I-Biograge
I-Yaroslav Gashek - umlobi waseCzech, owaletha incwadi ethi "Ukufika kwesosha leSoldier elinesibindi". Enonoveli we-Saterical, wachaza izinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu zekhulu leminyaka, ezenza zilulame ngombono wezizwe nezizukulwane.
U-Yaroslav Gashek wazalelwa ePrague ngo-Ephreli 30, 1883. Umlobi wayenomfowethu, uBoguslav, owavela eminyakeni emithathu kamuva. Umndeni waqhamuka onohlobo lwakudala. Ubaba abafana, uJoseph, wasebenza njengothisha kadokotela kanye nezibalo. Umkhulu kamama kaKaterzhin wayeyisekela lePhalamende lePhalamende elibikwe ngemuva kwenguquko yango-1848. Abazali bahlangana edolobheni elibizwa ngePisek nangemva kweminyaka engu-13 ngemuva kokushada nomhlangano.
Lo mndeni wathuthela ePrague. Akunakwenzeka ukuyibiza ngokuphepha. Ubaba womndeni wazama ukunakekela kusasa futhi wazama ukunikeza abathandekayo. Kusukela ekudambeni, wayengumlutha wokuphuza. Amadoda ezinso awakwazanga ukumelana: Ukuhlinzwa kwakudingeka ukuthi uJoseph akazange asinde. Ukunakekela izingane kwakulele emahlombe kamama, owazama ukuthola ilineni lokuthunga.
Kwakungelula ukukhokhela izindlu ezisuswayo, ngakho-ke uGasheki wayehlala ehamba. Kuthinte ukusebenza kwe-Yaroslav's Academic esikoleni. Eminyakeni yokuqala emi-2 ngemuva kokuthola indawo yokuzivocavoca, umfana wayengumfundi omuhle kakhulu, ebangeni le-4 waba ngumsebenzi wezinsuku zesibili, futhi ngemuva futhi washiya izifundo zakhe nhlobo. Ngo-1897, isikole sayizolo sasiphakathi kwabavukuvululweni ababefika emigwaqweni ePrague. Wabamba amaphoyisa.
Umfana wayengelula ukuthola empilweni. Njengoba eshiye isikole, akakwazanga ukuthola umsebenzi. Isikhathi esithile, uYaroslav wasebenza njengomsizi esitolo sosokhemisi. Ku-1899-M, uHafeke wangena kwi-Academy yokuhweba, aphothula ngo-1902. Njengoba eseqede ukuqeqeshwa, le nsizwa yayazi izilimi zasePoland nezamaJalimane, eziphethwe yisiRussia, isiHungary kanye nesiFulentshi.
Ngokubambisana nabangani bakaYan Chulenom neViktor, bachitha amaholide okuqala eSlovakia. Wathatha uhambo olulandelayo enkampanini eTatra. Ukuhamba kudlalwa hhayi indima yokugcina empilweni kaGashek. Le nsizwa yaqala ukubhala izindaba zokuqala nokubhala ama-Essays.
Umsebenzi wombhali uvele kwiGazethi Yezwe. Ukuboniswa kwabo, ingxenye ehlekisayo ne-caricature yezithombe. Ithalente lokusolwa laseGashek lalisobala emphakathini. Ekwindla ka-1902, uYaroslav Gashek waba isisebenzi seSlavia Bank. Umphefumulo ovukelayo womlobi wafuna inkululeko, ngakho-ke ukuqala kombhali kubalekele endalweni futhi kwayeka. Wajoyina abavukeli baseMakedoniya, lapho inhlangano yezinguquko ivela eBalkan ngo-1903.
Isikhathi esingangonyaka, i-Yaroslav yahamba eSlovakia, ePoland naseCzech Republic, lapho kwavela khona ngezikhathi ezithile ukuba ziboshelwe iVagabond. Ukubuyela ekhaya, wayengaziwa. Insizwa ebangeni elingenamkhawulo iphuze i-squirrel, ihlafuna ugwayi futhi yabhema. UHathikek waziveza ukuthi uyi-anarchist futhi wazinza ukuze asebenze kumagazini "Omladin". Ukulethwa amaphephandaba ezimayini futhi, okwenza ukunqwabelana kokuqala, ukuya eJalimane. Ngemuva konyaka, waphinde wagcina ezweni lakubo.
Ngo-1905, i-Yaroslav Hashek yayiphakathi kwabahlanganyeli bendilinga ebhala, eyayishicilela umagazini "isisu sanamuhla". Isahluko sakhe sasingumzala wentatheli ye-novice kanye nephoyisa lesikhashana. Umuzwa wokuhlekisa iroslav wazisa ngokushesha abafundi kanye nozakwabo. Amanothi wombhalo avele kwamanye amaphephandaba nomagazini.
Kusukela ngo-1906 kuya ku-1915, uGashek wayengummeleli ojwayelekile we-European Bohemia, owayephila ngokuntuleka kwemali njalo kanye nokungabikho kokuzethemba esikhathini esizayo. Ngo-1909, waba ngumhleli walo magazini "Umhlaba Wezilwane", lapho ukukhokha, ngaphezu kwezimali, uthole amanye amalitha angama-30 kabhiti ngosuku. Esihleli seposi, i-Yaroslav yathatha iminyaka emi-2.
Ngo-1911, iqhawe laqala ukuvela emakhasini ezihlekisayo ze- "Joker" kanye ne- "caricature", kamuva yaletha inkazimulo yomhlaba. Izindaba ezi-5 ezikhuluma ngeSong Schwekka zishicilelwe lapha. Ngo-1912-M, uGashek wakhululwa iqoqo lezindaba ezibizwa nge- "Brave Soldield Schweik kanye neminye umlando omangalisayo."
Umbutho wezempi
Ebusika, umlobi we-1915 wabiza ibutho. Ukujeziswa kwezigwegwe kanye nokuntuleka kwamandla okuthwala imisebenzi yamasosha kwaholela ekutheni ekwindla konyaka owodwa wathunjwa amaRussia. UGasha wawela ekamu ekuqaleni eduzane naseKiev, wabe esethatha ngaphansi kweSamara.
Ngo-1916, umbhali wajoyina iqembu lokuzithandela nangemva kweminyaka emi-2 wayeyilungu lePhathi leBolshevik. Czech ngobuzwe, uGasheki wabheka sengathi akanangqondo ukulwa nama-slavs ukuze kusizakale i-Austria. Usebenze ePolytotel yaseMpumalanga yangaphambili kanye nebutho laya e-Irkutsk. Ukuphatha insizakalo, umbhali oshicilelwe ama-Essays emaphephandabeni angaphambili.
Ngo-1920, i-Yaroslav gaskeque yakwazi ukubuyela ekhaya. Ngokusho kwemibhalo yesiboshwa sase-Austrian, washiya uMosescow wafika ePrague. Manje umlutha wotshwala awusekelwanga ngu-Azar wempilo, kodwa ukuqaphela umthwalo wakhe. Umlobi wavulwa phansi emphakathini. Iqhawe lafika ekusindisweni, lasungulwa ngaphambi kokuqala kwemicimbi yamasosha. Njengoba sesisuse ePrague saya e-Lypnice, umbhali waqala ukubhala imisebenzi emisha.
Izincwadi
Abantu bathi umbono wesosha elihlekisayo weza eGaskece eKabachea, lapho elalela amabhayisekili omngane ophuzayo owashiya inkonzo. Lesi sithombe sakwa-Satirical sathatha umfanekiso ofanele emcabangweni, futhi le ndaba ethi "Olukh enkampanini" yavela emhlabeni, eyayigama lesibili: "Isosha elalizenza isiwula."
Ukubona impilo entweni yokuhlekisa, umbhali wenziwe imisebenzi kule veni. Ngo-1911 wabizwa ngokuthi umlobi omangalisayo waseCzech. I-Yaroslav yaqamba izihlambi ezingama-120 kanye nama-fekechens futhi yaqhubeka nokugcwalisa i-biography yesosha ngamaqiniso nemicimbi ethokozisayo. Ama-hashek ahlekisa amabutho, ubuntu bamasosha, ukuthotshiswa okuhambisana nalomsebenzi.
Ukuba khona kwebutho ekulandisweni kwakhe kwabonakala kungabi nalutho futhi akubalulekile. Ngakho-ke uGashadi wanikeza umnyombo wenkathi, lapho ayenethuba lokudala. I-barbecmerary amahlaya kanye nomlando ozelwe yi-biography yombhali, "kudlula" ngamaphoyisa, ubuntatheli, ukuphathwa kombuso, isonto, izizwe ezahlukahlukene.
Izithombe ezichazwe ezindabeni mayelana nesosha le-Schweyt, zihlobene nanamuhla, ngoba izinhlamvu ezinjalo kuze kube namuhla zitholakala emabuthweni amazwe ahlukahlukene nasemhlabeni wonke. Njengoba kwenzeka izehlakalo ezahlukahlukene empilweni yombhali, iqhawe lakhe lashintsha. Kusuka kwesiwula nempimpiyutha, waba yisigebengu futhi amelule, ahleka usulu.
Ukushicilelwa kwale ncwadi akuzange kulethe iGasheki isimo sezimali esizinzile, ngakho-ke wayesaphazanyiswa yingxenye yesikhathi nokwakha izindaba nezindatshana zokuhlelwa ezahlukahlukene.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Intombazane egama linguYaroslav Gashek yaba abakhethwe yi-Yaroslav Maineeov, ahlangana nawo ngawo-1900s. Ababelethi baseCzech bebephikisana nomlobi owayengenamhlabathi oqinile wezinto ezibonakalayo. Babenqatshelwe ukuhlangana kuze kube yilapho abafundi bethola umsebenzi futhi ngeke baqale ukuhola indlela efanelekile yokuphila.
Imizwa yacindezela umuntu ukuba asebenze: waba ngumhleli walo magazini "Umhlaba Wezilwane". Ngemuva kwesonto, ubaba wentombazane wavuma ukushada. U-Yarmil waqonda ukuthi kwenzekani. Umyeni wayengumuntu wokudala, ngakho-ke umfazi wamsiza emsebenzini. Wabhala ngaphansi kokubizela, futhi kwesinye isikhathi aqediwe imisebenzi engapheli.
UGashek wayengeyena umuntu womndeni oyisibonelo. Ngokushesha waphinda waqala ukudlulisa iKabaki. Ngemuva kokushiya umagazini "umhlaba wezilwane", umbhali akakwazanga ukuthola umsebenzi unomphela. Wazama ukuba usomabhizinisi, evula inkampani ethengiswayo yezinja futhi akhiphe ama-mongrels angenamakhaya kubantu abanempilo.
Ngokushesha ihhovisi lathola icala, futhi imali yomndeni yayokhokhela umsebenzi wabameli. Ubaba uYarmal waphikelela ngesehlukaniso, kepha wakhulelwa. Ngo-1912, indodana kaRichard yazalwa. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, uYarmil wanqotshwa ukukholisa kwabazali futhi washiya lowo oshade naye, kodwa igebe aliqinisekisiwe.
Ngo-1919, kwavela ukukhanya okusha empilweni yomuntu siqu yeYaroslav Gashek: U-Alexander Gavrilova. Uhlangane nesithandwa endlini yokuphrinta e-UFA. Umshado wabhaliswa ngo-1920 eKrasnoyarsk. U-Alexandra wayengazi ngomsebenzi we-Yaroslav kanye nemilutha yotshwala engabonakali eRussia. Kwabuya, kanye nenkumbulo yalowo owake kumlingani wakudala, okwabhalwa yizinkuni, zambiza ukuba abe yinkosikazi.
Ukushona
Ukubuyela eCzech Republic, uYaroslav Hashekka washayisana neqiniso lokuthi wayethathwa njengomkhwanyana, futhi amaphoyisa aze ahoxa. Impilo yomuntu siqu yombhali kwaxoxwa ngayo yonke indawo: Wabhekwa njengephindwe kabili, njengoba umshado ne-Yaysle akazange ancibilike ngokusemthethweni. Ngo-1922, kanye ne-Alexandra Yaroslav yathola indawo ethengiswayo edolobheni laseLipnice. Ngezikhathi ezithile, wavakashela ePrague, kodwa kaningi wayesekhaya, lapho azuza khona udumo nodumo phakathi kwendawo.
Izinkinga zempilo zaqala emlobi ngemuva kokubuya eRussia, kodwa akazange akwazi ukunamathisela ukubaluleka kulokhu. Imicabango ngaleso sikhathi yaqala ukusebenza encwadini. U-Yaroslav Gashashki ushone ngoJanuwari 3, 1923, ngaphandle kokusinda kuze kube yiminyaka engama-40. Imbangela yokufa yayikhubazeka kwenhliziyo. Ithuna lomlobi litholakala othangeni lwamathuna, eduze komngcwabo wokuzibulala. Umlobi wakhiwe ngaphandle kwenkolelo yesonto.
Ngemuva kokushona kukaGasheki, umyeni wathola izikweletu zendoda. Kepha ngentando yecala, bekungadingekile ukuhlangana nokukhokha kwazo. Izindaba eziphathelene nesosha iSchweke ngokuzumayo zaqala ukuletha imali.
Imisebenzi yaseGashek yayifunwa, futhi imali yaqala ukuthumela kusuka ezincwadini zisebenzisana nomlobi. Umfazi wangaphambili uGasheki, uYarmil, wamemezela amalungelo efa. Inkantolo yamnikeza nendodana ngo-7/16 ukusuka kuhulumeni, nase-Alexander 9/16 Imali engenayo. Emshadweni wesibili, umlobi akazange avele nezingane.
Namuhla, isithombe sikaJaroslav Gashek sishicilelwa ezincwadini zezincwadi, amafilimu asuswa ngokuya ngemisebenzi yakhe, futhi izingcaphuno ezincwadini zomlobi zambozwa. KuBugulma kanye ne-lipnice kukhona iminyuziyamu evulwa ngememori yombhali.
Amacaphuna
"Endlini yokuhlanya, wonke umuntu wayengasho konke okuvuka ekhanda lakhe, njengokungathi ePhalamende." "Isizotha sihlobisa umuntu, kepha indoda yangempela yobucwebecwebe ayigqokile.I-Bibliography
- 1903 - Ukuqoqwa Kwezinkondlo "kungamemeza"
- Ngo-1912 - Iqoqo "Lokuhlupheka Pan Tenkracrat"
- Ngo-1912 - Ukufika kwamaRoma kwesosha le-Brava Solt Schweik kanye neminye umlando omangalisayo "
- I-1913 - Ukuhlanganiswa Kwe-Hurding "Guide Yabafokazi kanye nezinye izivakashi"
- Ngo-1915 - Ukuqoqwa kwe-satyric "izinja zami zokuhweba"
- 1920 - Ukuqoqwa "Izindaba Eziyishumi nambili"
- 1921 - Kukhethwe "amadoda amathathu noShark"
- Ngo-1921 - Ukuqoqwa kwePerachek New nezinye izindaba
- I-1922 - Ukuqoqwa "Ingqungquthela Yezokuhlalisa kanye nokunye ukuhlekisa"