Yize umuntu esibonelweni sokusika komuntu ngamunye uqiniseke kaningi ukuthi izinto zensimbi ziyakwazi ukuba zizonke futhi azisindayo, okufanayo, i-Metal ibonakala ingeyokugcina njengethonya lamabutho angaphandle, futhi ngenxa yesisindo esihlaba umxhwele.
Kodwa-ke, le ndatshana izoxoxwa ngayo ngezinsimbi ezilula emhlabeni: yiziphi izakhiwo abanazo, ngoba zisetshenziswa ini nokuthi abahleli bazotshela i-24cm.
Titanium (ti)
Kuvulwe ekugcineni kwekhulu le-XVIII bese kufakwa ngokushesha etafuleni lesikhathi se-mendeleev ngaphansi kwenombolo engama-22 yento yamakhemikhali yombala wesiliva ngo-47,867 a. e. m. (Iyunithi ye-Atomic of Mass) kanye nobuningi bama-4,5 g / cm ^ 3 wehluka ngamandla ahlaba umxhwele.
Futhi phakathi kwezindawo zensimbi ethola isimo esiqinile kakhulu kusuka kokusetshenziswa okusetshenzisiwe, sabela ukumelana okuhle kakhulu kokulwa nokugqwala. Lokhu futhi kuyiqiniso kuma-alloys atholwe ngesisekelo se-titanium, ngezimpawu zawo zamandla ezinhlamvu zokugcina ngisho nasemazingeni okushisa akwi-300 ° C, okubenza babaluleke kakhulu esikhathini esikhona njengamanje.
Igama elibizayo ukuhlonipha ama-titans avela kwi-Mythology ye-Mythology yasendulo liphakathi kwezinto eziyishumi ezivame kakhulu emvelweni, amadiphozi akhe avulekile kuwo wonke amazwekazi, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iRussia ihlala ekuqoqweni kwama-ores ngokuqukethwe kwento ebhekwana indawo yesibili emhlabeni ngemuva kwe-PRC.
Ngaphezu kwezimboni ezishiwo vele, ama-alloys we-titanium afunwa embonini yamakhemikhali, amakhemikhali, wezimoto kanye nezokuvikela, kanye nasekukhiqizweni kokudla kanye nezolimo. Ngenxa yokungena kwayo, titanium ngaphandle kwezinkinga uyakwazi ukuxhumana nezicubu zezinto eziphilayo, ngaphandle kokubangela ukusabela okunobungozi kwamakhemikhali, ngakho-ke kusetshenziswe ngenkuthalo kwezokwelapha, kuqala ngama-prosthetics kanye nokuphela kokufakwa kwamathuluzi okuhlinza.
I-Aluminium (Al)
I-Aluminium isho izinsimbi ezivame kakhulu ezingezinhle. Ngaphandle ngo-1825 nangaphambi kokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza izimboni, kwakuyigugu ukwedlula igolide, into enenombolo ye-athomu 13 kanye nesisindo ngo-26.982 a. e. m. Inobude be-2.7 g / cm ^ 3 futhi ihlukaniswa ngokuba khona kwezindawo ze-paramagnetic, yize ibuthakathaka.
Kwenziwa kahle ukushisa nogesi, akukuhlekisi ukuvezwa kokugqwala, kepha kungaphansi kwemishini, kufaka phakathi ukuguquguquka kalula. Ama-alloys asuselwa kuleli nsimbi ekhanyayo abonakala ngoPlastity, amandla anelisayo futhi awakwazi ukuba nokugqwala, futhi afakwe kahle.
Ngokwe-Estarence emhlabeni, i-aluminium isendaweni yokuqala phakathi kwezinsimbi nakwesithathu phakathi kwezinto zamakhemikhali zethebula lesikhathi, zithela umoya-mpilo kuphela no-silicon. Izimayini zayo zenziwa emazweni angaphezu kwe-15, abaholi bohlobo lwabo abangamaChina, iRussia neCanada. I-World Eskords yale nto ngezinye izikhathi idlula isidingo samanje sohlelo lokusebenza.
Isigaba sokusebenzisa i-aluminium nama-alloys ngokususelwa kulolu ndaba lubanzi. Lokhu kungumbukiso we-ferrous, nama-protechnics, asetshenziswa ngisho nokwenziwa kobucwebecwebe ngaleso sikhathi, lapho bekuyinani elihlukile ngenxa yenqubo ebalulekile yezobuchwepheshe. EJapan, isetshenziswa kulesi simo kuze kube manje, ifaka esikhundleni kwesinye isikhathi isiliva ebucwebecwebe.
Wonke umuntu uyazi ngezitsha namadivayisi wokusika kuleli nsimbi, kepha asebenzisa ama-alloys asetshenziswa kakhulu njengezinto zokwakha, ezinezici ezidingekayo maqondana namandla. I-Aluminium yengezwa ku- "automatic sensimbi" ukwenza lula ukucubungula - ngenxa yalokho, kutholakala ngokucacile ukuphuma kwento enduku yengxenye ngemuva kokuqedwa kokucutshungulwa.
Beryllium (be)
Ngokungafani nalawo owedlule, le metal, etholakala etafuleni lamakhemikhali e-Nombolo 4, ihlukaniswa ngombala onsundu, kanye nokwenyusa ubuthi. Kuboniswa ukugcwala kobulukhuni bokuqhathanisa, i-aluminium ephakeme ye-aluminium nezinkomba ze-magnesium. Density - 1.8 g / cm ^ 3. I-Atomic Mass - amayunithi ayi-9 ekhabhoni.
Kuvulwe ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XVIII, ngefomu layo elihlanzekile kutholwa kuqala ngemuva kweminyaka engama-30 kuphela, ngo-1828. Igama lakhe lalizuzwa njengelifa kusuka eBeryllary yeminerali, naye, igama elibophekile edolobheni laseNdiya laseBeluru, elidume nge-Emeralds Deposit - Amatshe ayigugu, okuwuhlobo lokuzalwa okukhulu.
I-Beryllium ivame ukutholakala ekwakhiweni kwamaminerali anemibala emnyama, kanye nasemadwaleni agwini. I-Deposits equkethe le mota itholakala endaweni yaseNingizimu Melika nase-Afrika. Izwekazi lase-Eurasi liphinde likhiqize, ikakhulukazi eNdiya, eKazakhstan naseRussia, ngaphakathi kwemingcele yazo izinkambu ezimbili - esifundeni saseSverdlovsk naseBeryDlovsk naseBerydlovsk.
Insimbi isetshenziswa ekuhambeni kwama-alloys njengesengezo esenza izinto ezitholwe ziqinile, ezihlala isikhathi eside futhi zimelana nokugqwala. Ukukhishwa okubuthakathaka kwe-X-ray beryllium kuyivumela ukuthi uyisebenzise lapho kudala imishini yokuthola i-Gamma Ray. Kusebenza futhi kumandla enuzi njengomongameli we-neutron. I-Beryllium Alloys isetshenziswa kubuchwepheshe be-aerospeace kanye nokwenziwa kwama-laser embitters.
Futhi, insimbi iqhutshwa kahle ngamagagasi omsindo, ngenxa yalokho okusetshenziswa ngayo ekwakhiweni kwamadivayisi we-acoustic, noma kunjalo, ngenxa yobunzima bokwelashwa okuphezulu, ukuqeda izimfanelo ezingezinhle, kufaka phakathi ubuthi, okubandakanya ubuthi, izakhi ezenziwe ngesisekelo zalo ziyehluka phakathi izindleko. Imelela ingozi kumuntu - ukunqwabelana emzimbeni, kuholele ekulimaleni okukhulu kwezitho zokuphefumula, futhi kubonakaliswa futhi ngumphumela we-carcinogenic oshiwo.
I-Magnesium (MG)
Itholakala etafuleni le-mendeleev ngaphansi kwegumbi le-12 lenza insimbi nge-atomic isisindo 24.307 a. e. m. kanye nobukhulu baka-1.7 g / cm ^ 3 waqala ukutholwa okokuqala ngefomu lawo elihlanzekile ngo-1808. Plastic futhi kulula ukucindezela nokusika.
Ibonakala iphuzu eliphakeme eliphakeme (650 ° C) nokuphikiswa kokugqwala. Lapho wenza ama-alloys asuselwa ku-magnesium, izici zemishini zensimbi zinyuka kakhulu, zikhulisa kakhulu ubukhulu balolu hlobo lwezinto zokwakha.
Into ifakiwe ohlwini lwaseMhlabeni ovame kakhulu emhlabeni futhi yenzeka zombili emgogodleni nasemanzini asolwandle, njengomthetho, ekwakhekeni kwama-usawoti kanye namaminerali. Imali yemvelo ye-magnesium yendabuko ayivamile kakhulu - i-pair yalokho itholakala eRussia, empumalanga yeSiberia, naseTajikistan. Umholi eMagnesium Production ngo-2020 ubhekwa njenge-United States.
Isetshenziswa kakhulu ukuthola zonke izinhlobo zama-alloys, ukukhanya nokukhanya, okusetshenziselwa ukusetshenziselwa izindiza kanye nomkhakha wezimoto. Futhi, ngenxa yezakhiwo ezivuthayo, zisetshenziswa kuma-protechnics nalapho kudala imicibisholo yokuphunyuka nokukhanyisa embonini yezokuvikela.
Ngaphandle kwe-powder ye-magnesium enezithasiselo zama-oxidizing agents, bekungeke kwenzeke isithombe - yize ngokuqhathaniswa nokukhanya kwe-magnesium esedlule kusetshenziswa kaningi, isidingo sabo sisagcinwa. Futhi, ama-magnesium abhekisela ezintweni ezibalulekile empilweni ejwayelekile yomzimba nokugeleza kwezinqubo ze-metabolic, ukuze izidakamizwa ezisuselwa ku-metabology zisetshenziswa kwezokwelapha - ku-cardiology, neurology kanye nokulwa nokuphazamiseka kwe-gastroenterological.
Lithium (li)
Ngakho-ke kwafika ecaleni elilula kakhulu emhlabeni. Ubukhulu be-lithium, elisetafuleni lesikhathi obusendaweni engaphansi kwenombolo 3, ingu-0.5 g / cm ^ 3, okungaphansi kwalesi sibonisi emanzini, ngakho-ke i-lithium emsulwa ayicwili. Isisindo se-athomu se-element kusuka ku-6.398 kuye ku-6.997 a. e. m. Ngokuya nge-isotope. Kuvulwe ngo-1817, futhi efweni lensimbi litholwe unyaka nje.
Kuboniswa ngokukhulisa umsebenzi wamakhemikhali ngakho-ke ngokwemvelo amafomu amafomu anzima. Ipulasitiki, icutshungulwe kahle ngokugoqa bese ucindezela. Umbala - isiliva. Ekushiseni kwekamelo okunomoya-mpilo uphendula buthaka buthaka. Ukulahla kwenzeka ku-300 ° C.
Emvelweni, kutholakala kumaminerali aqala ukufuya nakuma-deposited amachibi anokuqukethwe okuqinile kosawoti. Phakathi kwamadiphozi athuthukisiwe yi-chilean edumile kunazo zonke, e-Australia nase-Argentinean, yize kukhona labo abasensimini yamanye amazwe, kufaka phakathi iChina. ERussia, ukunqwabelana okuyinhloko kwamadwala anokuqukethwe kwe-lithium - esifundeni saseMurmansk. Ezweni kusukela ngo-2017, lisebenza ngefomethi yokuhlola ukuze kukhishwe insimbi kusuka kokuqukethwe okuphansi kwento, ngenxa yokuthi inqubo kungenzeka ngezindleko ezincane zezezimali nezabasebenzi.
Ama-lithium usawoti asetshenziswa lapho enza imishini ye-laser nama-optics, njengama-opidizing agents kanye nokunciphisa ama-ejenti ku-HIMPROM, kanye nasezimbonini ezahlukahlukene, okubandakanya nezindwangu (njengezimbobo), ukudla okuhlosiwe. I-Lithium Alloys isetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwabaqhubi abasebenza kahle kakhulu, kufaka phakathi ama-anode adingekayo nge-electrolysis.
Into futhi iyasetshenziswa lapho kudala amabhethri, kufaka phakathi i-alkali, hhayi kuphela isimo esiqinile. Ngama-Lithium amancane e-lithium, umzimba womuntu uyadliwa, ngoba uhilelekile ku-metabolism, futhi futhi kuthinta ukuthokozela ngokomzwelo okungokomzwelo nokuzivikela komzimba.