I-Biograge
I-Andriyan Nikolaev iyindiza enkulu yeSoviet Aviation, umlobi, okhethwayo wesakhamuzi sezobuchwepheshe, kwakuyizakhamuzi zesithathu ze-USSR, ezavakashela isikhala. Umuntu obambe iqhaza ekuhlolweni kwezempi okungakaze kubonwe esikhathini esikhaleni esingenamoya kwakungumuntu wokuqala osebenza e-orbit ngaphandle kwe-skatera.
Ngokufaneleka kubuhlungu ezweni, uNikolaev wanikezwa kabili isihloko seqhawe seSoviet Union futhi wanikezwa ama-oda nezindondo ezahlukahlukene.
Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Andriyan Grigoreivich Nikolaev, ongowokuzalwa edolobhaneni laseShoresheli Chuvashovskaya ASS, wazalwa ngoSepthemba 5, 1929 emkhayeni wepulazi elihlangene uKonya Grigory Nikolaev Nikolaev nathi ubisi luka-Anna Alekseevan no-Anna Alekseeva futhi laliphakathi kwezingane ezine.
Njengoba sithole iziqu esikoleni esiphakeme ngo-1944, uNikolaev wangena eMaryano-Posad Lesotechnical technical School. Lapho-ke uchwepheshe osemusha onediploma yediploma yasatshalaliswa emsebenzini eKarelia. Le nsizwa eyayithandwa yi-Exponser enkulu yaseNyakatho yayicabanga ukuthi ngithole ukubizwa, kepha isikhathi senkonzo yamasosha siyeza, futhi ikusasa lika-Andriyan selishintshile lipholile.
UNikolaev weza emabuthweni endiza, bese ekugcineni kwenkonzo ephuthumayo wangena esikoleni sabacibisheli bempi ngaphansi kwesikole samasosha eChernihiv. Ukuba ngumshayeli wendiza oqondisiwe futhi onekhono, u-Andriyan waqhubeka nokusebenza esifundeni saseMoscow, lapho awela khona ngaphansi kokuqala kwe-alexander tashkin.
Isimo sokutholwa someluleki omkhulu, uNikolaev wakhombisa izimangaliso zokushayela izimangaliso ngezimo ezahlukahlukene. Ngesinye isikhathi, ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa, lapho izinjini zokulwa ze-MiG-17 zenqatshelwa, u-Andriyan wabeka imoto ensimini, egwema ukuphahlazeka komgwaqo futhi agcine impilo yakhe. Okokuzithiba kanye nesibindi ekuhlelweni okuyinkimbinkimbi kukaNikolaev kunikezwe amahora amaningi ngokuqopha okungumuntu futhi kuvunyelwe kwi-COMMANIMIST PARTY ye-USSR.
Cosmonautics
NgoMashi 7, 1960 kwakuwusuku oluyisihluthulelo e-biography yeflaya likaNikolaev. Ngenxa yezimpawu ezinhle ezivela endaweni yenkonzo, u-Andriyan wathatha umlaleli eqenjini lamaCosmonauts, abizwa ngokuthi uGagarin.
EThe Town Town, umshayeli wendiza wayeqhutshwa izifundo zokuqeqesha ezenziwa eSoviet, ama-physiotherapists kanye nezazi zebhayoloji, futhi, zidlulisela ngempumelelo ukuhlolwa kwezokwelashwa esibhedlela esisemaphakathi ne-Avad, zangena eqenjini le-USSR cosmonauts.
Abashayeli bezindiza abayisithupha abanamakhono amahle kakhulu ngokomzimba nangobuchwepheshe kanye nezinga elifanayo lokulungiselela, bafuna indawo yomuntu wokuqala esikhaleni. Abaphathi bezindiza, okwakunzima ukukhetha, okunikelwe kubashayeli bezindiza ukuba bakhethe ubungqingili bodwa. U-Andriyan noComrades banquma ukuthi uYuri Gagarin wayengafaneleki phakathi kwabo.
Ngo-Ephreli 12, 1962, abangane bachitha iqhawe ku-baikonur cosmodrome futhi ngokuphela kwezinhliziyo balandela indiza eyishumi nanye yenganekwane yendawo yaseSoviet, kwathi ihhovisi labo lafika hhayi umkhawulo.
Egavini lempumelelo, ubuholi bePCU baqala amalungiselelo okuqalwa kwesibili kwe-rocket "east-2". Umkhuzi womkhumbi waqokwa eJalimane Titov, futhi uNikolaev wayala imisebenzi ye-Dubler. Abashayeli bezindiza baqeqeshelwe ngenkani, ngoba bekufanele basebenzise usuku lonke emkhathini futhi okokuqala ngqa ukuzwa isimo sezinsimbi.
Indiza yesibili yaphinde yadlula ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kukaNikolaev, kepha umshayeli wendiza akazange avikele ukuqeqeshwa okuhleliwe. Ukuhlola ukuzola, collens, impendulo esheshayo nemiyalo elandelayo elandelayo, Isikhungo Sokulawulwa Kwezindiza siqoke i-Andriyan Grigoreiving Marchial Commander "East-3".
Ukuxoshwa okuqale ngo-Agasti 11, ngo-1962 kwaba yindiza yokuqala enezinhloso eziningi esikhaleni lapho amarokhethi ahlanganyele khona - umkhumbi omkhulu we-nikolaev ohambisana ne- "East-4", ephethwe nguPavel Popovich. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-mission of Astronauts kwakungukuhlolwa kokuthola umjikelezo ngaphandle kokuvikela isikali esimweni sezinsimbi, kwenziwa ngempumelelo umshayeli ongesabi.
Futhi ngemuva kweminyaka, umphakathi ufunde ngohlangothi lwemfihlo lwe-Space Expedition "East", ukulingisa isimo lapho umkhumbi owodwa usebenze njenge-interceptor, kanti omunye wawungumgomo ongaba khona.
Ngesikhathi sokuhamba kokuqala, u-Andriyan Grigorieving wandiza izikhathi ezingama-64 ezungeze iplanethi yakhe yendabuko futhi wawusendaweni yokujikeleza okusondele amahora angama-94 nemizuzu engama-22, ebeka irekhodi lesikhathi sezindiza. Waba ngumtholile we "COSMIC Dinners", kathathu ngosuku ethatha ukudla okusemathinini okusemathinini aphekwe ngokukhethekile kanye nekhofi. Ekupheleni kwendiza, igama lokulungisa lawo lalingowokuqala encwadini ehlonishwayo yodumo lwezabasebenzi kanye nokulunga kweChuvash Republic, izwe lanikeza i-cosmonaut ku-oda lomehluko omkhulu.
Ukubuyela emhlabeni, uNikolayev wangena eMoscow Nikolay Zhukovay Zhukovsky Air Force Academy, lapho aqala khona futhi aqinisa ulwazi lobuchwepheshe kwathi ngo-1968 wathola ochwepheshe be- "Pilot Engineer-Cosmonaut". U-Andriyan Grigorieving waba ngumkhuzi weqembu le-stellar idolobha, kwathi ngo-1965 wahlanganyela ekuhleleni indiza e-Orbip eduduzayo eduzane emikhunjini ye-soyuz. Ukuxoshwa okuhleliwe akuzange kwenzeke, futhi uNikolaev wathatha isikhundla sePhini leNhloko Yesikhungo Sokuqeqesha Esikhundleni esibizwa ngeYuri Gagarin futhi wathola isihloko se-Colonel Aviation.
Ngo-1970, u-Andriyan Grigorieving waba ngumkhuzi we-soyuz-9, futhi uVitaly Sevastyanov waba ngumlingani wakhe endizeni ezayo. Abashayeli bezindiza benze ama-286 baphenduka umhlaba futhi bahlala esikhaleni 17 izinsuku eziyi-16 amahora angama-58 nemizuzu engama-58, sebephule wonke amarekhodi angenakuqhathaniswa.
Ngenxa yomsebenzi ohlelekile, uNikolaev onomzani osebenza naye waqhuba inqwaba yocwaningo lwesayensi nakwezokwelapha, wenza ukuba izinhlaka zezindiza zesitha ezisolwayo emephini futhi zidlale iqembu lokuqala le-chess ngeqembu lendiza. Lapho ebuyela ngesisekelo sedatha esimweni somzimba sabashayeli bezindiza, odokotela bathuthukisa uhlelo lokulungiselela izimo zezinsimbi nokuzivumelanisa nezimo zasemhlabeni.
Kulolu suku lokuphuma, oluchazwa kwifilimu elibhalwe phansi "Ukuheha umhlaba komhlaba", i-Andriyan Grigorieving yathola umvuzo - i-2nd Order of the Hero yeSoviet Union kanye nesihloko sezinkulumo ezinkulu ezijwayelekile.
Ngemuva kwendiza, uNikolaev waqhubeka nokusebenza njengoSekela lokuqala leNhloko Yesikhungo Sokuqeqeshwa Kwendawo, kwaqokwa kuPhini eMkhandlwini Ophakeme we-RSFSR, futhi kusukela ngo-1994, umshayeli odumile wasebenza embuthanweni weRussia Federation. Ngokubhala cishe amaphepha esayensi angama-70 kanye nemisebenzi yobuciko esikhaleni, u-Andriyan Grigoreivich ngo-1975 wavikela i-thesis yakhe futhi wathola isihloko sesayensi yezobuchwepheshe.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1963, uNikolaev, i-bastard yokugcina yedolobha laseStellar, washada nowesifazane wokuqala - uValentina Valentina Tereshkova. Umshado wenzeka endlini kahulumeni nokuzibandakanya konobhala jikelele we-USSR NIKRUSCHEV.
Abangani bacubungule lokhu kubumbana kulusizo lwesayensi nakwezomphakathi futhi akukholwanga enjabulweni yendoda nenkosikazi eyayisanda kwenziwa. Lezi zikhumbuzo ze-Andriyan Grigodiyah ziphikise encwadini ethi "Sizohlangana e-Orbit," lapho, sikhuluma khona ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokuphila komuntu, ngemfudumalo nothando basabela ngesigamu sakhe.
Ngemuva konyaka, indodakazi ka-Elena, eyaba nobunzima obuningi bomzimba yazalelwa emndenini wesikhala. Akuzange kuvimbele intombazane ukuthi iphothule esikoleni nasesikhungweni sezokwelapha ngezidumisayo, zishade kabili futhi zibe ngunina wezingane ezimbili.
Imininingwane yobudlelwano emndenini wakwaNikolaev abaphethwe yimfihlo. Ebuntwini, abashadikazi bahlinzeka ngezimpawu zokunakwa futhi bahlala bemamatheka, kodwa okuthile emshadweni wabo kungahambi kahle, futhi, ngemuva kokuchitha iminyaka ecishe ibe 19, u-Andran Grigorieving noValentina Vladimirovna abahlukanisile.
UTereshkova washada noYulia Shaposhnikova, noNikolayev ngaphambi kokufa kwahlala yedwa.
Ukushona
U-Andriyan Nikolaev, owayenempilo yamaqhawe eminyaka emincane nevuthiwe, waqala ukubona izinkinga ngenhliziyo yakhe ekugcineni kwempilo.
Ehlobo lika-2004, ama-astronauts amenyelwa eCeboksary njengejaji lemincintiswano yaseRussia yaseRussia. NgoJulayi 3, ngemuva kokuphela kwemicimbi kanye nengqungquthela yabezindaba, lapho kwenziwa isithombe sokugcina somshayeli odumile, uNikolaev olahlekile washonelwa. Odokotela bathole ukuthi imbangela yokufa kwe-Aviation enkulu yaba yi-infaction.
U-Andrian Grigorievieving wangcwatshwa emhlabeni wakhe we-Chuvash wakusasa ngokumelene nentandokazi kankosikazi wakhe nendodakazi yakhe. Isithombe seCosmonaut sifa emnyuziyamu osendaweni yaseSharchela, kusukela ngo-2006 sibizwa ngokuthi yiSikhumbuzo Sokukhamulwa kweNikolaev, izikhumbuzo, kanye namagama emigwaqo kanye nezikwele zaseRussia amadolobha.
Ngo-2018, izakhamizi zaseRussia zivotelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi igama lomshayeli odumile labelwa eChuvash Capital International Airport.
Izihloko kanye nemiklomelo
- Ngo-1961 - "Ukuhleleka kwe-Red Star"
- Ngo-1962 - I-Pilot-cosmonaut ye-USSR
- Ngo-1962, 1970 - iqhawe leSoviet Union
- Ngo-1962, 1970 - "Inkanyezi yeGolide"
- Ngo-1962 - "Order of Lenin"
- Ngo-1970 - "Indondo yegolide ebizwa nge-Yu.Gagarin"
- 1976 - "Ukuhleleka kwesibhengezo esibomvu"
- 1981 - Umklomelo woMbuso we-USSR
- Ngo-1988 - Order "ngenkonzo yezwekazi emabuthweni ahlomile e-USSR" III degree
- Ngo-1991 - Indondo "Yokuqinisa I-Combat Commonwealth"