlangu ezingama-20 ekudlaleni, kufaka phakathi idrama yaseMelika yo-1990 "Antigona: Amasiko anothando" noJanet Eylber enqondweni eholayo.
Amacaphuna
Izwi elilodwa lisikhulula kuwo wonke ama-gravity kanye nobuhlungu bokuphila: Leli gama liwuthando. Azikho izinto khona lapho. Ilungelo - njalo linengxabano enamandla. Kuhlale kunengxabano enamandla.I-Bibliography
- 450-435 BC - "Trachins"
- 450-440 BC Ns. - I-AJAX "(" EAN "," Biechosets ")
- 442-441 BC - "Antigona"
- 429-426 BC Ns. - I-King Edip "(" Edip-Tirans ")
- I-415 BC - "Electra"
- 404 BC - "Philoktt"
- 406 BC Ns. - "Oedip ekoloni"
- "I-Pathfinder"