I-Biograge
I-Yanka Kupala yimbongi kazwelonke yaseBelarus, "umfana kanye nomshayeli" ophefumulelwe uYuri Gagarin ekunqotshweni kweCosmos. Yena, njengababhali abaningi baseSoviet Times, walimala egunyeni, ngaphezulu kwaloko kwaba sembundweni wokufa. Ukufa okuzinzile kweKupala kuseyisizathu sokuphenya izazi-mlando nokugxekwa kwemibhalo.Ubuntwana nentsha
I-Yanka Kupala (Igama langempela - U-Ivan Dominicovic Lutsevich) wazalwa edolobhaneni laseBelarusian laseKhpanka emndenini waseDominica Onufrieving naseBenigna, e-Ivanovna (e-Maychch). Bazali, abalandeli beSonto LamaRoma Katolika, elibizwa ngeNdodana ukuhlonipha umprofethi ongumKristu uJohane uMbhapathizi.
Ukukhulunywa kokuqala kukaLutschi kubuyele emuva ngekhulu le-XVII: khona-ke umkhulu wembongi waqashiswa ngohlobo olucebile lwesiLithuania esisemhlabeni weRadzivilov. Kwakudingeka ukukhokhela i-dominicric yakhe ku-Onu frinievich, noma ngabe kwakungesigaba esihle, empeleni kwakuyindawo evamile. Wanikeza imali enkulu ukuthola ithuba lokuhola umnotho.
U-Ivan wasiza ubaba wakhe ekusebenzeni, kepha ukuphathwa komnotho akuzange kuvimbe imbongi yesikhathi esizayo ngo-1898 ukuba aphothule esikoleni sabantu baseBelarusian.
UDominic noBenioga baletha izingane eziyi-8: Abafowabo baka-Ivan - U-Anton noCasimir, odade abahlanu - uSabina, uGelen, uMaria, uLokadia, igama labezindaba alivezwanga emithonjeni evulekile. Ekuqaleni kuka-1902, lo mndeni uhlala ngaphandle kophekelwe ukondla, futhi ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kamuva, bonke odade u-Ivan nomfowethu bagula. Casemere, Sabina noGelena bafa.
Iqhaza lendoda eyinhloko emndenini lavumela uLucevich ukuba agweme impi. Emibhalweni yokudlulisa amacala ka-1903 kukhona ikhadi le-Ivan, ngakho-ke kwadingeka akhonze ekamu lesi-2 le-borisovssky County of the Fabula-Sloboda Parish. Wayemiselwe ukungena ebuthongweni ngo-1916 kuphela, eqenjini lokwakha umgwaqo.
I-BioPe's Biography ayikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi ilula. Ngisho nasebusheni bakhe, u-Ivan kwadingeka abe nesibopho somndeni wonke. Usebenze esitshalweni esihlukile, wahlanza imigwaqo, amapheshana asatshalaliswa - wawuthathwa kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi wodadewethu nomama.
Ngo-1904, umNgho-umshana ka-Ivan Vasily (Yanka) i-Angochinsky ekholisa ukuthi indodana yakhe ifanelwe impilo yayo. Le ndoda ithembise ukunakekela umndeni we-Lutsevian. Wagcina uLizwi - eshada noMariya, udade u-Ivan, waba ngumnikazi wendlu ephelele. U-Ivan wathuthela eMinsk, lapho umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala waqhakaza ngombala ogcwele.
Izincwadi nezincwadi
U-Ivan waqala umsebenzi wakhe ngesiPolish - imigqa yokuqala yavela kumagazini "Okusanhlamvu" ngo-1903 ngaphansi kwe-pseudonym. NgoJulayi 15, 1904, le nkondlo kaDebut yanyatheliswa ngolimi lwaseBelarusian "isabelo sami", kanye nencwadi ephepheni elisentshonalanga, imisebenzi yalo "ngo-1905) yaqala ukukhuphuka imbongi inkazimulo.
Ngasikhathi sinye, amaphephandaba okuqala angokomthetho ngolimi lwaseBelarusian asungulwa eVilnius - "isabelo sethu" kanye "ne-niva yethu". Ehlelweni lwesibili ngo-1907, le nkondlo "Kospla" yashicilelwa, eyayiphawula isivuno sika-Ivan, eyaziwa ngokuthi yiYanka Kupala, kuNational Seal.
I-pseudonym yanka Kumpala yakhelwe kusuka kunguqulo yeBelarusian yegama i-Ivan negama leholide. Ngokwezibonakaliso, uma imbali yefern, indoda eyamthola imthola ethola ingcebo engokomoya nengokwenyama ebusuku eya e-Ivan Kupala. U-Lutsevic wayefuna ukuba ngabafundi ngale mbali ejabule.
Ngo-1908, izinkondlo zomlobi osemusha waseBelarusian zahlanganiswa eqoqweni le-stut 'likaDudochka ". Ukushicilelwa kwaletha izinkinga zokuqala neziphathimandla: IKomiti Ye-Petersburg ezindabeni zabezindaba eMnyangweni Wezangaphakathi zimemezele incwadi ka-Anti-State, yathuthuka, futhi umbhali waboshwa. Ngokushesha imbongi yayikhululekile futhi yasheshe yashiya ihhovisi lokuhlela lephephandaba ngokuthi "i-niva yethu", ukuze lingacacisi ukuhlonishwa kobuholi.
UPeterburg wethulwa nge-Belarusian ewusizo yokuqomisana nezimbongi zakub kolas kanye noValery Bryusov. UBryusov uyimbongi yokuqala ehumusha izinkondlo zamahlaya aye eRussia. Ngo-1910, iYanka yashicilela iqoqo lesibili lezinkondlo "abaseSusar", bese benza umshado kakhulu ngokubhala. UKupala wema emgaqweni wokudalwa kwesethisha yaseshashalazini yaseBelarusian. Inkondlo "Ingoma Engapheli" nedrama "ilala eKurgan", yabhalwa ngalowo nyaka, isangena "esikhwameni segolide" sobuciko obumangalisayo beBelarus.
Iparele langempela libhekwa njengehlaya elithi "Pavlinka" (1912) mayelana nentombazane ekhetha umkhwenyana ephikisana nemivimbo yabazali. Iqhaza eliphambili lenziwa yi-Yankee Peacock yokuqala yeMaylka. Ngo-1913, imbongi yabhala idrama ye-autobiographical "i-Nest ikhishwe ngesidleke" mayelana nomndeni, olahlekelwe yimpahla - indlu nomhlaba. UYanka Kupala uthe:
"Ngitshale okungcono kakhulu kulo mdlalo, owayesezinkondlo zami nasekupristi."Ngawo lowo nyaka iqoqo lesithathu lezinkondlo ze- "Phezulu Life" zaphuma. Ukuntuleka kokuphendula okungekuhle ebuhlotsheni bavumela uYanke ukuthi abuyele emsebenzini e-Niva yethu, ngo-Ephreli 1914 Wathatha okuthunyelwe komhleli omkhulu.
Ukusungulwa kweSoviet Union kwashintsha iveni yezinkondlo. Isibonelo esikhanyayo kwakuwukudonswa kweTragicomedy "kwasekhaya" (1922). Ukhuluma ngomuntu ozama ngayo yonke amandla abo ukuze avumelanise nezimo eziguqukayo ezishintsha ngokushesha, kodwa kuvela ukuba kwephulwe. Ngokweziphathimandla, umsebenzi wawunomthunzi ongemuhle, kwathi ngo-1927, umdlalo wawuvinjelwe.
Ingqikimba yokuzivumelanisa nezimo yayikhona kukho konke ukuhlanganiswa kwezinkondlo zombhali, kuze kube yimpi enkulu yokuthanda izwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, ubudlelwano phakathi kweYankee, iziphathimandla kanye nabezindaba banda. Ngo-1930, izingxabano zafinyelela ku-apogee. Le ndoda yasolwa ngobuzwe, ibangelwa umfelandawonye nenhlangano yokukhululwa kweNational of Belarus. Ukulimala njalo nokuphenywa ngemibuzo kwaqhubekela phambili imbongi ukuyibulala.
Encwadini yokuzibulala, ebhekiswe ekhanda likaHulumeni we-BSSR, u-Alexander Cyaakov, uYanka Kupula wabhala:
"Futhi, ngaphambi kokufa, ngimemezela ukuthi angizukuhlala kunoma iyiphi inhlangano yokuzivalela futhi ngeke ngibe. Kuyabonakala, isabelo esinjalo sezimbongi. U-Hang Yeyenin wazilengisa, uMayakovsky wazidubula, kahle, futhi nginendlela eyabakhona. "Umzamo wokuzibulala, owenziwe ngoNovemba 22, 1930, akazange athweswe umqhele ngempumelelo. UBeloru waphoqeleka ukuba ashicilele incwadi evulekile lapho avuma khona izono eza enamathiselwe kuye futhi wathembisa ukungaphindi amaphutha emibono.
Ngemuva kokuxolisa okusemthethweni, abaphathi bagcina basuka eYanke yedolobha ephumule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1939, imbongi yanikezwa umyalo weLenin, kwathi ngo-1941, umklomelo wombuso we-USSR I degree emkhakheni wezincwadi, okuthiwa yi-premium ebizwa ngokuthi i-Stalinist yethulwe. Iqoqo "elisuka enhliziyweni" (1940) kwakuyisizathu salowo mklomelo.
Eminyakeni yempi, imbongi yaduma ngenkondlo ethi "Belarusian Partisans". Umsebenzi obekwe emculweni waba yingoma yezivikeli ezingaphansi komhlaba, kanye nemigqa yokuqala - "Partisans, Partisans, amadodana aseBelarusian!" - Kusetshenziswe njengenjini yokushayela "iSoviet Belarus".
Ngaphezu kokubhala, uYanka Kupala wahlanganyela ekuhumusheni. Ngibonga yena, imikhiqizo engama-92 yababhali abangama-36 ezwakala ngolimi lwaseBelarusian, kufaka neZwi elimayelana nebutho le-Igor, "umgibeli wethusi" u-Alexander Pushkin.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Igalelo elikhulu empilweni yomuntu siqu nobuciko bakwaYankee Kupala kwethule imnyuziyamu yakhe yokuqala - umlingisi waseBelarusian Pavlin Vikentievna Madylka. Ngibonga kuye, izinkondlo "bondarovna" futhi "yena nami", inkondlo "Aleya", "Wena" uzoba nothando lokuthweswa umqhele uthando ... "nabanye.
Intsha yahlangana ngo-1909. Ithalente lePeacock lakhanga imbongi, ngakho-ke wagcizelela ukuthi indima enkulu ekudlaleni "Pavlinka" yayinikwa. Futhi umlingisi wayethanda isitayela seYankees Pijon: ezithombeni ezimbalwa kanye nemifanekiso yembongi ukuthi igqoke inaliti, yasonta amadevu futhi yasebenzisa umhlanga.
Kwakungekho noveli phakathi kwabantu ababili bokudala, baphefumulelwa omunye ngomunye. Noma kunjalo, ukuzibandakanya kwama-Joons noVladislav Frantznaya Stankevich ngoJanuwari 1916 kwaba isimanga esingathandeki ngoPeacock. Umshado walethwa eMoscow olwandle uPeter noPawulu.
UYanka noVladislav bahlala ndawonye iminyaka engama-26, babengenazo izingane, yize babefuna ukwamukela le ntombazane.
Eminyakeni engu-18 emva kokushona komyeni wakhe, owesifazane wayehlala enenkumbulo yaphakade yesithandwa sakhe. NgoMeyi 25, 1944, uStankevich wavula i-State Firemery Museum Yankee Kupalala, esebenza manje.
Ukushona
Ukufa okungazelelwe kwembongi kazwelonke yaseBelarus kucebile ngamaqiniso athakazelisayo, okusukela ezimeni zalokho okwenzekile nokuphetha ngembangela yokufa. NgoJuni 18, 1942, uYanke Kupala wabiza eMoscow. Ohambweni, wahlangana nabangane, wacela usuku lokuzalwa lwe-60, waphatha amakhekhe.NgoJuni 28, ngokusho koFakazi abaphila ngesikhathi bephila, imbongi yayishiyile ngokushesha umhlangano wokudala, owawubanjelwe eMoscow Hotel, ngala mazwi: "Ngingumzuzu." Emva kwesikhathi esithile, kwakukhona umsindo eTambour, futhi izivakashi zaphuma egumbini. Bathole ukuthi iYanka Kupala yangena esitebhisini esiteji esisemaphethelweni ayi-10 sashayisana nokufa. Ewashini kwakungu-22: 33.
Kunezinhlobo ezi-3 zokufa kwembongi: ithuba, ukuzibulala nokubulala. Izazi-mlando eziningi zibamba owokugcina. Ngobusuku benhlekelele, imbongi yayisesimweni esihle, iqoqo lakhe lezinkondlo "Belarusian Partisans" (1942) liphumelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isicathulo sendoda sahlala esitebhisini, angasilahla empini. Ubone oFakazi bokufa kwembongi nowesifazane obalekile.
I-Yanka Puppy Kermated, izidumbu zishiswe emathuneni amaVagankovsky. Kusukela ngo-1962, ithuna lakhe selibe seMinsk emathuneni amasosha.
Ukuhlonipha imbongi kazwelonke, amanyuvesi, imigwaqo, izigcawu, iziteshi zikamasipala kanye nemitapo yolwazi zibizwa. Ngo-1945, wamnikeza nge-metal "ngokuvikela iMoscow."
I-Bibliography
Amaqoqo Ezinkondlo:
- Ngo-1908 - "Dudochka" ("Umkhuleko")
- 1910 - "I-Pusar"
- 1913 - "Impilo Ethandekayo"
- Ngo-1922 - "Heritage"
- Ngo-1925 - "Okungabiliwe"
- 1930 - "Ukuqhakaza"
- 1936 - "Ingoma Yokwakha"
- Ngo-1937 - "Belarusian Belarus"
- 1940 - "Ukusuka enhliziyweni"
- 1942 - "I-Belarusian Partisans"
Izinkondlo nemidlalo:
- 1908 - "Yini?"
- 1910 - "Lala eKurgan"
- 1912 - "Pavlinka"
- 1913 - "I-Rasky Nest"
- 1913 - "Mina nawe"
- 1922 - "Local"