I-Biograge
Omunye wabafundisi bokuqala abaseshashalazini - ama-avant-gardeists eSoviet Union, eyayibeka engcupheni esebenzisa indlela ye-groteesque kubuciko obuhle futhi idale uhlelo olusebenzayo lwe- "Biomechanics". I-Vsevolod Meyerhold futhi namuhla ihlala isibonelo sefilimu neyemidlalo yeshashalazi, engafuni ukwazi ubuhlakani bayo ohlelweni olujwayelekile.
Ngokuka-Evgenia Vakhtangov, Meyerhold "wanika izimpande yaseshashalazini yesikhathi esizayo." Empilweni yakhe, wabizwa ngokuthi i-Master kanye neWizard yethiyetha. Kepha ubulungiswa ngeze bungakhohlwa ukuthi uMatra unokugxeka okwanele. Othandekayo Eseshatweni Yomgwaqo Wezemidlalo uNemirovich-Dachenko wabheka izivivinyo kanye nokuvuvukala kozakwana osemusha ngokungabaza.
Ubuntwana nentsha
UKarl Casimir Theodore Myermold wazalwa - lo mqondisi uzwakala njengendawo azalelwa kuyo, emndenini omkhulu we-winemaker Emilia myIergold. Lesi sitshalo saletha umndeni wamaJalimane anobuzwe - ingcebo yamaLuthere, kodwa hhayi injabulo. U-Alvina Danilovna, uMaerhold mama, wabeletha ingane yesishiyagalombili neyokugcina - indodana kaCharles, yahlaselwa umyeni wayo odelelayo nokukhashelwa kwakhe, ayengazange ayifihle.
Ubuntwana kanye ne-meyerhold encane badlula ePhenza. Lapha nanamuhla ukwakhiwa kwe-2nd Gymnasium kugcinwe, lapho athola khona uMqondisi wolwazi. Wafunda karl kabi, wayesuka kathathu ngonyaka wesibili. Esikhundleni seminyaka engu-8, indodana yomfuyi wewayini igcwele i-granite sayensi 11. Ukuphela kwenhlangano yale nsizwa eyayibizwa ngokuthi izifiso zanelisa umama kubantu abadala bedolobha. Izilungiselelo zokuqala eziseshashalazini zeKarl saw esiteji sasekhaya.
Okwengeziwe i-biography yama-charles afaka amaqiniso athakazelisayo. Wabeka umdlandla wokuqala wama-amateur ngo-18. Usuku lwe-premiere lwalujabule futhi lwajabula futhi luyangilinyazwa: NgoFebhuwari 14, 1892, kwasungulwa i-biography ye-meyerhold, kodwa ngalolo suku kwaba okokugcina empilweni yenhloko yomndeni. Khansela i-Premiere yendodana yendodana futhi akazange acabange.
Ku-21, le nsizwa yagcina yahlukana nesikhathi esedlule, yamukelwa yi-Orthodoxy futhi yashintsha igama lapho izigidi zamaziyo namuhla. EVSEVOLOD, waba, enikeza intela kadoti wakhe amthandayo.
Ngo-1895, uVsevolod Meyerhold waya eMoscow wangena eyunivesithi ngokukhetha ubuqili. Ngemuva konyaka, waqonda ukuthi imithetho eqotho ibikhathele ngaye, futhi yaphosa iNyuvesi.
Uvivinyo esikoleni esimangalisa umculo, vula i-Metropolitan Philharmonic, i-vsevolod yaphela nge-glitter: Abahloli abathintwe ithalente kanye nentuthuko yePenza Nugget, babhalise kwikhosi yesi-2.
Ithiyeta
I-Vsevolod Meyerhold "yagula" inkundla yaseshashalazini ayizange ibonge kuphela kunina - umbono omkhulu kule nsizwa yenza ukudlala "i-Othello", okulethwa nguKonstantin Stanislavsky. Umqondisi waba isithombe se-vsevolod impilo.
Eminyakeni yabafundi, uVladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko wathonya iTelented Penzeza, eyama uphawu lomfundi othobekile. Uthisha wabika noMqondisi uhlela ngokudala inkundla yemidlalo yeshashalazi eNtabeni inhloko-dolobha, esiteji sawo ayezohoxa amawadi akhe.
Ngemuva kokuphothula esikoleni, uVsevolod Meyerhold wajoyina eTaroupe of MHT. Umqondisi wamnika indima kaHamlet, vasily Shusyy, Tsar John. Ama-workshops afakwa emisebenzini kaShakespeare neChekhov. Izolo, umfundi ekuqaleni adlale ngentshiseko, emhle kakhulu ezithombeni zamaqhawe ahlukahlukene, kepha wawanele kuphela izinkathi ezi-4.
Ukunakekelwa kusuka ku-MHT Actor kuchazele ugqozi olujabulisayo, kepha abezingobhethi bezingogasi babiza esinye isizathu: UNemirovich-Dachenko akazange azethule iMeyerhold embuthanweni wabaninimasheya weshashalazi entsha. Futhi emculweni kakhulu, ngipholile, ngibona ngendlela yakhe yomdlalo weSupbar noBesyatitsa.
I-Vsevolod ecasulwe i-vsevolod kwesokunxele i-mHT enomlingani ka-Alexander Kosheverev. Abadlali baya e-Outback - Kherson, lapho bahlela khona inkundla yemidlalo yeshashalazi.
Esifundazweni, imisebenzi yaseMeyerold yaphola, kepha abalandeli nabo batholakale. Isikhathi sethiyetha saqala ngoSepthemba 1902.
Ekuqaleni, ukusebenza kwabonakala kuthi "Kubhalwe phansi" kusuka ezitatimendeni ze-MHT, kodwa ngokushesha ababukeli abalalele baphawula "ukubhala ngesandla" komqondisi. UVsevolod Meyerhold, ngokungafani ne-Idol Stanislavsky, akugcizelelwa kudokotela wezengqondo nokugcwala kwangaphakathi komdlalo, kodwa ngeplastiki, ezokuzijabulisa.
UStanislavsky, owezwa ngempumelelo yeMeyerhold eKherson, wanikeza uzakwethu osemusha ukuba abuyele enhlokodolobha futhi ajoyine iTroupe eyakhiwe ngesisekelo se-MHT Theatre, ebheke kuye kanye neNemirovich-Dachenko. UVsevolod wavuma ngokushesha waphuthuma eMoscow.
Kodwa-ke, esigabeni sedolobha elikhulu, i-vsevolod meyerhold yabeka kuphela imisebenzi emi-3. Futhi uma uStanislavsky amukele okusha kozakwethu ngokucabanga, uNemirovich-Dachenko akazisoli ngokubhuqa. Ngo-1905, umqondisi kwadingeka abuyele eKherson.
Inhlanhla yamamatheka futhi uMeyerold: ngonyaka owedlule wasebenza eSt. Petersburg, lapho ngabiza khona i-Pima Vera Commissioner. Ngokusho komlingisi odumile, umqondisi walingisa inkundla yaseshashalazini e-Officer kanti isizini yethule izithameli 13 ukusebenza. Lapha, i-avant-garde yamukela umdlandla.
Emisebenzini engu-1908 ye-Vsevolod Meyerhold, ngisho nasesigabeni sethiyetha, kuze kube muva nje kubhekwe njengento elondolozekile - i-Alexandrinsky.
Induna yokusebenza kokugcina kwangaphambi kokuguqulwa kwe-Meyerhold yabanjwa ngoFebhuwari wephuzu lokuguqula ngo-1917. Umama wabeka lemonitovsky masquerade.
I-Vsevolod Meyerhold eneminyaka engama-43 ubudala yamukela umdlandla. "Uyise wethiyetha yaseshashalazini", njengoba ebizwa ngokuthi, esebenzisana ngokuzithandela nohulumeni omusha futhi ngaphandle kokulibala kwaba yilungu le-WFB.
Esiteji kwakungu-Mystery-Buff, uVladimir Mayakovsky, indawo eyakhelwa yi-Kazimir Malevich. Ngokubambisana neMayakovsky, i-Alexander Block, uNathan Altman nabanye abameleli bamasiko, uMeyerhold bathola nozwela lwemibono yenguquko kanye nabaholi abasha.
Ngo-1920, i-State Theatre yavula umnyango enhlokodolobha, eyathola igama loMqondisi. Kufunyese kwabizwa ngokuthi izivakashi. Esiteji sakhe, kwakukhona okwenziwa emisebenzini yalabo abathatha umyalo omusha wababhali - uYuri Oleshi, u-Ilya Ehrenburg, uNikolai Erd Drenman, noNilyai Erdman.
Vakashela ithiyetha waba uZinaida Reich, owaphela inkanyezi uMaria Babanov. Ngenxa yezingxabano ezibucayi ezithandekayo nomqondisi we-babanova, kanye nengxenye yesithathu yamaqembu amaqembu ashiye inyathi yemidlalo yeshashalazi. Icala alikho ePharadesi kuphela - intukuthelo nentukuthelo ehlanekezelwe yayihlukile futhi yaphenduka yena uqobo, owama esiteji noma iyiphi inkululeko futhi angabekezeleli umbono womunye umuntu.
Kunemibono yokuthi u-Alexei Tolstoy, wakha indaba yakhe edumile enhle ngePinocchio, wabona i-prototype yeKarabas-Barabas ngokuqondile meyerhold, lapho abaculi ababeyizilwane. Uhlobo lwepapa oluhle uCarlo lubhekwa njengeStanislavsky.
I-Vsevolod Emilevich izame amandla ne-cinema. E-akhawunti yakhe engu-3 yefilimu, lapho azibonisa khona njengoMqondisi noMlingisi. Ku-Ribbon "eveza imidwebo kaDorian Grey" wadlala inkosi uHenry.
Ukwethembeka emandleni akuzange kube "yidiploma elivikelayo" le-matra - maphakathi nawo-1930s phezu kwekhanda lakhe laqina amafu. Waqagela ikusasa lakhe, kepha akazange asebenzise lelo thuba ukuthutha, ukwenqaba ukuhlala eParis phakathi nohambo.
Ebusika bango-1936, iphephandaba elithi "Iqiniso" lishicilele isihloko esibizwa ngokuthi "Supbur esikhundleni somculo." I-Opera "Lady Macbeth Mtsensky County" iye yagxekwa, ihlinzekwa nguDmitry Shostakovich, kanye nama-aesthetics akhe kanye ne- "Levatsky Art", kusolwa ukuthi aphike ukuthi kulula nobuqiniso. Futhi wonke lo mbhali wabiza ngokuthi "Meyerholdeschina".
Ehlobo lonyaka ofanayo, isihloko sabaculi babantu base-USSR sanikezwa uStanislavsky, Nemirovich-danchenko, Kachalov, Moskvin. Uhlu lwe-meyerold olunikezwe aluzange luphume. Umqondisi uphuthume ukufakazela ukuthi 'wayenguye ", owawusethembekile emandleni. Esiteji, bekukhona okwenziwa ngedolobha elihlanganyelwe epulazini, amaqhawe amasha axoshwa.
Kodwa-ke, lesi simangaliso asizange senzeke: NgoJanuwari 1938, izivakashi zavalwa. Kumqondisi obonwe nalowo owayenonya futhi ongasebenzi, bonke ababemdumise ngaphambili futhi babeziqhenya ngomuntu engimaziyo. Ubudlelwano neBoris Pasternak, abaculi nababhali abaningana bahlala befana.
NgoMeyi, uStanislavsky welula isandla sosizo lweVSEVOLOD Meyerhold, ukuqoka umqondisi oholwa yindlu ye-Opera.
Ukufa kothisha kanye nesithombe ekuqaleni kuka-August Meyerhold kwabonakala njengedrama yomuntu siqu kanye nebheji lezinkinga. NgoJuni 1939 waboshwa.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Oshade naye wokuqala ka-Olga Mint uluthando lwesikole lwe-vsevolod Emilevich, lapho ashada khona naphezu kwentando kamama ngonyaka wokuqala wenyuvesi - waletha umyeni wakhe emadodakazini amathathu. Abalingani bahlala enhlokodolobha, endlini nge-Novinsky Boulevard.
Ngowesifazane wangaphambili uSergei Yeenina Zinaida uReich Matt wahlangana eNarkomPros, lapho asebenza khona njengonobhala. Umeme ubuhle ukuba abe ngumhlangano wezemidlalo oshayelayo, owaholwa.
U-Olga Mount wasabela kowesifazane osemusha owayenezingane ezimbili ezincane zikaEreNinin ezandleni zakhe, enozwela, amukele ngemfudumalo ekhaya labo. Ehlobo lika-1922, ama-milts nezingane zaya eningizimu. Lapho ngibuya kokunye, ngabona leyo reich yahlala endlini. U-Olga kwadingeka afune indawo yokuhlala entsha.
Kamuva, indodakazi kaZinaida Reich - UTatiana Yeenin - ezimkhumbuleni zakhe empeleni wabhala ukuthi umama akazange azwe uthando ngoMama otholwayo. Bahlenge ukuthi inyunyana ne-Theatre Madrah, owahola inkundla yemidlalo yeshashalazi, wavula umnyango wezwe laseBohemia.
Eminyakeni engu-5-6 kamuva, uReich waba muva nje kwethiyetha. Kepha impilo yabalingani kunzima ukuyibiza ngokuthi ichume: Babedlala umbhangqwana ophelele kubantu, kepha izinkanuko zikaShakespeare zaphakanyiswa ngemuva kweminyango evaliwe.
Ukushona
UZinaida Reich wabulawa ngesihluku ezinsukwini ezingama-25 ngemuva kokuboshwa kukaMeyerhold. Izigebengu zangena efasiteleni futhi zabangela owesifazane onxebana lwezinhlamvu eziyi-17 zommese.
Ngokusho kokunye kokucatshangelwa, abaphangi baphuthunyiswe endlini, ababona owesifazane wabo owayeqala ukukhala. Kwabanye, ukubulawa kwafihlwa njengokuphanga. Kusolwa ukuthi i-NKVD yaphindisela ngePharadesi ngeqiniso lokuthi ngesikhathi sokuboshwa komlingani asola abaphathi abasolwa ngokubulawa kukaJeren.
UVsevolod Meyerhold wasinda ekankosikazi wakhe: ngemuva kokuhlukunyezwa okunesihluku, wasolwa ngokusebenza ejele laseJapan. NgoFebhuwari 1940 wadutshulwa kwelinye lamagumbi aphansi eLubyanka. Uthuli lushiswe ebhuleni elijwayelekile eDon Monastery.
Ngokwamanye ulwazi, imbangela yokushona komqondisi yayiminza emgqonyeni ngokungcola. Ngaphambi kwalokhu meyerhold, owashiya umlingani wasolwandle kozakwabo, waphula iminwe yabo ezandleni zabo. Esithombeni esigciniwe sejele, kungabonakala ukuthi i-vsevolod Emilevich isifikile kanjani futhi yakhishwa emikhunjini yejele.
Umzukulu waMeyerhold, uMaria Valentine, maphakathi nawo-1950s afakwe ethuneni likaZinaida Reich emathuneni amaVagankovsky, isikhumbuzo esivamile lapho igama lomkhulu lashaqelwa khona. Ngo-1956 wakuthola kuvuselelwa umqondisi. Mayelana nendawo yokungcwatshwa kwakhe, uValentine wafunda ngo-1987 kuphela.
Maphakathi nawo-1980s, izwe likanina likanina lathola isikhungo sobuciko bezemidlalo ebizwa ngokuthi "indlu yeMeyerhold".
Imidlalo yaseshashalazini
- Ngo-1906 - "I-Balant"
- 1917 - "Masquerade"
- 1918 - "Imfihlakalo-Buff"
- Ngo-1921 - "Union of Thebusha"
- 1922 - "Gnam Cardridge"
- 1922 - "Ukufa kweTatelki"
- 1924 - "Mfundisi Babi"
- 1926 - "Roe, China"
- 1929 - "klop"
- 1930 - "Banya"
- 1931 - "Umseshi wokugcina"
- 1933 - "Isingeniso"
- Ngo-1934 "Inenekazi elineCamellias"
- Ngo-1935 - "33 Ukuphela KAKHULU"
- 1935 - "Isimenywa Setshe"