I-Biograge
UPaul Ekman ungusosayensi wesayensi waseMelika, udokotela wezesayensi waseMelika, owayenguthisha wase-University of California, owanikela ngokufundwa kwemizwa yabantu nangomqondo. Umlobi onekhono, ufuna impendulo embuzweni wokuthi kungani abantu beqamba amanga nokuthi bangabona kanjani umkhohlisi, badala indlela yokufunda "abathathwa ngeqiniso.Ubuntwana nentsha
UPaul Ecman wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 15, 1934 eWashington, esifundeni Columbia. Uyise wayengameleli, kodwa umama wommeli. Udadewabo kaJoyce wenza i-psychology futhi ngaphambi kokuba umhlalaphansi asebenze eNew York.
Ngiseyingane, u-Ecman wayengumntwana owayenekhono ngokungajwayelekile. Ngaphandle kokuphothula esikoleni esiphakeme, eneminyaka engu-15 wangena e-University of Chicago, lapho wathola khona iminyaka emithathu nge-bachelor's degree nge-psychology. Ngaleso sikhathi, uPawulu wahlatshwa umxhwele izikhathi zokwelashwa kwamaqembu, ezenziwa phakathi kwabafundi, kubandakanya nomlobi uSusan Sontag, uMqondisi uMike Nichols no-Actress.
Lo mkhuba usuphenduke isihloko sokutadisha kokuqala kwe-Ekman esencane, ayichitha eYunivesithi yaseNew York ngaphansi kokuholwa nguProfesa uMargaret Tende.
Ngo-1955, uPaul wathweswa iziqu e-Adelphi University Graduate School futhi wavikela ukuphikisana kwakhe nodokotela ngengqondo yezengqondo. Umsebenzi wakhe wasuselwa ekubonileni iziguli ze-PsychoneOurological Institute Langley Porter futhi uzinikele esifundweni sezinto zobuso kanye nobonakuleveli.
Ngo-1958, u-Ekman wabiza amabutho ukuba afike esimweni sodokotela wezengqondo wezempi, lapho, ngaphezu kokugcwaliseka kwemisebenzi eqondile, walandela izinguquko ekwazini nasekuziphatheni kwezinto ezizimele ngesikhathi sokulwa nesisekelo sokulwa.
Incwadi ehlukene yengqondo
Ekupheleni kwezeluleko zezempi, phansi kufundze izici zokuziphatha kwenkulumo ezigulini zezibhedlela zakwaPalo Alto Veterans. Ngo-1963, lezi zifundo zasiza usosayensi osemncane ukuba athole isibonelelo esivela kuNational Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), lapho eminyakeni engama-40 exhaswa ngezimali exhaswa ngezimali ekahulumeni ngokuxhaswa ngezimali.
Ukunwebisa umbuthano wezinto ezifundwayo, ngo-1965 uPawulu wathumela inzalo endaweni yesiko lesiko. Ekuqaleni, walandela imizwa kanye nokuthinta kwezakhamizi zaseBali Island kumafilimu ahlungwa yi-gregory beitson's anthropologist, wabe eseya ePapua New Guinea ukuze abuke abamele izizwe zasendle. Umphumela weminyaka emithathu yomsebenzi wawungukuqinisekiswa komqondo we-Darwin of the Universuty yabantu kanye nokushicilelwa kwabasebenzi ngaphansi kwegama "lokufaka ikhodi yobuso."
Ngo-1967, e-ECman, kanye nodonga lomuntu osebenza naye kanye ne-Army Friend Wall, uFrizen kanye nodokotela wezengqondo uMaureen O'Sallevan waba nesithakazelo entweni yamanga. Ukutholwa kokuqala kule ndawo yososayensi kuye kwenza inqubo yokubona abantu beziguli ezinokuthambekela kokuzibulala bezama ukufihla izisusa zezenzo zabo.
Isitezi sokucwaninga sihlangene nokufundisa eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia eMnyangweni Wezengqondo. Lapho, wahola le phrojekthi ebizwa ngokuthi "Wizard" futhi wafunda amandla abantu ukuthola amanga. Ngemuva kokuhlola abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-20 kusuka ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomphakathi, kubandakanya nabamele izinsizakalo ezikhethekile ze-FBI nezinsizakalo eziyimfihlo, u-Ekman wathola ukuthi izifundo ezingama-50 kuphela ezakwazi ukukhomba inkohliso okungenani okungenani ama-80%.
I- "Pravda Wizards" yayinekhono lemvelo lokubona ama-microwaves futhi lithole ukungahambisani nemizwelo, ulimi lomzimba namagama ashiwoyo. Ekupheleni kokuhlolwa, phansi kwaqhubeka nokusebenza nabaphumelele ekuhlolweni ukuze baphendule umbuzo: Lapho kuvela khona amakhono okutholwa kwamanga.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, usosayensi wezengqondo owadala abaqalayo kwabaqalayo "abathakathi", besebenzisa lokho, umuntu ngamunye anganquma ukuthi kufaneleka kanjani ekutholeni inkohliso. "Ithiyori Lamanga" yaba ibhizinisi lempilo ka-Ekman nabangane bakhe. Usosayensi wanyathelisa imisebenzi eminingi enikelwe kule nkinga, futhi ngemuva kokusuka kuProfesa, wasungula inkampani uPaul Ekman Group (PEG).
Izincwadi namafilimu
Kusukela ngo-1957, u-Ekman waqala ukushicilela ucwaningo lwayo emkhakheni wezengqondo nokuziphatha kokuziphatha. Encwadini yokuqala, wachaza izindlela zokulinganisa ukuxhumana okungeyona eyomlomo, ethuthukiswe e-Internship ku-Neuropsychiatric Institute Langley Porter. UPawulu wathola ukuthi ukunyakaza kwemisipha kobuso okwakha ubuso ngobuso kungakhonjwa ngokunembile kusetshenziswa izifundo ezinamandla. Ngokubona kwakhe, abantu bayakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha izinkulungwane zabantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi, izinkulungwane eziyi-3 zazo ezihlobene nemizwelo.
Kuhlelo lwe- "Face Movement Conting System", enyatheliswa ngo-1978 ngokubambisana noWall Frize, isitezi esichazwe "amasiko angokomzwelo" phakathi kwabantu basentshonalanga, ukuthobeka, ukuthobeka, ukudabuka nabanye abanye. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, abacwaningi basungule uhlelo olubuswa yi-anatomically oluchaza konke ukunyakaza komuntu okubonakalayo kombukiso owodwa noma komunye umzwelo owodwa.
Ngo-1990, usosayensi wanezela uhlu lwezinkulumo ezazifakwa hhayi emisipha yobuso kuphela, kodwa futhi nasezoshukuma komzimba kanye nokushukuma komzimba. Kubandakanya ukudelela, ukwaneliseka, amahloni, injabulo, amawayini, ukuziqhenya kwempumelelo, impumuzo, ukwaneliseka, injabulo yenyama namahloni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, phansi kanye nomuntu osebenza naye athuthukisiwe futhi achaze amathuluzi avumela ukubona izindawo ezicashile kakhulu ezivela uma zifisa ukucindezela imizwa. Kwasiza ezengqondo "ekufundeni" kweziguli ezine-asperger's syndrome ne-autism.
Eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili, i-ENEAN DAMAN KANYE Ishicilele isivivinyo esidumile esibizwa nge- "Izithombe Zobuso Zithinta" (POFA), ezinezithombe eziyi-110 ezimnyama nezimhlophe ezifanekiselwa yimizwelo engathathi hlangothi kanye nezinkulumo ezingathathi hlangothi kanye nezinkulumo ezingathathi hlangothi. Kuhlale kuhlolwe kubantu abanamazinga ahlukene wempilo yezengqondo, yasetshenziswa kabanzi ekusebenzeni kwezokwelapha emhlabeni wonke.
Imisebenzi evuthiwe ka-Ekman inikezelwe ku "I-Theory yamanga", usosayensi wayefuna izimpendulo zemibuzo: kungani abantu betshela amanga, ukuthi kungani bebona umqambimanga ngosizo lokubona kuphela nokuthi ngubani wabantu ongakwenza. Ngalesi sikhathi, uPawulu wabhala incwadi ethi "Kungani uLGUT KIDS", "Psychology amanga", "Thola umqambimanga kuboniswa ebusweni" nabanye.
Ngo-2008, u-Ecman wanyathelisa inkhulumomphendvulwano nge-sage dage dalai lama xiv, lapho abamele abasezingeni eliphakeme baseMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga baxoxa ngezimpendulo ezivuthayo futhi bazama ukuthola izimpendulo zemibuzo eminingi yefilosofi. "I-Psychology of Equilibrium" iye yathuthukisa ulwazi lwabafundi ngesayensi nenkolo, izizwe ezingokomzwelo, izindlela zokuzindla ukufeza ukulingana okungokomzwelo nangezindlela zokuthola injabulo.
Eminyakeni engu-2000s, ukuthandwa kuka-Ekman kwamholela kuthelevishini. Ngo-2001, uPaul wasebenzisana nomlingisi waseBrithani uJohn nochungechunge lwe-TV lwe-TV lwe-BBC "Ubuso bomuntu". Inhloso yale phrojekthi bekuwukutadisha umuntu wesintu ngokufana komndeni, ukuheha ngokomzimba kanye nekhono lokuveza imizwa ngaphandle kosizo lwamagama.
Ngo-2009, usosayensi wezengqondo waba prototype yomlingiswa ophambili wochungechunge oluthi "ukukhohlisa", uDkt. Cal Lightman, oholele "iqembu lamakhosi" Ukubona amanga. Umbukiso, ngokwengxenye ngokuya nge-biography ka-Ekman, waqala esiteshini se-FOX ngo-2009 futhi waba khona izinkathi ezi-3. UPawulu wayengumphathi wabasebenzi befilimu kanye nomeluleki wakho wePima Rota uqobo owenza indima enkulu kule projekthi yethelevishini.
Uchungechunge lubonise izindlela zokuhlonza inkohliso esungulwe ngu-Ekman ngezinga elithile, zadumisa i-simulator yayo, futhi futhi zibonisa amathuba angenamkhawulo "ukufeza ubulungiswa" ukufeza ubulungiswa.
Ngo-2015, uPawulu wasiza umqondisi uPete uMnyango emsebenzini we- "Puzzle" Cartoon film. Usosayensi wabhala umhlahlandlela wabazali atshela ukuthi kufanele alethe kanjani indaba yokugqwayiza ukuze izingane zikwazi ukuthola imizwa yazo kanye nokubonakaliswa kwemizwa yezinhlamvu eziqanjiwe.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Empilweni yomuntu siqu kaPaul Ekman yazi kancane, ukuba udokotela wezengqondo, ukhetha ukugcina ubudlelwano bomndeni ngasese.
Ngokwethulwa kwencwadi ethi "Kungani izingane uLGut" Umbhali ukhuluma ngendodana ye-Tony ye-Tony, eyayineminyaka yobudala yokuthola umkakhe wayikhohlisa phansi nomkakhe uMariya u-Ann Mason, ehlela iphathi enomsindo endlini yawo ngaphandle kolwazi lwawo. Maphakathi nomsebenzi kukhona izahluko eziningana ezinikezelwe kumbhali wendabuko, lapho izibonelo zobudlelwano ezisuselwa kokuhlangenwe nakho kwazo ezibhekwayo.
U-Ekman unendodakazi, u-Eva, owaba ngudokotela wesayensi. Ewebhusayithi esemthethweni, isazi sezengqondo sakhuluma ngomsebenzi wabo ohlanganyelwe ekushicilelweni kwe- "Atlas of Emotions" ngokusekelwa kweDalai Lama, enyatheliswa ngoNovemba 2018.
UPaul Ekman manje
I-Ekman ingudokotela wezengqondo osebenza ePaul Ekman Group, ebibandakanyeka ekuqeqesheni amakhono angokomzwelo, ukuhlaziya kokuziphatha kanye nezinye izici ze-non-an-persology.
Manje umsunguli nomholi "isikhonkwane" siqhuba izisebenzi ngaphansi kohlelo lwe-Ekman Associate. Entwasahlobo nasekwindla ka-2019, u-Ekman uhlela ukwenza ama-Seminars eNgilandi, lapho kuzoqeqeshwa khona izinsuku ezintathu ngokuqashelwa kwemizwelo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezimpawu zokuziphatha ezinamazwi.
I-Bibliography
- "Kungani Izingane Ziqamba Amanga"
- "Psychology of Lae"
- "Thola umqambimanga ngezwi lobuso"
- "Imizwelo Psychology"
- "Ukuhlakanipha Kwempumalanga Nokuntshonalanga"
Izics
- Ngo-2001 - "Ubuso Babantu"
- Ngo-2009-2011 - "Lingahluli"
- 2015 - "Iphazili"