I-Biograge
Indaba eyinqabile ngempilo yeLaurea yoNobel emvuzweni kaNobel ezincwadini uJohn Steinbeck Izindleko ngaphandle kokukhululwa ngokuhamba kwale ncwadi, kodwa wabhalwa nganoma yiziphi lezi zikhathi zencwadi yakhe yokudala, lapho Impilo yezakhamizi ezijwayelekile e-United States emandleni amashumi amabili nobuciko iboniswa ngamandla amakhulu obuciko, ngakho konke ubunzima kanye nama-sophoris awo.Ubuntwana nentsha
Kunezinguqulo ezimbalwa ze-biography kaJohn Steinbeck. E-US, kukhona ngisho nomphakathi wabalandeli, ohlaziya ngokucophelela ifa lomlobi futhi aqoqe ngokucophelela amaqiniso ngaye. Incazelo yakhe ebanzi kakhulu yempilo ingamakhasi ayi-1,100.
UJohn Ernst Steinbeck wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 27 eSalinas (California). Wayenezimpande zaseJalimane neze-Ireland: Umkhulu kagogo wasayinwa nguGrosStainbeck (wamnquma ngemuva kokuthuthela e-USA), futhi umama wakhe wenzeka e-Ireland.
Uyise kaJohane wasebenza njengoMgcinimafa, umama - uthisha esikoleni. Zombili lezi zincwadi ezithandwayo futhi zafundisa ukufunda zonke izingane zazo ezine. Ngokuqondene nemali, ekuqaleni lo mndeni waphila ngokuphepha - wayenezindlu ezibanzi eSalinas nasendlini yeholide ogwini, kodwa lapho sekuyisikhathi sokukhokhela imfundo yezingane ezindala, kwaqala ubunzima bezezimali.
Ehlobo, abazali babesebenza epulazini eliseduzane, beheha wonke umndeni. Kusuka emusha osemusha, uJohn wajwayela umsebenzi onzima womzimba futhi wafunda okuningi ngemvelo nezolimo, kamuva eyaboniswa emisebenzini yakhe kamuva.
Ngemuva kokuphothula esikoleni esiphakeme ngo-1919, uSteinbeck waba ngumfundi we-University of Standford, kodwa wabe esemphonsa, futhi ngaphandle kokujwayela. Iphupho lezingane lensizwa lalingumbhali womlobi, futhi akazange ahlukane naye ngisho nalapho ummemezeli omunye umthumile enqaba. Ebusheni bakhe, uJohn waphazanyiswa yimali etholwa ngokungahleliwe, esebenza njengonogada, umhlahlandlela, abasebenzi, kepha hhayi amandla "etafuleni".
Izincwadi
Isimo sesishintshile ngo-1930, lapho uYise kaJohn enquma ukusekela indodana yakhe, emvumela ukuba ahlale endlini yakhe ephelele futhi anikeze noma abhale. USteinbeck Jr. waphonsa umsebenzi futhi wagxila emisebenzini emisha, eyagcina yaqala ukuthela izithelo. Imisebenzi yokuqala emi-3 yingamanoveli "isitsha segolide" kanye "nonkulunkulu ongaziwa", kanye neqoqo lezindaba "amadlelo epharadesi" - Ishicileli ukujikeleza okunesizotha, ngenani elingeqi ukujikeleza okunesizotha.
Umsebenzi olandelayo kuphela ofakiwe ohlwini lwabathengisi - "Quarter Tortilla-Flat", indaba ehlekisayo mayelana nokufika kwabatholi edolobheni lolwandle. Unikezwe imiklomelo yombuso, kanti imali ekhokhwayo umndeni waseSteinbeck wanele ukwakha eyakhe ikhaya eLos Gatosa. Ukuqashelwa kokugcina emvelweni walabo ababhali abangochwepheshe kwaletha uJohane incwadi ethi "Egungweni Nabantu".
"Amaqoqo entukuthelo" amasiko "abe ngumsebenzi we-Steinbeck, futhi ukukhululwa kwawo kwalungiswa yindlu yokushicilela kuyo yonke imithetho - kuphela ama- $ 10 ayizinkulungwane zamaRoma lapho kuzwakala emndenini weJadeli Konke okulindelwe: Abathandi bamhlangane naye ngezingcaphuno, nokuthandwa kwasakazekela kude kakhulu eCalifornia.
Ithoni elibucayi lama- "pula athukuthela" lalisondele kubafundi abajwayelekile abahlushwa yinkinga yezomnotho. Incwadi kaSteinbek yabhala ngesisekelo sezinto eziphilayo eziqoqwe ngokucophelela ohambweni oluya eMbusweni Wakhe.
Ifilimu elithi "i-Flash Flueth", lidutshulwe ngo-1940, lathola umklomelo we-2 Oscar. Lesi sigameko sasibanjelwa ngasese, njengoba umqondisi esaba ukuthi ubuholi baseTexas ne-Oklahoma abakwazanga ukuvumela umbukiso wezindawo zabo kwi-cinema. E-USSR, ifilimu ibivinjelwe ngenxa yokuthi abalimi baseMelika, baze bawonakaliswa, babheka ngokucophelela ngokuqhathaniswa ngokuqhathaniswa nabalimi baseSoviet.
Ngemuva kwemali engenayo yenoveli, indawo yomlobi ezincwadini zaseMelika yanquma ekugcineni - amaqhawe akhe ayengabameli bomphakathi, inhloso yemisebenzi ingumbhikisho wezenhlalo, kanye nesitayela sokubhala esidala ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okuyinkimbinkimbi ngefomu futhi uzungu.
Ezepolitiki kanye Nemisebenzi Yezenhlalo
Ngo-1940, uJohn nomkakhe ngalesi simemo sabangani baqhubeka nohambo oluzungeze iCalifornia Gulf. Kamuva wachaza lolu hambo kwinoveli ethi "Cortes LaseLwandle". Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II, uSteinbeck wangena ekonzweni kombhali wezempi futhi wabamba iqhaza ekusebenzeni kweDouglas Fairbenx eya eJunior Beach. Ngo-1944 waya eNyakatho Afrika, lapho alimale khona, eduzane nendawo yokuqhuma endaweni yokugcina izimpahla.
Impilo enamandla, umlobi waya ekhaya. Iminyaka yangemva kwempi yayingesikhathi sokuthela isitebhisi - ngaleso sikhathi lapho yabhala inoveli "ebusika ukukhathazeka okwethu", ngemuva kwalokho umklomelo kaNobel ezincwadini wamukelwa.
Ngo-1947, umlobi waseMelika wavakashela e-USSR. Le nkampani yamenza waba ngumthwebuli wezithombe odumile uRobert Kapa, kanye naye avakashele naye amadolobha amakhulu amahlanu. Kwakuwukuqala kohambo olukhulu lwabaseMelika lokunyusa kusukela kuvukelwa. UJohane waloba okuvelayo "kudayari yaseRussia", isithombe esibonisiwe se-kapa. Ngemuva komshicileli wale ncwadi, wathola isimemo sokuba yilungu le-American Academy of Arts nezincwadi zaseMelika.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, kwabhalwa ngendaba ethi "Pearl Pearl, ekuqaleni wakhulelwa njengesimo. Ngemuva kwalo, umlobi waqala inkinga yomuntu siqu. Kusuka eCalifornia, kwafika ezindabeni zokuthi umngani wesikhathi eside kaSteinbeck, u-Ed Ricketto, walimala kabi engozini yemoto.
UJohane waphuthuma ezweni lakubo, kodwa engasenamfula ephila - U-Ed wafa ngehora nje ngaphambi kokufika kwakhe. Ubuhlungu bokushonelwa kothandekayo kwandiswa yizinkinga emndenini wakhe, futhi umbhali wafakwa ekucindezelekeni, lapho agibela khona nobunzima.
Ekupheleni kwempilo kaSteinbeck futhi wanquma ukuthinta izingqikithi zempi nezwe. Yomibili indodana yakhe yalwa eVietnam, futhi izindatshana zezepolitiki ezibukhali zeSteinbeck zagawula ukungabi nangqondo kanye nonya lwalokho okwakwenzeka. Kodwa-ke, lapho echitha izinyanga eziyi-1,5 ngesicelo somuntu siqu sikaMongameli, walungiselela uchungechunge lwemibiko, lapho empeleni yasekela impi yokuthi lokho kwamangala emphakathini. Iphephandaba i-New York Post libize ushintsho lwesikhundla sokukhashelwa kukaSteinbek.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Empilweni yomuntu siqu yombhali kwakukhona imishado emi-3. Okokuqala ngqa ukushada noKarol Henning ngo-1930. Ngokubambisana bahlala iminyaka eyi-11, kodwa konke kwaphela ngesehlukaniso. Umfazi wesibili uGwendolen wamnika amadodana amabili - uThomas noJohane. Umshado waba mfushane kakhulu, iminyaka emi-5, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho bahlukana nokuqala kwa-Gwen uqobo. Umbhali unikezelwe ezinganeni zakhe empumalanga yePharadesi, eyabheka okuhle emsebenzini wakhe (ngo-1981 wamongwa kuye).
USteinbeck wakhathazeka kakhulu ngesehlukaniso, ikakhulukazi njengoba ehlangana nokufa komngane nezinkinga zomuntu siqu, kepha ngokushesha kwaqhamuka isizungu sakhe sahlasela intombi entsha - umqondisi u-Elaine Scott. Bendawonye baphila kuze kube sekufeni kombhali. Babengenazo izingane ezivamile.
Ukushona
Ngemuva kokubuya eVietnam, impilo yaqala ukuletha umlobi. Ngo-1967, uSteinbeck wabhekana nokusebenza okuyinkimbinkimbi, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho okungu-2 kwe-infrarct kwalandela omunye ngokulandelana.
NgoDisemba 20, 1968, wafa, imbangela yokufa yayihluleka inhliziyo. Umbhali odumile wabe eseneminyaka engama-66 ubudala. Washona eNew York, kepha umzimba womngcwabo wayiswa eCalifornia yakhe yendabuko.
Amacaphuna
I-Smoloda kubonakala sengathi yanele izimpilo eziyinkulungwane, kodwa ekuqaleni kukaNkulunkulu ukuba aphile umuntu aphile ngayo. Ale nkinga enjalo engakwazi ukuncipha, ukube nje bengaphuliswa khona amadoda . Kunzima ukuhlukana nempilo ye-routing noma ngabe uyayizonda le mpilo.I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1929 - "I-Golden Bowl"
- 1933 - "UNkulunkulu Ongaziwa"
- 1935 - "Quarter Tortilla Flat"
- Ngo-1936 - "Futhi impi elahlekile"
- Ngo-1939 - "Ukuqhekeka kwe-Wratve"
- Ngo-1945 - "I-Canning can"
- Ngo-1947 - "Ibhasi elahlekile"
- 1952 - "IMpumalanga Ye-Edene"
- 1954 - "Busisa NgoLwesine"
- 1957 - "Ibhodi emfushane yePipine IV"
- Ngo-1961 - "Ubusika Bexhala okwethu"