I-Biograge
UJakub Kolhas uyisisekelo esinethalente nembongi, ezalwe ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, uMlobi wezindaba eziningi, izinkondlo nezinkondlo zezingane nabantu abadala. Uphile impilo ende futhi enzima - i-biography yakhe yathola izimpi ezi-2, inguquko kanye namadrama siqu. AmaKolas ajwayele ukuqhathaniswa ne-yanke pubpy yanke edume ngokulinganayo - bobabili babeyizixhobona ngokuzenzela kukazwelonke, nokho, ngokungafani naye, uKolas ungumuntu ongokoqobo, umbhali ongokoqobo, angathambekele ekuthandaneni nobunzima bokuphila.Ubuntwana nentsha
I-Yakub Kolas iyi-pseudonym, igama lalowo mlobi - konstantin mikhailovich mitskevich. Ngobuzwe, u-Belarusus, owazalwa ngoNovemba 3, 1882 e-Akinchitsy - idolobhana elisezinsikeni ezinsikeni, lapho uyise asebenza khona njengehlathi. Ngonyaka ngemuva kokuzalwa kwethambo elincane, umndeni wathuthela egwisweni. Lapho, amadodana angena ekuqeqesheni i-Alesia Fussiewiewimicz, ebahlasela amakhono okuqala okufunda nokubhala.
Ngo-1892, uMitskevich wangena esikoleni samabanga aphansi uNikolayevshshchinsky, lapho kwavulwa khona umhlaba wezincwadi - izinganekwane, izinkondlo kanye ne-prose pushkin, eBasen Krylov. Lapho ebusuku, uKonstantin wayenokuningi nomalume wakhe u-Anton, endodeni eyayithonye kakhulu incwadi yokunambitheka yomfana.
Ngemuva kokuphothula esikoleni, uKonstantin wazinza nabazali bakhe e-Albuti, lapho abesiza khona ukuba bahole lo mnotho futhi ngasikhathi sinye balungiselele ukwamukelwa kwabasemafire. Ngo-1894, izivivinyo zokuqala zemibhalo zaseMitskevich ziyinkondlo "entwasahlobo", i-fox "ethandekayo" ne-flow ". Ubaba wakhuthaza ukuthandwa kwakhe futhi waphupha ukuthi iNdodana izobe "uThe uTele" kubantu "futhi ngeke bathole umsebenzi onzima ngokomzimba.
Izinkondlo kanye prose
Ngo-1898, le nsizwa yaba ngumfundi weNesvizhsky Gymnasium, lapho yanikezwa khona indawo ye-akhawunti yombuso. Ngesikhathi sezifundo zakhe, wafunda ama-Classics aseRussia nasekhaya (ngokwesibonelo, ngaleso sikhathi ahlangana nomsebenzi kaYankee Luchin, owayemthinta kakhulu), futhi aqoqwe ngokucophelela futhi aqoqe izinganekwane zasendaweni, izinganekwane nezimpawu. Ngasikhathi sinye, uMitskevich uzama ukubhala iprosese eBelarusian futhi abhale izinkondlo ngemvelo ("Creek", "emkhakheni wentwasahlobo").
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi izinkondlo "zesaba" futhi "eduze nomlilo" zadalwa, kodwa, ngeshwa, imibhalo yabo ayigcinwanga. Umlobi osemusha uthole ukwesekwa phakathi kothisha besikole. F. Kudrinsky waba nentshisekelo kakhulu kuye, owabona umgcini wesikhathi esizayo wesiko lamaSiko laseBelarusian kulo.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, iKonstantin Mikhailovich, isithole umsebenzi wothisha ePolesskaya Village, yaqala umsebenzi wasobala: Wathatha futhi wafunda izincwadi ezingekho emthethweni, ezixoxwa nabalimi abangemthetho. Ukubamba iqhaza enkabeni yeCongress of Education 9, 1906 Beka isiphambano emsebenzini wakhe wokufundisa - umhlangano wahlakazeka ngabamele amandla, kanye neMitskevich bancishiswa ilungelo lokusebenza.
Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, imisebenzi eyenziwe ngumlobi yayisetafuleni. Ukushicilelwa kokuqala kwenzeka ngoSepthemba 1, 1906 - ephephandabeni laseVilnius "isabelo sethu", esanyatheliswa ngolimi lwaseBelarusian, enye yezinkondlo esayinwe nguYakub Kolas. UMitskevich wayenenye i-pseudonym - uMalume Karus, lapho umsebenzi wakhe wokuhlelela wanyatheliswa khona okokuqala - indaba ye- "Slobodi", kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wagcina enze isinqumo sokuthanda igama lokuqala.
Ngalesi sikhathi, umbhali ungena ezingeni elisha: kusuka ezimpilweni ezijwayelekile zekhaya, kushukumisela kwizinhlelo kanye nokuqonda kwefilosofi kwangempela. Lolu hlobo lubhalwe incwadi yakhe edumile ethi "Izinganekwane Zokuphila". Ngo-1906, naphezu kokuvinjelwa kweziphathimandla, uKolas wabuyela emsebenzini wothisha futhi wavula isikole sangasese edolobhaneni laseSmolyarn.
Ngo-1907, wathuthela eVilnius ukuboleka ikhanda lekhanda loMnyango wezemibhalo ohlongozwe nguye ephephandabeni lendawo "ama-niva ethu, kodwa kwaphoqeleka amasonto ambalwa ukuba ashiye lo muzi ngokwesicelo samaphoyisa. Uchithe ubusika obulandelayo edolobhaneni laseSani, kwathi ngo-1908 waboshwa wagwetshwa iminyaka emithathu eboshwe ngemisebenzi ye-antisocial. Ingxenye yokumangalelwa yayingamanga, kepha umbhali akakwazanga ukufakazela lokhu.
Bonke babeka iminyaka emithathu yamaKolhas asetshenziswe eMinsk Ostrog. Isikhathi sesiKorotal sokubhala izinkondlo nezindaba ezintsha futhi sadlulisela kwintando yokushicilela. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho aphendukela kumafomu amakhulu elokubhala futhi waqala umsebenzi wezinkondlo "Syon-Music" kanye "Nemhlaba Omusha". Ngo-1910, kwashicilelwa iqoqo lokuqala elikhulu lokuqala.
Lapho ephuma ejele, uYakub Kolhas waphinde waphendukela ekufundiseni - waqala wasebenza edolobhaneni laseKuratichi, kwathi endaweni yesifunda sasePinsky Parish. Ngo-1912, iqoqo lezindaba eVilnius laphuma, kwathi ngo-1913, kwanyatheliswa yimisebenzi ngazinye eSt. Petersburg.
Lapho kuqala impi yezwe yokuqala, uKolase wayisa umndeni waya esiFundazweni saseMoscow waya empini. Ngo-1917, wakhonza esimweni sokuphela kwe-porquet eRomania ngaphambili, kodwa ngemuva kokugula kakhulu avunyelwa ukubuyela ekhaya abuye aqhubeke nomsebenzi othisha. Amavesi embongi yaseBelarusian azwakala izisusa ezilwa impi kanye nekholi yokubuyiselwa kwemizana eyabhujiswayo yempi kanye nemizana.
Umsebenzi womphakathi wePic Yakub Kolas wawela ngo-1920-1930. Uthole isihloko se- "People's People of the Belarusian SSR" nempesheni yempilo yonke, kodwa ngokushesha ungene emkhakheni wokubuka izitho ezicindezelayo. Ukuseshwa nokuphenywa ngemibuzo kwalandelwa, ukumangalela kwinkulumo-ze kwezimpukane. UKolasa waphoqeleka ukuba ashicilele "emaphutheni ezepolitiki". Isikhundla saso saba yithemba: Njengesakhamuzi wawulawulwa ngokuphelele, njengoMdali - ngokungemthetho okuphelele. Akakwazanga ukukhazimulisa ipolitiki yeqembu futhi angazi ukuthi angayenza kanjani akunakwenzeka ukukwenza.
Imicimbi yempi enkulu yokuthanda izwe, imbongi yanikela ngamaqoqo "izwi lomhlaba", izinkondlo "Retribution" kanye "nenkantolo ehlathini". Kule misebenzi, wathola isihloko salowo ohlonishwayo, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho wabuyela eMinsk.
Ngesikhathi sempi enkulu yokuthanda izwe, imbongi yahlala eduzane naseMoscow, eKlauzme, eTashkent, eMoscow. Emavesini ("abelabathathi", ngo-1942; "Inkantolo yomhlaba", iNkantolo yasePoes ehlathini "(1942)," Retribution "(1943-1944) Ukushisekela izwe, ubuqhawe kwabantu baseSoviet, i-Oblitsa, imvelo engenamandla kaFascism. Ngo-1944, uYakub Koloms unikeze isihloko esithi "Isisebenzi Esihlonishwayo Sesayensi seBelarusian SSR."
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngomkakhe, uMaria, umbhali wahlangana ezifundweni zothisha ePins. Bahlanganiswe nomshado ngo-June 1913 futhi bahlala ndawonye iminyaka engama-33.
Empilweni yomuntu siqu yalo mbhangqwana yayijabule kakhulu, futhi unkosikazi ubeka umzamo omkhulu ukuvula isipho sokudala somyeni wakhe. UMaria wabeletha izingane ezintathu - uMikhail, uDaniel no-Yuri. UKolas wasinda oshade naye owayemthandayo, owayengekho ngoMeyi 1945, ngemuva kokuhlinzwa okuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe eshiswe ngokulahleka.
Ukushona
Ekupheleni kokuphila, impilo yombhali iye yabuthaka kakhulu. Eminyakeni eyi-10 eyedlule, uvame ukugula ngokuvuvukala kwamaphaphu, kodwa ngisho nasekupheleni kwaqhubeka kusebenza. Ngo-Agasti 13, 1956, uYakub Kolhas ushone ngemuva kwedeskithophu. Imbangela yokufa impela ayikaziwa, kungenzeka ukuthi yaba yisifo samaphaphu esanda kakhulu. Umzimba womlobi wangcwatshwa eMinsk, emathuneni amasosha.
Igama likaYakub Kolas yi-National Academic Drama Theatre eVitebsk, ephakathi nenhlangano yesayensi yesayensi, isikwele enhlokodolobha yaseBelarus nemigwaqo engaphezu kweshumi emadolobheni ahlukahlukene.
I-Bibliography
- 1910 - "Ama-Songі-Fassers"
- 1912 - "Apavadnі"
- 1913 - "Ukudla kwasekuseni. Yak Yurr Zbagatsў »
- 1921 - Kazki Zhetsya "
- 1923 - "I-Zyml entsha"
- 1925 - "I-PRSHAI KROKI"
- Ngo-1926 - "Ku-Prastoras of Zhatsy"
- Ngo-1927 - "I-Halbі palzya"
- 1932 - "ADSHCHAPETS"
- Ngo-1934 - "Drgg"
- 1946 - "Accounta"
- 1955 - "KuRostazakh"