I-Biograge
Rabindranat takore - imbongi, umculi we-renaissance renaissance ngasekupheleni kwawo-19 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, elalinethonya elikhulu kubuciko beNdiya nezincwadi. Umlobi "gitanjali" ngo-1913 waba yilowo wokuqala ongewona owaseYurophu, owahlonipha umklomelo kaNobel. Ifa lakhe ligcinwa e-University of Wemvelo Bharati, futhi izingoma zezinkondlo zaba izingoma ze-India neBangladesh.Ubuntwana nentsha
URabindranat Tagore ku-Nickan Rabbi wazalwa ngoMeyi 7, 1861 eMausnko MASSION eCalcutta emndenini omkhulu womninindlu - uBrahman Debendranatha nonkosikazi wakhe uCharada Devi.
Ubaba wahamba kakhulu, kanti umama wakhe wafa, imbongi yekusasa yayimncane kakhulu, ngakho-ke amarabi nezinye izingane zakhulisa izinceku futhi zacela othisha. Ukuba phambili kwempilo yamasiko neyomphakathi, umndeni wakwaTagore waneliseke njalo kusihlwa eshashalazini futhi enobuhlakani, uthanda umculo we-bengal kanye nesentshonalanga. Ngenxa yalokho, izingane zakhulisa emasikweni asezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu zabantu abadumile abafundile.
Ngaphezu kweRabindranata, iGunus Tagorov yakhazimulisa abazalwane asebekhulile, owayekade bezazi, abadlalayo kanye nezibalo zomphakathi, kanye nodadewabo, owaba ngumlobi-umbhali e-India.
URabindranat ugweme ukufundwa kwesikole futhi wakhetha ukuzulazula efeni nasezindaweni ezizungezile nokuzijwayeza ezokuzivocavoca, umzabalazo nokubhukuda ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaMfoweth '. Ngokufana, waqonda ubuciko obubukwayo, i-anatomy, umlando, i-geography, izincwadi, izibalo kanye nesiNgisi.
Njengoba esefinyelele eminyakeni yobuningi, uRabindranat noyise baya eGemalayas, lapho le nsizwa yalalela ukucula ethempelini legolide elingcwele lase-Amritsar, emlandweni, ngesayensi yanamuhla, isayensi yanamuhla, iSanskrit kanye ne-Classical Poetry Calidas.
Izinkondlo kanye prose
Ukubuya ohambweni, i-Tagole yabhala izinkondlo ezi-6 nenoveli enonkondlo ekhiphe ekwakhiweni komlobi oqanjiwe wekhulu le-XVII. Ngasikhathi sinye, umlobi osemusha wenza isiphithiphithi sakhe ngobukhulu bendaba, athumele olimini lwesiBangali "Owesifazane - u-Bhiharini").
Njengoba i-debendranat ifuna ukuthi ingane encane yaba ngummeli, ngo-1878 uRabiddranat wangenela e-University College London futhi ufunde amalungelo ezinyangeni eziningana. Inzondo yemfundo ehlelekile yaphoqa insizwa ukuba iphonse isayensi futhi inikele ekufundeni. ENgilandi, i-Tagole yajwayelana nomsebenzi weShakespeare futhi wangena emasikweni akwa-Folklore a-Albion angenamsebenzi.
Esencane, uRabindranat waqamba le midlalo ngokubambisana nabafowethu, abanye babo baboniswa ekuphileni kwakhe ekuhlangeni kwabasebenzi. Kamuva, imisebenzi ebabazekayo ezimele yazalwa ezindabeni zenoveli. Babemelele ukuboniswa kwezihloko zefilosofi ezaphakade, kwesinye isikhathi beziqukethe izinto ze-fegal neslotesque.
Ngo-1880, le nsizwa yabuyela eBengalia yaqala incwadi evamile yezinkomba zakhe, amanoveli nezindaba, yabhalwa ngaphansi kwethonya lamasiko aseYurophu, okwaba yinto entsha ye-Brahman ezincwadini zasendulo. Kulesi sikhathi sokubhalwa kokuqala kufaka phakathi amaqoqo we "kusihlwa" kanye "nokusa" izingoma, kanye nencwadi ethi "Chabi-O-Gan".
Izindaba zeTagore zishicilelwe ephephabhukwini, zabe sezishicilela ilungu elihlukile elinamalungu amathathu aqukethe ama-84 umbhali acabanga ngalo ngombhalo wanamuhla onezitayela zamanzi ezintsha, imidlalo, ingozi yabantu abajwayelekile. Isibonelo esikhanyayo sesihloko sokugcina sasiyizinsini "ezilambile" kanye ne- "Bess", zibhalwe ngo-1895.
Ngo-1891, imbongi yaqala ukusebenza ngokuguqulwa kwemikhiqizo yabantu ngempilo yabantu abalula baseBengal. "IGolden Ladium", "Isikhulu", "ukuvuna" kwakhishwa kusuka ngo-1893 kuya ku-1901, futhi amaRoma "aphuma ngemuva kwawo, ashicilelwe ngo-1903.
Kusukela ngo-1908, uRabiddranat wasebenza emisebenzini efakwe eqoqweni elithi "gitanjali", okwasho ukuthi "iziteshi umhlatshelo". 157 Izinkondlo zazinikelwa ebudlelwaneni phakathi komuntu noNkulunkulu owambulela izithombe ezijwayelekile neziqondakalayo. I-Screamniven minimalism yenze imigqa ikhumbuleke, ngenxa yalokho aqala ukusetshenziswa ngayo njengezingcaphuno.
Ukuqoqwa kwahunyushelwa esiNgisini futhi kushicilelwe eYurophu naseMelika. Ngo-1913, umbhali "gitanjali" wanikeza umklomelo kaNobel emkhakheni wezincwadi wokulandisa okuhle, ukucabanga okungokomfanekiso kanye nekhono elihlukile. Ngawo-1930s, uRabindranat wahlola izinkomba ezahlukahlukene zemibhalo. Wazama ukungeza kumanothi wezinkondlo zakudala ze-Bengal. Lokhu kubonakaliswa kakhulu emisebenzini yezinkondlo evuthiwe yombhali.
Ngesikhathi sokuphila, ukuKalwa kombamba kwakhiwa amakhulukhulu ezinkondlo, inqwaba yezindaba namanoveli ayi-8, izihloko zazo ezazingukuphila kwedolobhana, izinkinga zomphakathi waseBengal, ingxabano yezizukulwane, inkolo kanye nabanye. Indawo ekhethekile emisebenzini yombhali yathatha umsebenzi we-lyric 'wenkondlo yokugcina ". Imigqa yezinkondlo efakwe kwinoveli, yakha isisekelo sengoma yomqambi u-Alexei Rybnikov, owayezwakala kwi-movie "awuzange uphuphe."
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930s, uRabiddranat waphenduka ukubhala izinto ezibhaliwe ngenduku yesayensi. Wanyathelisa izinhloko eziningana ngocwaningo lwe-biology, izinkanyezi kanye ne-physics, futhi waqamba nezinkondlo eziningi nezindaba, lapho izingoma zihlangana nolwazi lwezemfundo. Izinkondlo kanye neProse, zidalwe ekushoneni kwelanga kwethegi, zihlukaniswa ngemibala emnyama kanye nokuvuselelwa kokufa okusondele. Ngokwezincwadi, umsebenzi walesi sikhathi waba amafa amahle kakhulu oMdali waseBengal.
Umculo nemidwebo
UTagalore wayengeyena umlobi kanye nembongi, waba ngumbhali wezingoma ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili, eqala ngamaculo omkhuleko futhi aphela ngezingoma zabantu kanye nemiculo ye-lyrical. Uhlangothi lomsebenzi lomsebenzi weRabindranat luhlukaniswe kusuka kwalolo lwemibhalo, ngoba umsindo obushelelezi wemigqa yezinkondlo yoMdali waseBengal ngokwawo wawungumculo uqobo.
Eminye imibhalo ye-tagore yaba izingoma ngemuva kokushona komlobi. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1950, inkondlo yakhe yaba amagama engoma kazwelonke yaseNdiya, futhi ngawo-1970 womugqa womsebenzi we- "Amar Shonar Bangla" wakhetha iBangladesh emculweni osemthethweni.
URabindranat waphumelela njengomdwebi wezinhlungu. Amabhulashi akhe angeyaminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-2,5 ezazinbonisile kaningi emazweni abo nakwamanye amazwe.
UTagalop wayenesifiso sokuthambekela kobuciko besimanje, bamukela izindlela ezithuthukile futhi bazisebenzisa emipendweni yabo. Wazame yena njengomdwebi - engokoqobo, i-primitivist, i-Frefidiast. Indalo yakhe ihlukaniswa ngokukhethwa kwemibala okungajwayelekile, okuyibaphi abacwaningi abahlotshaniswa nama-daltonism, kanye nama-silhouette afanele ejometri, okuholela ekukhishweni kwesayensi.
Umsebenzi Wezenhlalo
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1900s, i-Tagore yahlala endle eSantinethane, hhayi kude neCalcutta, lapho umsebenzi womphakathi nakwezepolitiki uhlangene khona. Imbongi yasungula indawo yokukhosela yabahlakaniphileyo, lapho isikole, i-chapel, izindawo ezibanzi ezinamatshe aluhlaza kanye nomtapo wezincwadi.
Ngasikhathi sinye, uRabindranat waba ngumvikeli wesibalo sezinguquko zeTilak futhi wahlela ukunyakaza kweSwadeshi, okubhikishe ngengxenye yeBangal. Wayengeyena umsekeli wezindlela zokuqhekeka kwekhadinali, kepha wadlala ushintsho ngemfundo kanye nokuthula imfundo. Ngo-1921, i-Tagore yakha "inhlala-kahle yokuhlala", yenzelwe ukusiza abahlali bendawo, ezimalini eziqoqwe emhlabeni wonke.
Futhi ngawo-1930s, umlobi wacela kudaba lezenhlalo yokuhlukaniswa kwe-caste. Ngenxa yezitatimende eziphathelene nezinkulumo ezingamukeleki futhi ngemisebenzi yazo, iRabindranat yathola ilungelo lokuba khona kwethempeli elidumile laseKrishna, elise-Guruwaure. Ngo-1940, imbongi yahlangana nomuntu uqobo noMahatma Gandhi, umholi wenkululeko yeNdiya, izindlela ezinobudlova zazo ezingazange zivume. Obomthetho basinde esithombeni esikhumbulekayo kulo mhlangano.
ITagalore yahamba kakhulu emhlabeni, yafunda izinkolo ezahlukahlukene, yajwayelana nezasikhathi ezesikhathi sangaphandle. Umlobi wayengemuhle enkingeni yobuzwe, ephikisana ngakho ngesikhathi izinkulumo e-United States naseJapan, futhi kamuva wanikezelwa kulesi sihloko umsebenzi wobuntatheli. Ukugxekwa okubukhali kweRabindranat kwabangela ukuhlaselwa kwesiJalimane eSoviet Union, wagxeka izinqubomgomo zikaHitler futhi wakholelwa ekubuyiselweni ngezenzo zegazi nokunqoba kobulungiswa.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Mayelana nempilo yomuntu siqu ye-Bengal enkulu yaziwa kancane. Ngo-1883, i-Tagore yashada iRinalini oneminyaka engu-10 ubudala, uBhabatarini Nee. Imishado yasendulo yamantombazane aseNdiya yayivamile. Kwazalwa izingane ezinhlanu nakwabalingani, ababili babo bafa ebuntwaneni.
Ngo-1890, uRabiynddranat wathatha iBrazda yeBhodi phezu kwezifunda ezibanzi ezibanzi endaweni yaseShereydahi futhi eminyakeni eyi-8 ngangithutha khona emndenini. ITagor ichithe isikhathi esihamba eMfuleni i-Padme esigabeni esishadile, sabutha irenti futhi sabusisa abalimi.
Ukuqala kweminyaka yama-1900s kwakusemabhathini omdali waseBengal, isikhathi sokulahleka kabuhlungu. I-MRINININI yashona ngo-1902 eSantinethane, ngemuva konyaka uRabiddranat washonelwa yindodakazi yakhe, khona-ke ikhanda lomndeni wakwaTagore lishonile, lishiya indodana encane inefa elincane. Ngo-1907, ingane encane yakwaThore yaba yisisulu sobhubhane lwekholera.
Ukushona
Ngo-1937, uTagalore waqala ukuhlushwa izinhlungu ezingapheli, ebhekela ukuzivikela okude. Wake waphela amandla futhi wayesesikhathini esithile. Izikhathi zobuqambi zathathelwa indawo isikhathi lapho isimo somzimba soMdali singamvumelanga ukuba asebenze.
Ngemuva kokulahleka kwesibili kokwazi ngo-1940, uRabiddranat akakwazanga ukululama. Imisebenzi yokugcina yabikela abangane nonobhala.
Ngo-Agasti 7, 1941, uTangore wafela ekhaya lakhe eJorasanko. Imbangela ngqo yokufa ayaziwa, abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi umlobi wayefuna ukuguga kanye nezifo eziqeda amandla.
Ukuphela kweBungadi Elikhulu LaseBengal kwaba usizi kubantu abaningi emhlabeni wonke abahlonipha inkumbulo yakhe, bahlele imikhosi yobuciko namaholide edumo lakhe.
Amacaphuna
Umthombo wokufa uholela ekuhambeni kwamanzi okuphila. Kulindile - uhlobo lokudakwa olungokomoya. Bekungikhathaza, ngingavukelaLapho ngiwela ezinyaweni zakhe, wangilahla. Ukuphonsele injabulo, siyeka ukuzwa noma yini injabulo.I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1881 - "Izingoma zakusihlwa"
- Ngo-1883 - "IBibi Coast"
- Ngo-1891 - "Umgwaqo Ogibele"
- Ngo-1893 - "Lady"
- 1910 - "Gitanjali"
- Ngo-1916 - "Impilo Emine"
- Ngo-1925 - "Amaculo Wakusihlwa"
- Ngo-1929 - "Inkondlo Yokugcina"
- 1932 - "Ukuqedwa"
- Ngo-1933 - "odade ababili"
- Ngo-1934 - "Malancha" ("Gleal Garden")
- Ngo-1934 - "Izahluko ezine"