I-Biograge
UPaul Clee ungumculi waseJalimane - umculi waseSwitzerland, othisha, onesitayela sakhe ngamunye wadalwa ngaphansi kwethonya lokunyakaza okuthuthukile kokudala, kufaka phakathi ukuveza, ubumbano kanye nokubeletha. Umdwebi wezinhlungu, owafunda lo mbono wombala, wabhala umsebenzi omningi oshicilelwe ngendlela yokuthi "amabhukwana", aqashelwa imisebenzi emkhakheni wezobuciko onjalo futhi abhekwa okungenani amacala amakhulu leonardo da Vinci.Ubuntwana nentsha
UPaul Clee, owazalelwa ngoDisemba 18, 1879, wawusencane wezingane ezimbili zothisha umculo uGansa Wilhelm Clee kanye nomculi waseSwitzerland u-Ida Maria Fritz. I-biography yalo mculi yanqunyelwa kusengaphambili ngofuzo. Abazali abanethalente bakhuthaza ukuthakazelwa kwezobuciko futhi basekela indodana kuyo yonke imizamo kule ndawo.
Eminyakeni yesikole, uPawulu wadlala i-violin futhi waphinde waphangwa ngumculi oneminyaka engu-11 wamenyelwa ukuba babambe iqhaza ekhonsathini yenhlangano yomculo we-Bern.
Njengoba sesivuthiwe, umfana walihlehlisela insimbi futhi waba nesithakazelo kubuciko obubonakalayo, waqala ukutadisha izitayela zobuciko ezithuthukile. UPawulu wapenda kuwo wonke amaphepha ephepha awela ezandleni zakhe. Imisebenzi yakuqala yandulelwa yizithombe emasimini ezincwadi nezincwadi zokubhalela, lapho ahlonipha khona amakhono wesheduli, imigqa yokudweba, izibalo zevolumetric kanye ne-caricature. Ukupenda okubukhali kuvimbele izifundo zabo, ngakho-ke izivivinyo zokugcina eBern Glee Gymnasia zidlulile ngobunzima obukhulu.
Ngo-1897, lo mfo waqala ukugcina idayari, eyanikeza abacwaningi ngemininingwane ebalulekile mayelana nokuphila nokubukwa komculi osemusha.
Ngo-1898, uClee wangena eMunich Academy of ACTS futhi waba pander ephumelelayo. Wabona kahle lelo fomu nombono, kepha akakwazanga ukubabaza ubuciko bokuzala kabusha imibala. Naphezu kwabo bonke ubunzima, uPawulu wathola iziqu ze-bachelor futhi waya e-Italy ukuze afunde umsebenzi wamakhosi amakhulu wesikhathi esedlule.
Ukudala
Ukubuyela eBern, uClee wazinza endlini yabazali futhi waqala ukuthuthuka njengomculi, ngezikhathi ezithile evakashela izifundo zokupenda kwangasese. Uhlanganise ubuciko nomdlalo we-violin e-Orchestra kanye nokulungiswa kwezibuyekezo zeshashalazini. Ngo-1905, wathuthukisa amasu okuhlola izincwadi, okubandakanya umdwebo wenalithi akwingilazi emnyama, ekhiqize umphumela we-Photongan.
Ukusebenza ngendlela yendlela, uPaul udale imisebenzi engama-57, kubandakanya nesithombe esithi "imidwebo kababa", sathandana ngo-1906. Ngokufana, i-glue idale umjikelezo wemidwebo eyi-11 ye-zinc ngesithombe sezinhlamvu ze-groteesque ngaphansi kwegama elithi "ukusungulwa". Le misebenzi yafakwa kugalari yendawo, bathanda izivakashi. Umbhali walulisa ukwaneliseka, kodwa waqonda ukuthi uyakwazi ukuba ngaphezulu.
Ngemuva komsebenzi womshado uPawulu waqala. Umculi uphazamise ukunakekelwa kwasekhaya futhi useshe isitayela esisha nendlela yokudala. I-Shift yenzeka ngemuva kombukiso wokuqala kaClee, ibanjelwe eBern ngo-1911, ngemuva kwalokho umlobi noHlelo u-Alfred Cuban wanikeza umbhali ukudweba imifanekiso yomsebenzi kaVoltaire "okhalweni", enyatheliswa ngawo-1920s.
Ngalesi sikhathi, inani lemidwebo yomculi likhuphukile, futhi bakhombisa ukuthambekela kokungenangqondo kanye ne-sarcamum. Le midwebo yayithanda uKubina, futhi yancoma uClaus kwizazi-mlando zobuciko eziholayo. Ekwindla ka-1911, uPaul, owaba yindilinga yakwa-Crive Elite, wajwayelane ne-Experigus Mac ne-Abstractist Vasisky. Ukuhlola ingqondo enhle futhi ecacile nokungena ekuzethembeni kubangani abasha, i-glue yajoyina ehhovisi lokuhlela lase-Almanach, elibizwa ngokuthi "i-Blue Horgman".
Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, i-glue yaba ngenye yamalungu aholayo eqembu le-Creative embukisweni wesibili ahlelwe yincwadi, angenise umsebenzi we-17 graphic. U-Almanac wethule umculi ngemibono yanamuhla yombala, isifundo aqhubeka ngaso eParis ngo-1912. Ngesikhathi sohambo, uPawulu wathwalwa ngobuntu futhi "umdwebo omsulwa" waqala ucwaningo nge-watercolor, umphumela wazo kwakuyizindawo zokuqala.
Lokhu kuphumelela emsebenzini kaClee kwenzeka ngo-1914, ngemuva kokuhambela izwe laseNyakatho ne-Afrika laseTunisia. Umculi ohlanganiswe nemibala ekhanyayo yezindawo zaseMedithera futhi waqonda kahle inqubo yokusebenzisa iphalethi.
Emibhadweni yalesi sikhathi, uPawulu wahlanganisa ihluzo nokupenda futhi waqala ukubhala kahle izimangaliso. Uhlamvu lombala seluphenduke into esemqoka yezindwangu zomculi. Ehlangene nezinye izibalo, wadala umuzwa wokuvumelana, noma umuzwa wokukhanya okujulile kwe-dissonance yemisebenzi yomculo.
Ngesikhathi sempi yezwe yokuqala, uClee akazange ayeke ukudweba. Ukusebenza ngemuva komhlangano wokubuyisela ukuhlanganiswa kwamabhaluni, umculi wadala ama-Lithographs ngezihloko zobuqhawe kanye nemibukiso ehleliwe ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ngo-1917, uPawulu waba umdwebi odumile kanye nohlelo imidwebo yalo ebonwa yizazi-mlando zobuciko zathengiswa kahle. Umsebenzi odumile kakhulu walesi sikhathi kwakuyibhendi "Ab Ongo", ebhalwe yi-watercolor ku-gauze eyeluliwe ngaphezulu kwe-canvas. Ngo-1919, uClee waphetha isivumelwano nomnikazi wegalari yemfashini Gans Golz, owaletha impumelelo yezentengiso ngumculi. Kwakulapho lapho umdwebi wokuqala abeka khona isithombe "sokuphuma kwelanga nenyanga nokushona kwelanga", kukhombisa imibono yakhe ngomlingo wezehlakalo zemvelo.
Kusukela ngo-1921, uPawulu uhlanganise ubuqambi nomsebenzi wokufundisa. Wahlala esitudiyo sesikole sobuciko "UBauhaus", waphinda waqala ubungane noKandinsky futhi wahlangana namanye amalungu eqembu elinekhono lokuqeqesha. Ngalesi sikhathi endaweni yokugcina imilando, i-glue yayinemisebenzi efana ne- "ingelosi entsha", "izingadi eziseningizimu" kanye "diana" ekwindla ekwindla ", ngokulandelayo zitholwa iminyuziyamu ehamba phambili yomhlaba.
Ngawo-1920s, umdwebi wafunda izinkulumo ku-ART, eqhutshwa imibukiso e-US naseFrance, wahamba kakhulu. Ubhale imidwebo "seinezin" kanye "nenhlanzi yegolide", lapho ama-watercolor kanye nopende kawoyela kuhlangene khona.
I-glue kwakuyinkosi ekhiqizayo ngendlela engajwayelekile: Ngo-1933 yadala imisebenzi engama-500. Kodwa-ke, ngonyaka olandelayo inani lemidwebo lehlile kakhulu ngenxa yezinkinga zempilo ezingalindelekile. Umuzwa wokusondela waboniswa emisebenzini kaPaul: waqala ukusebenzisa imigqa enesibindi nenhlanganisela eyinqaba yokwakheka kwejometri. Ukushintshwa kwezinto ezinkulu nezincane, amathunzi amnyama futhi akhanyayo afanekisela umehluko wemizwa wethalente le-fuse.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Eminyakeni ye-Young, i-glue yahlukaniswa ngokuziphatha okulula. Uchithe isikhathi esiningi e-Pubs, lapho ajwayelana khona nabesifazane futhi waqala amanoveli. Izithelo zobudlelwano obunjalo kwakuyindodana engekho emthethweni, ezalwe ngonyaka we-1900 kwathi ngomufi ebuntwayo.
Ngo-1906, uPawulu wathatha umka-pianist waseBavaria lily Stampf, kwavela ingane emndenini, eyabizelwa uFeliksi.
Lo mbhangqwana uzinzile endaweni engaphansi kweMunich, futhi inqobo nje uma abasha abasha banikeza izifundo zangasese, ipulazi laholela eNdodana yakhe. Ukuze ingane maasters yamagilavu, ngokushesha yaba yingxenye yobuciko bokupenda. Kubalingiswa bokwenza okuhle, i-Clee yahlonipha uhlobo lokudlala ifomu nezindlela zokwakha ukwakheka.
Eminye imininingwane yempilo yomuntu womculi ayizange ibe impahla yomphakathi.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngokuza emandleni amaNazi, aholwa nguHitler Adhesi, waba ngumculi owesabekayo eJalimane. Ukucasha kusukela kumbuso, wathuthela eSwitzerland, kodwa akakaze athole isakhamuzi saleli lizwe.
Ukushona
Ngo-1934, uPawulu waba nezimpawu zokuqala zesifo esibulalayo, kwathi iminyaka engu-6, kwahlaselwa ubuhlungu ubuhlungu ngenxa yezikhathi zokuxolelwa.
Entwasahlobo yango-1940, uClee wayefinyelele endaweni ephezulu kakhulu, akakwazanga ukudweba futhi wacabanga njalo ngesiphetho esiseduze. Usizo lwafika ngoJuni 29. Umdwebi washona esifundeni saseSwitzerland. Odokotela bathi imbangela yokufa kwakuwukwenqaba izitho zangaphakathi ezicasulwe yi-scleroderma.
Umculi washiswa edolobheni laseLugano, nomlotha wakhe wagijimela emathuneni amathuna eBern.
Ngo-1997, inzalo kaClee yadluliselwa enkonzweni yesiko laseSwitzerland, imidwebo engama-700 yeNkosi, ngoba ukuchazwa kwayo kwakhiwa futhi kwabonisa isikhungo sombukiso, okuthiwa yi-Masters evelele.
Imidwebo
- Ngo-1913 - "eKatoshin"
- Ngo-1914 - "I-DED DOME DOME"
- 1919 - "Inyanga Egcwele"
- 1920 - "Ukuvuka kwabesifazane"
- 1920 - "Idolobha Elichithiwe"
- Ngo-1925 - "Izinhlanzi Zegolide"
- Ngo-1927 - "Indawo ekhethiwe"
- Ngo-1931 - "Ukukhanya nokuningi"
- Ngo-1937 - "I-Scense Landscape"
- 1940 - "Namanje impilo"