I-Biograge
I-Biography of the Soviet Party umholi uNikolai Bukharin uyingqayizivele futhi enobuhlungu. Wayengeyena iBolshevik "ejwayelekile", akazange aphumelele impi yombango, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye wakwazi ukuba ngomunye wabavukeli abavelele kakhulu. UBukharin wabangela izilimi eziningana futhi wayenolwazi lwe-Encyclopedic, kwakuyintatheli enolwazi futhi ethembekile, kepha ubuhlakani abamsiza ukuba aqinisekise ozakwabo abangenacala.Ubuntwana nentsha
UNikolai Ivanovich Bukharin wazalelwa eZamoskvorechye, eBig Ordinke, ngoSepthemba 27 (Okthoba 9) ka-1888. Ababelethi bakhe basebenza njengothisha abaphambili besikole esikoleni. Ngo-1893, umndeni wathuthela eChisinau, lapho u-Ivan Gavrilovich athola khona isikhundla somhloli osetshenzisiwe, kodwa ngemuva kweminyaka emi-4 abuyela enhlokodolobha.
U-Kohl omncane wafunda ngokuqhakaza nangokuzivocavoca umzimba ngezindondo zegolide. Ngemuva kwesikole, waba ngumfundi we-The Law Fatty of Moscow University. Ngaleso sikhathi, uBukharin wayevele enesizotha ngezepolitiki futhi wakwazi ngisho nokujoyina iqembu leBolsheviks, ngakho-ke isifundo kwakudingeka sihlangene nomsebenzi ezinhlanganweni zabasebenzi. Lapho ehlela ingqungquthela yentsha enhlokodolobha, ecabanga ngokunyakaza kweKomsomol, wayeneminyaka engu-19.
Umsebenzi we-career nephathi
Ukuboshwa kokuqala kwenzeka ngo-1909. Leli cala kanye no-2 ngokulandelayo libucayi ngeBukharin alizange liphenduke, kepha ukubekezela kweziphathimandla kuphele, ngakho ngo-1911 wathunyelwa esuka esiFundazweni sase-Arkhangelsk. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, ngosizo lwabangane, wabalekela endaweni yokubhekisisa phesheya - okokuqala eHannover, waya e-Austria-Hungary. Kwakulapho ahlangana noVladimir Lenin noJoseph Stalin.
UNikolai Ivanovich waqhubeka nokufuduka futhi waqhubeka nokuzifukulela futhi wafunda ngokucophelela imisebenzi ye-svopirists kanye nama-marxism akwaMarxism. Lapho kuqala impi yezwe yokuqala, iziphathimandla zase-Austria-Hungary zashesha ukuqeda inhloli engaba khona futhi yathumela uBukharin eSwitzerland. Emva kwalokho, osopolitiki washintsha eminye imizi eminingi yaseYurophu, kepha akazange alinganise kunoma yimuphi omunye wabo, ngakho-ke ngaya e-United States.
Ngo-Okthoba 1916, eNew York, uBukharin waletha ukujwayelana noLvom Trotsky. Ngokubambisana basebenze ngokuhlela lo magazini "World New". Umsebenzi wokuqala omkhulu weNikolai Ivanovich - "Umnotho Wezwe kanye Nezimpisi" - wabhalwa ngo-1915. ULenin wayifunda ngokucophelela futhi yonke into eyaziswa kahle, kepha-ke bachitha umlobi wokuzibonakalisa kwezizwe.
Lapho kwenzeka uFebhuwari Revolution eRussia, uBukharin wayefuna ukubuyela ezweni lakubo ngokushesha, kepha wayese-capital kuphela ngoMeyi - waboshwa kuqala eJapan, wayibuya eVladivostok ukuba aqashelwe phakathi kwe amatilosi namasosha.
Ngo-1917, waba yilungu lekomidi eliphakeme le-RSDLP, wathatha isikhundla sesobunxele se-radical futhi waqala ukwenza imisebenzi yenkulumo-ze esebenzayo. Ukusuka kolwandle uNikolai Ivanovich wabuya, waba nokuqeqeshwa okuhle kobuntatheli, ngakho-ke waba ngumsunguli kanye nomhleli wephephandaba lasePravda, futhi kamuva - ukushicilelwa "kwamaKhomanisi".
Lesi sikhathi sasinezithelo zomsebenzi wokudala. UBukharin washeshe waba ngomunye wabasizi abaphambili bobuKhoworisi besikhathi: "ohlelweni lwayo lwamaKhomanisi (i-Bolsheviks"), "I-ABC yobuKhomanisi" kanye "nezomnotho wamaKhomanisi" nabenza isidingo senkonzo yezabasebenzi, izinqubo zenguquko Umnotho wahlaziywa, izindlela zokuxazulula izinkinga zomphakathi ezikhundleni zeMarxism.
ULenin waphatha ngenhlonipho ucwaningo lwethiyori lozakwethu, kepha isikhundla seBukharin kwezinye izindaba sathuka. Wamkhuza entshisekweni eyeqile nangomdlandla ngesilulumagama sakwamanye amazwe, futhi izicanuko ezifuywayo ezibhalweni ezincwadini ezithathwa ngokuthi "hhayi iMarxist".
Ngo-1919, uBukharin wahlushwa ukuhlasela kwamaphekula ahlelwe ngabakwa-Anarchists - izigebengu zaphonsa ibhomu ephathini eLeontyvsky Lane. Ukulimala kwakubucayi, kepha wakwazi ukululama futhi aqhubeke nomsebenzi.
Ngo-1923, uNikolai Ivanovich wasekela uLenin ekulweni nokuphikiswa kweTrotsky. Ukufa komholi ngoJanuwari 1924 kwaba umthelela omubi kakhulu ngokomoya - wambheka njengomngane wakhe osondele kakhulu, futhi uLenin ngokwakhe eminyakeni yamuva wambiza ngabo bonke. Esihlokweni "sakhe", uVladimir Ilsich waphawula ukuthi iBukharin ingumuntu obaluleke kakhulu, ngomthetho, okuyisihloko somthandi wezilwane ezifuywayo.
Ukunakekelwa kwethonya elinomthelela kokhululwa kuye endaweni ebuholini yeqembu - ngonyaka ofanayo uNikolai Ivanovich waba yilungu lezepolitiki. Ngalesi sikhathi, ubudlelwano bakhe obunobungane noStalin baqiniswa, kodwa ngo-1928 basebenze ngokubuyisana. IBukharin izame ukukholisa ozakwabo ukuthi bangaphoqelekile ngokoqobo "kuLulakov" ngokomzimba, kepha kancane kancane baquma amalungelo edolobhaneni lonke.
UJoseph VissarionOVich wakhuluma kabi, kwathi ngemuva konyaka, iqembu laseBukharin lahlula iplanethi elilandelayo, futhi yena waphucwa konke okuthunyelwe. Ngemuva kwesonto, ukwesula kosopolitiki kwavuma ukubona obala "amaphutha", ngakho-ke kwavunyelwa futhi ebuholini, kodwa kulokhu emkhakheni wesayensi kanye nezobuchwepheshe.
Ngo-1932, uBukharin wayeholwa ngumlutha wezidakamizwa womkhakha wamandla we-USSR. Ngokufana, wahlanganyela ekushicilelweni futhi waqala ukwakhiwa kwe- "Big Soviet Encyclopedia". Naphezu kwezitatimende eziphakeme, osopolitiki akazange ashiye ithemba ngentando yeningi, ngoba ubushiqela bukaStalin abaqinile abukwamukelwe. UNikolai Ivanovich wamukele ngokushesha ukwakhiwa koMthethosisekelo we-USSR, angazi ukuthi amalungiselelo amaningi awo azohlala abhalwe phansi kuphela ephepheni.
Ukucindezelwa kanye Nesiphetho
Ngo-1936, amalungu eqembu elilodwa aqala ukuthumela umshushisi emzameni wokwakha "ibhlokhi efanele" kanye noRykov noTomsk. Ngaleso sikhathi, uphenyo lunqanyulwa yizizathu ezingabizwa ngamagama, kodwa ngonyaka nje, uBukharin waphinde wasolwa ezinhlelweni zokwakha ama-Conspiratorial. Usopolitiki wagcizelela ubumsulwa bakhe, wabhala izincwadi ezazibhikisha waze wamemezela ngisho nesiteleka sendlala, kodwa akuzange kusize - waboshwa ngoFebhuwari 27, 1937.
Ejele elingaphakathi eLubyanka Nikolai Ivanovich asebenze ezincwadini ezithi "Ifilosofi Arabeques", "Izikhathi ZaseRoma" kanye neqoqo lezinkondlo. Ngokwengxenye wabona ukuthi unecala ngaphandle kokudala kunoma yisiphi isiqephu esithile, futhi egameni lokugcina futhi wazama ukumemezela ubumsulwa bakhe.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Impilo yomuntu siqu yomholi weqembu ibiyadingeka. Bonke ababopha ikusasa, balinde okubi nokufa. UNikolai Bukharin washada kathathu, umlingani wokuqala kaNadezhda Lukina naye wayenomzala. Bashada ngo-1911 futhi bahlala ndawonye iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10. Babengenazo izingane ezivamile - umfazi wahlupheka ngenxa yesifo somgogodla futhi akakwazi ukuhamba ngaphandle kwe-corset ekhethekile.
Ngisho nangemva kwesehlukaniso, wagcina ubudlelwane obunobungane noBukharin: Ngesikhathi u-1938 waboshwa, usanda kukuphika ukuthi noma yiluphi umuzwa futhi akakholelwa ezinhlosweni ezingezinhle zomyeni wangaphambilini. Imibuzo ebuhlungu yathatha iminyaka emi-2, ngemuva kwalokho uLukin wadutshulwa.
Unkosikazi wesibili waseGurwich u-Esphyra waba ngumkakhe. Impilo yabo ehlanganayo yathatha iminyaka eyi-8, yamnika indodakazi kaSvetlana. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokuqala yaseMoscow, umndeni washeshe walahla uBukharin, kepha lokhu akuzange kusindiswe - bobabili umama wabo, nendodakazi yawela emakamu yawashiya kuphela ngemuva kokushona kukaStalin.
Umshado wesithathu, owaba mfushane kakhulu, uBukharin waphetha ngo-1934. Ukhetho lwakhe kwakungu-Anna Larina, indodakazi yozakwethu ephathini, eyakhipha umyeni ngemuva kwesixhumanisi. Bazalwa indodana kaYuri, wakhulela, cishe akukho lutho owaziyo ngabazali. Kamuva wamukelwa futhi wamukela igama lomama lokwamukela - uGusman. Umzukulu uBukharin, uNikolay Larin, waba ngumqeqeshi webhola futhi wahola isikole sezingane eMoscow.
Kanye neLunacharsky noLenin, uBukharin wabhekwa njengomunye wabamele ephathini. Unezilimi ezi-3 ngokucophelela, wezwa isikhulumi esihle kakhulu futhi wadumala ngekhono lokuthola ulimi olujwayelekile nanoma yimuphi umuntu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uNikolai Ivanovich wayengumkhakha omuhle kakhulu, ngadonsa ngokuzithandela amakhathuni kuma-comrade ephathi futhi washicilela umsebenzi wamakhasi ePravda. Kungokwemifanekiso kuphela ye-Stalin, ebhalwe kusuka emvelweni, hhayi isithombe.
Wasekela ababhali abaningi - Maxim Gorky, Boris Pasternak, Mandelstam's Osipa. Ngo-Sergey Yeenin, iBukharina yayinobudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi - ngasikhathi sinye wayibheka "umlobi oyingozi" othinta imikhuba, kepha ngemuva kokuzibulala kwembongi, wathambisa izitatimende zomphakathi ngaye.
Ukushona
NgoMashi 13, 1938, owayekade esebenza ephathini wagwetshwa intambo. Icala lokufaka izincwadi umholi acela ukuba alethe isitsha se-morphy, "ukulala futhi angavuki," kodwa ngokufa okuthe xaxa kwamnqabanga. Le nqubomgomo yayiswa edolobhaneni lasedolobhaneni laseCommumardid yadubula, isidumbu sishiswe eduze kwale ndawo.
Iqiniso elithandekayo - Ukufa kozakwabo kwabikezelwa nguNikolay Ivanovich ebusheni bakhe. I-Clairvoyant yaseJalimane ngo-1918 yamtshela ukuthi uzobulawa ezweni lakubo, futhi yena, ophupha ngokuguqula iRussia futhi athole udumo lwenguquko, wamangala futhi wacasuka.
Le nqubomgomo inikelwe kwinqubomgomo yamafilimu amaningana - Imidwebo yedokhumenti "Nikolai Bukharin - Ukubanjwa kohlelo" kanye "nokuthathwa kobudlelwano bakhe" (ezinikelwe ethempelini lakhe "isitha se- Abantu Bukharin ", lapho u-Alexander Romantov edlala indima enkulu.
Ukumangala enkantolo
- Ngo-1914 - "Umnotho wezepolitiki amaza. Ithiyori yamanani futhi inzuzo isikole sase-Austrian "
- 1923 - "Umnotho Wezwe Nobukhosi"
- Ngo-1918 - "Uhlelo LwamaKhomanisi (Bolsheviks)"
- 1919 - "Umzabalazo Weklasi Nenguquko"
- Ngo-1919 - "I-ABC yobukhomanisi: incazelo ethandwayo yohlelo lweqembu lamaKhomanisi aseRussia (Bolsheviks)"
- Ngo-1920 - "Umnotho Wokuguqula"
- Ngo-1923 - "Inkinga yobukhulu kanye nokunyakaza kwamaKhomanisi"
- 1924 - "Ithiyori Yezinto Ezingokomlando"
- Ngo-1928 - "I-Economist iyaphawula"
- Ngo-1932 - "Goethe kanye nencazelo yakhe yomlando"
- Ngo-1932 - "Darwinism and Marxism"
- Ngo-2008 - "Isiboshwa LuLyanka. Umbhalo wesandla wejele uNikolai Bukharina "