I-Biograge
I-EURIPID (i-Eurpaid) iyi-Greek Yasendulo Yokudlala Esendulo, Omncane Wamanje Wase-Eshil noSophozla. I-biography yakhe kungaba yinto etholwa yindawo yanamuhla ye-Yellow Press: Ukuphazamiseka nokuphikisana nezinye izimbongi, 2 kuphuke ngenxa yokuvukela umbuso, ukusuka ezweni elingaqondakali nokufa okungaqondakali, kuza ngenxa yokufakelwa enkantolo.Ubuntwana nentsha
Vele eminyakeni yokuqala ye-EURIPID, okuncane kugcinwe, futhi kuvame ukukuphikisana. U-Aristofaan ohlelwe ngamaGrikhi wabhala ukuthi umama wakhe uhweba ngokubumba emakethe imifino nemifino, kodwa emithonjeni yakamuva yenqatshwa. Ngokusobala kusuka emndenini ovikelekile, ngoba wathola imfundo eguquguqukayo - ngokusho kombhali wamaRoma u-AVLA Gelulia, wafunda izazi zefilosofi ze-protagore nase-Anaksagora.
Ngokuqondene nonyaka wokuzalwa kwakhe, khona-ke imithombo eminingi yisikhathi sikaSepthemba 23, 480 BC. Ns. - Ngalolu suku, ibutho lamaGrikhi lahlula amaPheresiya empini yasolwandle eSalamine. Kodwa-ke, obunye ubufakazi obhaliwe buhlanganisa ukushiwo ukuthi i-Claito eyakhulelwa i-Eripid lapho inkosi uXerxes ihlasela iYurophu, eyayenzeka izinyanga ezi-5 ukuya ekunqobeni iSalamina.
Ngokunokwenzeka, i-playwight yesikhathi esizayo yazalwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngoSepthemba 23, lapho nje lapho ama-biographs akhe "adonswa" usuku ngenhloso ye "Ukugqugquzelwa" - Amasu anjalo ahlala emthethweni ophilayo asetshenziswa kaningi.
Ibuye yathola eminye imithombo emi-2 ekhombisa imininingwane ehlukile mayelana nesikhathi sokuzalwa se-Eripid: Ngokusho kombhalo kumamabula we-paros, lokhu kwenzeke ngo-486 BC. e., Futhi ngokobunye ubufakazi bezikhathi zesikhathi sika-481.
Ngiseyingane, i-playwright yesikhathi esizayo yayithanda ezemidlalo futhi yathuthuka kakhulu kuma-gymnastics, iwina nemincintiswano phakathi kwabafana - ontanga. Waphupha ngokufika emidlalweni yama-Olimpiki, kodwa akazange ayithathe ngenxa yobuncane. Wayeganwe e-Eripid futhi edweba, kepha akaphumelelanga kulokhu.
Ukudramaturgy
Ebusheni bakhe, i-Eripid yayifundwa futhi yaqala ukuqoqa izincwadi, futhi ekugcineni yaqala ukuzama amabutho ngokubhala imidlalo. Umsebenzi wakhe wokudubula "uPeliad" waphuma ngo-455 BC. E, kwathi ngo-441th wamthola umvuzo wokuqala ngaye. Kukholakala ukuthi i-playwright yangumnikazi womtapo wezincwadi obanzi, kepha ayigcinwanga. Kufika kuphela ezinhlelweni zakhe ezingama-17, yize zabhalwa okungenani ezingama-90. Kusuka emisebenzini yezinhlobo zezinhlobo, kuphela idrama "kiklop" yasinda ngokuphelele.
Yize abantu bephila bembiza ngokuthi ifilosofi esiteji, lonke uhlelo lwefilosofi lwe-Enipid ngokwakhe aluzange luyakhe. Ukubuka komhlaba kwakhe sekuthuthukiswe emikhondweni yabanye abantu, ngokuyinhloko ama-Sophism. Enkolweni jikelele nakunkulunkulu ikakhulukazi, waphatha ngokungcola, nezinganekwane nezinkolelo ezisetshenziselwa ingemuva.
Onkulunkulu emisebenzini ye-Eripid babonakala izidalwa ezinonya neziphindayo (lokhu kwabonakaliswa ngokusobala engcwabeni "kodwa akunakubizwa ngokuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona), okuba khona komqondo ophakeme, osakwazisa. Ngaleso sikhathi, imibono enjalo yayingokoqobo futhi yathuthukiswa, ngakho-ke ababukeli bezilaleli, i-Euripid yayivame ukungayitholi. Eminye yemisebenzi yakhe, efana ne- "IPPOLIT", yabangela isivunguvungu sentukuthelo evela emphakathini futhi kwathiwa ngokuziphatha okubi.
Umsebenzi we-Playwright uhlukaniswe izigaba ezi-2: Usizi uqobo lwalo, lapho kuvela khona onkulunkulu, kanye namadrama asekhaya ezenhlalo lapho abantu abajwayelekile benza khona. Emisebenzini ye-Eripid, izenzakalo zezepolitiki zalesosikhathi zaboniswa. Wabhala inhlekelele ngesikhathi sezimpi zempulapha, waveza ngayo umbhikisho oshisayo. Isithombe so-Athene othanda ukuthula esidalwe yibo sasigcinwe emsebenzini wakhe, okuyindlela yokudlala ephikisana ne-Oligarchic Sparta enolaka.
I-EURIPID yaziwa ngeqiniso lokuthi owokuqala waqala ukusebenza izithombe zowesifazane ezincwadini - ababandulelayo bakhetha ukuchaza amadoda. EMedea, i-Ifiger, Electra, no-Andromeda namanye amaqhawe obusizi bakhe babalulekile, baqeda, izithombe ezibonakalayo. Lo mbhalo odlalwayo wayenesifiso esiqotho ezimenyezelweni zothando lwabesifazane nokuzinikela, isihluku kanye nobuqili, ngakho-ke i-heroine yakhe ivame kakhulu ngisho nangaphezulu kwamaqhawe amandla okuthanda nemizwa ecacile.
Emsebenzini wakhe, wayevame ukucacisa izigqila, ngenkathi azithathanga izitayizi ezingenamzimba, kodwa ngezinhlamvu ezigcwele ezigcwele nezinhlamvu ezinzima. Ngokuqondene nobumbano nokuqedwa kwesenzo, le mfuneko yanelisekile ngemisebenzi yayo embalwa kuphela. Amandla e-Eripid asenkingeni nasezengqondo kwezigcawu kanye nama-monalogies, kodwa emiphethweni ebukekayo kwakunganamandla.
Ngokweminye imininingwane, le ndoda uqobo yabhala umculo ezinhlelweni zakhe. Isiphetho esinjalo senziwa ngokuthola izingcaphuno ezivela ku- "Ores" ku-papyrus yakudala, lapho izimpawu zomculo ezilondoloziwe zibonakala kahle. Uma empeleni lokhu kungumsebenzi we-EURIPID, khona-ke uvela ngaphambi kwenzalo esemqondweni ehluke ngokuphelele - umqambi-ubuhlakani, ubuhlakani obunekhono lokuvumelana.
Ku-408 BC BC Ns. I-Euripide yasuka e-Athene yahlala eMakedoniya. Izizathu zesinqumo sakhe sokushiya leli dolobha alwaziwa: mhlawumbe imbongi elimele nezwayo yathukuthekiswa ngabantu bakubo, yayingabongi umsebenzi wakhe ngesithunzi (kusukela kuma-95 ama-plays akhe ngesikhathi sokuphila komlobi, kuphela.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Kubumfihlo, i-playwright ibingenanhlanhla. Okokuqala ngqa washada nowesifazane ogama lakhe linguHloirin, owazala izingane ezintathu, kodwa umshado wanqanyulwa ngenxa yokungathembeki kwakhe. Emva kwalokho, i-Eripide edumele yabhala umdlalo we- "IPPOLTITE", lapho ubudlelwane bothando beluhlekisayo. Ngonkosikazi wesibili, uMelitta, le ndaba yaphindwa, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho umlobi wemvelo wacasulwa ngokuphelele ngumndeni wabesifazane futhi wahamba lona wesifazane engxabanweni yabesifazane, umAristophane wahlekiswa amahlaya akhe kamuva.
UPlutarch wakhuluma ngesifiso sokudlalwa kwezinsizwa, ikakhulukazi ngenoveli yakhe ne-crater, umthandi omncane weNkosi yaseMakedoniya.
Ngokwencazelo yasendulo, i-Eericide yathula ukuthula nesizungu futhi ayikwazanga ukuthwala umsindo wesixuku. ESalamina, wayevame ukuchitha izinsuku zonke ngokuzenzela wedwa olwandle i-Grotto, ancome ulwandle futhi abonise izinkanyezi zezinkanyezi zemisebenzi emisha.
Ukushona
Iminyaka yokugcina yendlela yokuphila ye-playwright futhi okugxile kuyo nakho kunezinganekwane zeShieven. Ngokwenguqulo eyodwa, washona ngo-406 BC. Ngenxa yecala lokuvuselelwa kwezimbangi, izimbongi arrida neKratya: Bafumbathisa inkantolo uLisimaha, owadumisa ama-Hound Hound e-Eripid. Eminye imithombo isho ukuthi imbangela yokufa kweWarkWight kwakungeyona inja, kepha abesifazane abambulala ngesikhathi somuntu siqu, kepha le nguqulo ifana nehlaya elinobunzima, ngoba isiqephu esifanayo sinjengesiqephu esifanayo kushiwo ku-Google "Vakhanki".
Izazi-mlando zanamuhla zincike engxenyeni elula - kungenzeka kakhulu, i-Eripid, eyayivele ihlala eziphangeni, nje ayikwazanga ukumelana nobusika obunokhahlo baseMakedoniya futhi yabulawa ukugula. Ama-Athene, owayekanye naye ayekanye naye, wacela ukuzolanda umzimba we-Eripid ngemingcwabo, kodwa ngo-Archeli angcwatshwe enhloko-dolobha yaseMakedoniya - Pelle.
Lapho uSofokl ethola ngokufa kwakhe, watshela abadlali ngosizi lokudlala okunye ukudlala ngamakhanda angembuliwe. Ngokusho kwenganekwane, ngokushesha nje ngemuva komngcwabo osethuneni le-Eripid, umbani washaya - kwakuwuphawu lokukhethwa kwaphezulu, okunikezwa nguLikong kuphela kuze kube yileso sikhathi.
I-Bibliography
- 438 BC E., - "I-Alkest"
- 431 BC Ns. - "Medea"
- 430 BC Ns. - "UGeraklida"
- 428 BC Ns. - I- "IPpolit"
- 425 BC Ns. - "Andromache"
- 424 BC. Ns. - "Goek"
- 423 BC Ns. - "Sudils"
- I-413 BC Ns. - "Electra"
- I-416 BC Ns. - "Hercules"
- I-415 BC Ns. - "Troyanki"
- I-414 BC Ns. - "Iphigenements e Tavrid"
- I-414 BC Ns. - "Futhi yena"