I-Biograge
Umlobi wamaNgisi uMorry Shelly waba odumile njengoMdali wenoveli "Frankenstein, noma i-Prometheus yanamuhla." I-biography yayo ifana ne-monster uDkt Viktor Frankenstein: eqoqwe kusuka ezikhathini ezijabulisayo, izinkathazo ezidabukisayo nezehlakalo ezibuhlungu. Lona ngowesifazane owangcwaba umyeni wakhe (imbono imboni yendawo edonsayo), uBaba noMama, izingane ezine kanye nodadewethu ababili, kodwa kuze kube sekupheleni kobumbano nethalente.Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Ee Mary Walstonkraft u-Ougasti wazalwa ngo-Agasti 30, 1797 eLondon e-Union of Filosopher yezepolitiki uWilliam Godwin kanye nabesifazane abadumile bekhulu le-XVIII Mary Walstonraft. Lo mndeni ubuye wakhuliswa yindodakazi kaMariya kusukela emshadweni wokuqala onomhloli wezentengiso uGilbert Wece - Fanni Ele (1794).
Enyangeni ngemuva kokuvela kukaMariya, umama washona evela ekuthelelekeni kwe-intrauteriate, futhi izingane zaqhubeka nokunakekelwa kukaGodwin. Wayesesikweletini. Umuzwa wokuthi akwehluleka ukuzimela aqukethe amadodakazi amabili, uWilliam aphuthume ukubheka umlingani wesibili.
Ngo-December 1801, u-Godvin washada noMariya uJane Clarment, owesifazane ofunde kahle enezingane ezimbili - uCharles noClaire. Iningi labangane bakaWilliam alimthandi oshade naye, wabhekwa njengonomoya ophansi futhi ocasulayo. Ubudlelwano noMama Wokutholwa kanye noMariya abakwakhiwa: UClaindont waletha izingane zakhe zomdabu kuphela, enganaki amadodakazi kaGodwin.
Umshado awukaze uthuthukise isimo sezomnotho somndeni: UWilliam wathatha imali mboleko entsha yokukhokha amadala. Ubumpofu bebangavumeli uMariya wezemfundo ephelele. Ubaba wahola amadodakazi okuqeqesha izehlakalo, avumele izincwadi emtapweni wezincwadi. Amanye amantombazane amantombazane anika uNkulunkulu usuku lokuzalwa, okubandakanya imbongi uSamuel Taylor Kalridge.
Ngo-1811, uMariya wawuba nesigamu sonyaka esikoleni ebodwa eRamsgitis, kwathi ngoJuni ozayo, uyise wamthumela ukuba ayohlala eScotland, emndenini waseBrithani uWilliam Bakster. Ku-dayari, uBaxter wabhala ukuthi uMariya wakhuliswa "njengefezeli lesazi sefilosofi, ngisho nanjenge-cynic." Intombazane yahlala kabili eBotany, ngoMashi 30, 1814 ibuyela ekhaya.
Izincwadi
AmaRoma anomthombo wenkondlo uBishi Bishi uShelly noBushile noGeorge Gordon Byron aboniswa ngokugcwele umsebenzi wombhali. Ngolunye usuku, ezintathu, zihleli ngomlilo, zatshelana nezinye izimpondo, futhi uBayron wanikeza impikiswano yokubhala indaba mayelana nezipoki. Ngalobo busuku ngabo, le ntombazane yaphupha ngososayensi ophaphathekile owaqoqa isidalwa esididiyelwe ezivela ezingxenyeni ezithile. Kwakuphila.
Ngesisekelo sikaMary Shelly ubonwe ephusheni lakhe, wahlela ukubhala indaba, kodwa uPercy wamsiza wandise umbono wenoveli egcwele. NgoJanuwari 1, 1818, lo mbumbulu kanye nomsebenzi odume kakhulu wombhali uFrankenstein, noma i-Prometheus yanamuhla yeza emhlabeni. Uhlobo lokuqala lwenoveli, olunamakhophi angama-500, kwakhululwa ngokungaziwa. Abafundi baphakamise ukuthi umbhali - uPercy Bishi Shelly: Wabhala isingeniso, ukuxhumana noMariya noyise uWilliam Godmin.
Uhlobo lwesibili lukaFrankenstein lwakhululwa ngo-Agasti 11, 1823, kwathi uMary Shelley ekhasini lesihloko. Okuvame kakhulu yinguqulo yesithathu yenoveli, ekhishwe ngo-Okthoba 31, 1831. Wanikezwa isingeniso esisha, lapho uMariya etshela khona inguqulo enamandla yemvelaphi yomlando.
Ngo-2008, uCharles I. Robinson ukhiphe umsebenzi we- "Original Frankenstein". Wafunda umbhalo wesandla wokuqala kaMary Shelley futhi waphawula ukuthi yikuphi okushintsha kwakhe okwenziwe ngcono kuso.
Kususelwa kuFrankenstein, okwenziwa okuningi, umculo, izihlangu, iziteshi zomsakazo zidaliwe. Ifilimu yango-1931 yango-1931 libhekwa njenge-classic, futhi isithombe esenziwe kabusha se-monster iyi-macushkin eyisicaba, njengamehlo engilazi ngaphansi kwamakhulu aphansi eminyaka, izikulufo entanyeni nasekukhuleni okuphezulu - kwaqubuka.
Esikhathini esiphakathi kuka-1819 no-1820, uMariya wabhala le noveli ethi "Manilda", okwakhishwa kuphela ngo-1959 ngenxa yokuzibulala kanye nokuzibulala kanye nokuzibulala kanye nokuzibulala kanye nokuzibulala kanye nokuzibulala okukhuliswe kuyo. Kodwa-ke, ukulandisa okujabulisayo okuvela eShelley, okwakuthola ukushona kwezingane ezimbili, kwakunzima ukulindela. Ngasikhathi sinye, wadala le ndaba engokomlando ethi "Valberga, noma impilo kanye nempilo ye-kastrumcho, iPrince Lucci."
Ngo-1826, kwashicilelwa umsebenzi omkhulu wesibili kaMariya - inoveli ethi "Indoda Yokugcina", nokho, ngeke ifaniswe nokuthandwa nguFrankenstein. Izenzo zenzeka emuva eShelley 2073. Lapha, abantu bagibela amahhashi, imikhumbi igcwele ngokuphelele ngamaseyili, izimpi zenziwa ngesibhamu, futhi indlela esheshayo yokunyakaza yi-Airship.
Inoveli iqukethe amavolumu amathathu, ngamunye atshela ngesikhathi sokuphila kwabalingiswa abaphambili - uLionel Vernea nodadewabo u-perditi, uPrince Adrian nodadewabo u-HIDRIS.
Ivolumu yokuqala ichaza izinhlamvu ezikhulayo, futhi ukugxila kukaShelley kwenza isimo sezepolitiki emhlabeni, ngevolomu yesibili leli dolobha lisengozini yesifo, nasesifo sesithathu, lithuthuka, libhubhise ubuntu. Ukuhunyushwa kweRussia 'komuntu wokugcina' kwavela ngo-2010 kuphela.
Ngawo-1830s, uShelley akhiphe amanoveli "uHelpery Warbek" (1830), "uLakner" (1835) kanye ne- "Farkner" (1837), bathola izindatshana zokubhala zomagazini babesifazane. Ngo-1836, kusho uBaba Mariya. Wathola ukukhulula izikhumbuzo zakhe, futhi indodakazi yaphuthuma ukufeza intando yokugcina kamufi, kodwa ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2 wenqaba lo mbono.
Ngenxa yomlobi, ubuqambi boMushi oshonile uBishi Shelly ngo-1837 waziwa kabanzi: UMariya wanyathelisa inkondlo yakhe emaphephandabeni, ekhasini lemisebenzi yabo. Ngemuva konyaka, ummemezeli omkhulu u-Edward Moxson ukhiphe iqoqo lemibhalo yakhe ngemibhalo yaphansi yemvelo ebanzi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ubukhosi uBishi Shelly, umyeni wesikhathi esizayo uMariya, wanamathela emibukeni kaWilliam Godwin, ochazwe ekwakhiweni kwezombusazwe "(1793). Imbongi izohamba naye kakhulu kangangokuba wathembisa ukuthi uzosibuyisela izikweletu zefilosofi. Kodwa-ke, umndeni ocebile wobuntu obucebile wenqaba uthango ngenxa yenzondo yomuntu siqu emisebenzini kankulunkulu. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, izethembiso eziyinsizwa ayiNkulungwane kwamemezela ukuthi akakwazanga ukusiza ngokwezezimali. Isazi sefilosofi, sizwa umnikele, waklebhula uxhumano olunobungane.
Kuhlala kubonakala endlini kaNkulunkulu, uMariya kanye nobuntu obuhawukele. Bahlangana ngasese ithuna likamama kamama, bavuma futhi othandweni. Usuku lwalo mcimbi lwaziwa ngokubonga okuthile kumarekhodi edayari - Juni 26, 1814. Ngosuku olulandelayo, le ntombazane yatshela uYise mayelana nokuxhumana noPercy, futhi yena, ngokwethusayo kwendodakazi yakhe, wabhikisha.
NgoJulayi 28, lo mbhangqwana waphunyuka eFrance, wathatha udadewethu uMariya, uClaire, naseNgilandi, ngaleso sikhathi, wayeyinkosikazi kaShelley - uHarriet Mr. Eminyakeni engu-2 emva kokuzalwa kwendodana uCharles, lona wesifazane waminza, akakwazi ukubekezelela impilo enjalo. Ohambweni luvinjelwe futhi uMary uqobo. Lapho esebuyele ekhaya ngoSepthemba 13, umthandi wezithandani wacela usizo kuNkulunkulu, kodwa wayengafuni ukuba nalutho olufanayo nendodakazi yakhe.
UPercy, eshiya uMariya akhulelwe ekhaya, wasuka eClaire, owaba yinkosikazi yakhe, noMariya, naye, waduduzeka ezandleni zikaThomas Hogg, ummeli noShereledi. Impilo yomuntu siqu yalo mbhangqwana ayizange ihlupheke ngoshintsho - bobabili bakholelwa othandweni lwamahhala futhi babongana.
NgoFebhuwari 22, 1815, uMary wabeletha intombi ngaphambi kwangaphambili izinyanga ezi-2. Ushone ngoMashi 6. Owesifazane wangena ekucindezelekeni, ngithole ingane yonke indawo. Amaphupho engane afakwe ngonyaka ngonyaka kamuva: NgoJanuwari 24, 1816, indlalifa yendlalifa ePerser - uWilliam wavela. Kusukela ngalowomzuzu kuqhubeke, uMariya wacelwa ukuba afonele "uNkk. Shelly."
NgoDisemba 30, 1816, abashadikazi bashada ekugcineni, kwathi ngoSepthemba 2, ngawo lowo nyaka uMariya wabeletha indodakazi kaCrara. Kuzo zombili lezi zingane zazingamiselwe ukuba ziphile impilo ende: ngoSepthemba 1818, kusho uClara, ngo-June 1819 - UWilliam. USherley wangenela ekucindezelekeni okuqinile. NgoNovemba 12, 1819, uPercy Florence wazalwa - okuwukuphela kwengane esolwa.
NgoFebhuwari 27, 1819, imbongi yaziveza ukuthi nguYise ka-Elena Adelalaide SphellyLel - izinsolo zokuthi unendodakazi kaMariya. Akukaziwa ukuthi ingane yayo empeleni, kucatshangwa ukuthi uClaire wazala uBairon.
NgoJuni 16, 1822, uMariya wayeseduze kokufa: wayenokuphuphuma kwesisu, ngenxa yalokho alahlekelwe yigazi eliningi. Udokotela wasindisa impilo yakhe, wahlala egumbini elineqhwa. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, kwaphela omunye umcimbi odabukisayo - ngoJulayi 1, uPischi Sphelly nomngane wakhe u-Edward Williams washona emkhunjini. Imizimba yabo yayisa ezinsukwini eziyi-10 ngemuva kwesivunguvungu. UShelly utheleke endaweni.
Ngo-1826, uJohn Howard Paine, umlingisi waseMelika, wenza uMariya. Wenqabile, ethi wayeseshade nobuhlakani obunye futhi umyeni wakhe owayelandelayo akufanele abe nekhono elingaphansi. Kamuva, umlobi waseFrance uPresrere, umlobi weBio Door Edward John Treloni nosopolitiki u-Obry Boklerk bathi. Akekho ozuze indawo yeShelley.
Ukushona
Ngawo-1840s, uMary Spherly wayehlala nendodana kaPerse Floreance, kusukela ngo-1848 - nonkosikazi wakhe uJane Gibson, indodakazi eyayingezona e-American Bankler Thomas Gibson.
Kusukela ngo-1849, umlobi wahlushwa yi-migraine, kwesinye isikhathi isidumbu sakhe sadideka. Isifo sikaSherley sahlala iminyaka emi-2, sashona ngoFebhuwari 1, 1851 iminyaka engama-53. Ngokusobala, imbangela yokufa kwakunguBract Brown.
UMariya wakhombisa ukumngcwaba eceleni kukanina nobaba eSt. Paincår eLondon, kodwa isimo samathuna ngaleso sikhathi sasicindezelekile. UJane Gibson wangcwaba umkhwekazi esontweni laseSt. Peter eBornormouth.
Emgubhweni wokuqala wokufa, kwavulwa ibhokisi, kwalandelwa nguMariya. Yatholwa imicu yezinwele zezingane zakhe ezifile, incwadi yokubhalela, lapho kubhalwa khona ukubhala ngesandla kwePischi Beach Sphelly ngaphambili kwezinkondlo ezingaziwa, idlanzana lothuli nocezu lwenhliziyo yakhe nocezu lwenhliziyo yakhe nocezu lwenhliziyo yakhe nocezu lwenhliziyo yakhe nocezu lwenhliziyo yakhe kanye nocezu lwenhliziyo yakhe.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1817 - "Umlando Wokuhamba Kwamaviki Amasonto Amaviki"
- Ngo-1818 - "Frankenstein, noma i-Prometheus yanamuhla"
- 1819 - "Manilda"
- Ngo-1823 - "Walperga, noma impilo kanye ne-adventures of Kastrchcho, Prince Lucca"
- Ngo-1826 - "Umuntu Wokugcina"
- Ngo-1830 - "UHet Perkina Warbek"
- Ngo-1835 - "Lodod"
- Ngo-1837 - "Farkner"