I-Biograge
I-Mstislav Rostropovich - Russian conductor ne-composer, isibalo somphakathi kanye nesibalo esibalulekile kubuciko bomculo wekhulu lamashumi amabili. Laureate of a amaphrimiyamu ahlukahlukene, umculi wabantu we-USSR kanye nomlingani waseGalina Vishnevskaya.Ubuntwana nentsha
Mstislav Rostropovich - Native Baku. Umculi wazalwa ngoMashi 27, 1927. Abazali bakhe babenobuhlobo nobuciko: Ubaba uLeopold Rostropovich wayengumuntu osebenza kumakhalekhukhwini, futhi umama uSophia Rostropovich - upiyano. Eminyakeni engu-4, umfana wadlala epiyano, ebhala ngokuzimela imiculo futhi athathe ukwakheka. Ngo-8, wafunda ukudlala ngoColle. Uthisha wokuqala wokuqomisana kwakunguYise.
Ngo-1932, umndeni wasuka eBaku eMoscow. Eminyakeni engu-7, uMstislav waba ngumfundi wesikole somculo. UGnesins, lapho afundisa khona ubaba wakhe. Ngiseyingane, umfana walandela uYise, efaka esikhundleni sezikhungo zemfundo, ngakho ngo-1937 bobabili abaculi bathuthela esikoleni somculo esifundeni saseSverdlovsky. Ikhonsathi ye-Debut yenzeka ngasikhathi sinye. UMstislav owenziwe esiteji ephelezelwa yi-Symphony Orchestra, ngokwenza i-batch enkulu evela emsebenzini weCamille Saint-Sansta.
Njengoba ngithole imfundo yasekondari, i-rostropovich yangena esikoleni endaweni elondoloziwe. Tchaikovsky. Iphupho lensizwa bekungukudala umculo. Kepha impi yayisithiyo ekusetshenzisweni. Lo mndeni wasuswa e-Orenburg, wabe esegqoka igama le-chkalov. Lapho eneminyaka engu-14, le nsizwa yaba ngumfundi wesikole sesitimela kanye nesikole somculo, lapho afundisa khona uyise. Lapha i-rostropovich yathuthukisa amakhonsathi okuqala.
Kamuva, insizwa ethile yahlala endlini ye-Opera, lapho yaqala khona ukubhala izingoma uPiano noCollo ngokusekelwa kanye nokwelulwa kweMikhail Stulaki. Ngo-1942, umculi osemusha waba yilungu lekhonsathi yokubika, lapho amelelwa khona njengomqambi nokwenza. Inkulumo ikhiqize i-furore. Ukuqomisana kulinganiselwe izilaleli, abagxeki kanye nezintatheli eziphawula umuzwa wokuvumelana, ukunambitheka komculo nethalente le-rostropovich.
Ngo-1943, umndeni wabaculi wabuyela eMosSOW, kwathi uMstislav waqala ukuqeqeshwa esikoleni e-Conservatory. Ukukhuthala nemizamo kwabona othisha abadlulisela insizwa enethalente kusuka esifundweni sesi-2.
Ngo-1946, i-rostropovich yathola idiploma ngokuhlonishwa kwezinto ezimbili ezikhethekile: umqambi kanye ne-cellist. UMstislav wabhalisa esikoleni sokuphothula iziqu, futhi waqedela izifundo zakhe, waba uthisha wabalondolozi baseMoscow naseSt. Petersburg. Iminyaka engu-26, wenza imisebenzi yokuhamba ngezinyawo, ekhulisa i-Ivan Monigratti, uNatalia Shakhovskaya, uNatalia Gutman, uDavid Gutman kanye nabanye abaculi.
Umculo
Ingxenye yesibili yawo-1940 yabekwa amakhonsathi e-rostropovich eKiev, eMinsk naseMoscow. Ukunqoba emiqhudelwaneni yamazwe aphesheya kwaletha impumelelo nodumo. Babevikelekile ngokubuka izivakashi emadolobheni aseYurophu nasemazweni ahlukahlukene omhlaba. Ukuqashelwa kwamazwe omhlaba kumculi osemusha weza ngokushesha.
I-Rostropovich ihlala ifuna ukuzithuthukisa. Engxoxweni, umculi uvame ukucaciswa ngalesi sikhathi ngesikhathi esifanele lapho "befuna ukudlala ngentshiseko." Njengomqambi kanye nomculi, uMstislav Leopoldovich wafunda izikolo, ukutolika amabhendi amaselula nabaqambi kanye nokusebenza kwabo ngabaculi.
Umkhosi "IPrague Spring" 1955 waletha i-rostropovich ekwamukeleni umculi we-Opera Galina Vishnevskaya. Lo mbhangqwana uvame ukwenziwa ndawonye: UGalina wahlabelela ngaphansi kokuhambisana ne-Mstislav. Umculi futhi owenziwe eChamber Ensemble noDavid Joocha naseSvyatoslav Richter. Ngo-1957, i-rostropovich yaphilwa njengomqhubi, ibambe i-premiere ye- "Eugene Oneginal" eBolshoi Theatre. Ukusebenza kwabanjwa nomshado futhi waletha impumelelo yezindlebe.
UMstislav LeopoldolOVich wayefuna kakhulu. Amandla ngokweqile nesifiso sokusebenzisa konke okukhulelwa okuphoqelelwe ukuhlanganisa imisebenzi yabafundi ngokuvakasha, amakhonsathi nokubhala izingoma ezintsha. IMaestro yayinombono wayo kukho konke okwenzeka emkhakheni womculo, futhi yathola nombono wayo mayelana nesimo sezenhlalo nezepolitiki ezweni. Akazange ashiye ithuba lokukhuluma ngokuqondene nezikhathi ezamkhathaza.
Ngo-1989, uMstislav Leopoldovich wakhuluma nesudi ye-Baha, eyigcwalisa ngensimbi yakhe esuka eBerlin Wall. Umqambi walwela ukulwa noshushiso luka-Ana Akhmatova, uJoseph Brodsky, u-Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Okokugcina waze wabeka indawo yokukhosela eDacha yakhe. Izenzo zikaRostropovich zabangela ukunganeliseki nengcindezi evela kuhulumeni.
Ukusayina kwesikhalazo kuMkhandlu Ophakeme we-USSR maqondana nokuxolelwa kweziboshwa nokuqedwa kwesigwebo sentambo ngo-1972 kwehlisa umculi womsebenzi eBolshoi Theatre. Wavinjelwa uhambo lwangaphandle. I-Rostropovich neVishnevskaya abasamemisi i-metropolitan orchestras ukuba benze.
UMstislav Leopoldovich wathola ukutholwa kwe-visa futhi nomndeni wakhe washiya i-USSR, eshiyile e-United States. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4, umngane wakhe noshade naye bayikhalela ubuzwe be-USSR ngenxa ye-antipatrism. Lesi sikhathi sasinzima kumqambi. Kwakungekho okwenziwa ekuqaleni. Kancane kancane, waqala ukunika amakhonsathi futhi wathola isikhundla soMqondisi wobuciko eWashington Symphony Orchestra.
Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-16 yokuphila phesheya, i-rostropovich yayingumqambi, umqhubi kanye no-cellist, owaziwa emhlabeni wonke. Uhulumeni wase-USSR wabe sekwephuzile kuye kanye ne-Vishnevian Return of Citizenbation, kepha abaculi abesifiki besikhathi 'baba yizakhamizi zezwe', futhi lolu phawu lwalufanekiselwa kubo.
Ku-rostropovich neVishnevskaya, iminyango yavulwa kunoma yimaphi amazwe. Benze eMoscow e-par namanye amadolobha. I-Putch 1991 yaphoqa indoda ukuthi ibambe iqhaza esiphethweni sezwe. Wasekela kakhulu izinguquko ezihlongozwayo. Ngo-1993, umculi nomndeni wakhe bathuthela eSt.
I-repertoire yeMstislav Rostropovich yayinkulu. Wenza uSololy nasemhlanganweni, wasebenza ne-orchestra ye-symphony futhi wayengumqhubi we-opera. Kwakugxilwe kuwo wonke umhlaba womculo. Abaqambi abangaphezu kuka-60 babhale bamsebenzela, banethemba lokuthi iMaestro izofeza ukwakheka kwabo. URostropovich wayengowokuqala owenza ama-cello angaphezu kuka-100 abenze imisebenzi engama-70 nge-orchestra. Ithuluzi lomculi elizwakala ezigcawini zomhlaba wonke ezinhle kakhulu.
Kwenziwa i-rostropovich njengento "yentokazi ephakeme" ekhiqizwa e-United States, "uMlobokazi WaseTsarist" eMonam, "Lady Macbeth" eJalimane, eHovanchina eMoscow. Umculi ubuye waqopha amakhonsathi emsakazweni. Ngokufaneleka kweMaestro, kwethulwa amaStalisast kanye neLenin. Ngo-1966, i-rostropovich yaba ngumculi wabantu be-USSR. I-Mstislav Leopoldovich - umnikazi wemiklomelo emi-5 "Grammy". Ngo-2003, umklomelo wanikezwa "umsebenzi owengeziwe."
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ukujwayelana okujabulisayo noGalina Vishnevskaya kwashintsha impilo yaseMstislav Rostropovich. Bahlangane nakwelinye lamasu lapho umculi, njengenjwayelo, wayenesithukuthezi embuthanweni wezivakashi futhi washaya izintokazi. Ebona uGalina, uMstislav akazange asuke kuye kusihlwa, ebangela. Ngemuva kwalokho wahambisana nokuvakasha ePrague, ezama kanzima ukunqoba ubuhle bekhono. Le ndoda yayineminyaka engama-28, kepha ingalona elingaphelele lesimo, izingilazi ezinkulu nokuvela ebusheni bakaLysin baphoqelelwa ukuba yinkimbinkimbi.
IVishnevskaya ngaleso sikhathi icwebezela yonke indawo futhi yayiseduze nenkazimulo. I-Rostropovich yanqoba inhliziyo yakhe ngokuziphatha okuhle, ukunakwa nobuhlakani. Umqambi wacela umculi ukuthi abe ngumkakhe ezinsukwini ezi-4 ngemuva kokuthandana. UVishnevskaya wahlukana nonkosikazi wakhe uMark Ruby ukuba naye.
Sishadile, umbhangqwana wawuhlala umbhangqwana isikhashana nomndeni wakwaMstuslava, kodwa ngokushesha wawathola efulethini lakhe. Impilo yomuntu siqu yeRostropovich yajabula: ngo-1956, owakwakho owazalela indodakazi ka-Olga. Umculi wawusukulungele ukubeka umhlaba wonke emilenzeni ye-GALIINA, enikeza uboya, imimoya nezinye izinto ezimangazayo.
Izipho umqambi alethwe ngohambo eNgilandi, lapho wasindisa khona imali ukuze athokozise isithandwa sakhe, ngoba ingxenye yezimali imali yayifanele inikezwe inxusa laseSoviet. Umphefumlo womqambi wawuphikisana nemithetho kahulumeni eyayihlanza ngayo. Ngesinye isikhathi wathenga i-wand Chinese Vase wamhlephula enxusa, enikela ukuhlanganyela izingcezwana e- "mine" kanye "neyakho."
Ngo-1958, indodakazi yesibili u-Elena yavela ukukhanya. Ubaba uqapha abesifazane bakhe. Wayeganwe nezingane ngomculo futhi wachitha sonke isikhathi sakhe samahhala ezithandekayo. I-Idyll yomndeni yephule ukufuduka e-United States. Umndeni wabhekana nokuntuleka kwezimali, ubuciko kanye nezepolitiki opal.
Kodwa-ke, impilo entsha yasheshe yenza abashadikazi bacebe futhi bakhululekile. I-Rostropovich yaba yi-knight yokuhleleka koMbuso WaseBrithani, yathola ukuhleleka kweLegion ehlonishwayo evela eFrance kanye nesiphambano sephoyisa ukuze i-Germany. I-Association yaseJapan yezobuciko yethule umqhubi kumklomelo wombusi, e-USA - indondo kaMongameli, naseSweden - i-oda le-Polar Star.
Ukubuyela eRussia, eRostropovich, vele i-Patron, isishoshovu samalungelo abantu kanye nesibalo somphakathi, asibonisanga indawo kanye nama-snob. Ukwabiwa kwe-Patus kukhethwa ukulalela izingane ezikoleni ezijwayelekile, kuhlale kuvumelana nesithombe nabalandeli, azange senqabe noma yiziphi izicelo. Okomculi, kwakungekho mehluko ezizweni ezihlasela amaqiniso e-biography - waphatha konke ngokuqonda nangokuhlonipha.
Ukushona
Ngo-2007, impilo ye-maestro yawohloka. Wangeniswa esibhedlela amahlandla amaningi. Odokotela bathola isimila esibuhlungu esibindini. Kwenziwa umsebenzi, okwakuthembisa ukwenziwa ngcono, kepha umqambi wobumbano obuthakathaka wawungaphuthumi ukululama.
Ngo-Ephreli 27, 2007, umculi onobuhlakani awuzange. Imbangela yokufa yayiyisifo nemiphumela yokuvuselelwa kabusha. Kuze kube umzuzu wokugcina, izihlobo nabantu abaseduze babenaye.
Ukukhumbula
Ukufa kukaMstislav Rostropovich akuzange kuvikele ukuthuthukiswa kwamaphrojekthi akhulelwe. Abangani abasezingeni eliphakeme kanye nabantu obajwayele ukwesekwa amacala aqale ngaye ngesikhathi sokuphila. Ngakho-ke, isikole ngo-2004 eValencia sisebenza futhi manje. Ngenkumbulo yomqambi, umkhosi wonyaka wabahloli abasebasha ubanjelwe, waqanjwa ngokuthi udumo lwakhe.
Umqhubi wesifundo wasungula isikhwama esekela abafundi abanesiphiwo abanezibonelelo kanye nezifundo. Namuhla, umholi wakhe yindodakazi ka-Olga. "IVishnevskaya ROSTROPOPOVOPOVOVICH CHAUNDE Foundation ingumnikelo wabaculi ekwakhiweni kwemithi yasekhaya, esekela indodakazi ka-Elena.
EMoscow, eBryusov Lane, kusungulwe itshe lesikhumbuzo. Ukuhlonipha umculo odumile izikhungo eziningana zemfundo zeRussia zibizwa ngegama.
Imiklomelo nezihloko
- 1951 - Stalinsky degree II umklomelo
- 1955 - Umculi ohlonishwayo we-RSFSR
- Ngo-1964 - Umklomelo weLenin
- Ngo-1964 - Umculi wabantu we-RSFSR
- Ngo-1966 - Umdwebi wabantu we-USSR
- Ngo-1991 - Umklomelo wombuso we-RSFSR ogama lakhe linguM. I. Glinka
- 1995 - Umklomelo wombuso weRussia Federation