I-Biograge
I-Mutit Gafuri yimbongi yaseSoviet, umlobi kanye nohulumeni obhale eTatar naseBashkir. Ubuhlakani bakhe banethonya elikhulu ezincwadini zikazwelonke zaseBashkortostan naseTatarstan futhi sasiyisibuko sokubukwa komphakathi ngezendlalelo ezithuthukayo zangekhulu lama-20.Ubuntwana nentsha
IGabdelmitsa Nurgengeich Gafuevich Gafuevich, ngakho-ke igama eligcwele leMagita Gafuri imisindo, lazalwa ngoJulayi 8, 1880 edolobhaneni laseZilim-Kanovovo Ufa Province (manje le ndawo ibhekisa eRiphabhulikhi yaseBashkortotorstan). Ubaba wembongi yesikhathi esizayo wasebenza njengothisha omkhulu. Ukondla umndeni omkhulu (no-Maju kwakuyingane yesihlanu), uNughany uGafurov wahola ipulazi elincane futhi wafundisa izingane ebusika kuphela - ehlobo indoda eyayigabele.
Kakade ngiseyingane, imbongi yesikhathi esizayo ikhombisa ubuhlakani obungeyona mahhala: Uhlelo lwe-Mecctea yasemakhaya, isikole sokuqala samaSulumane, sazi eminyakeni engu-2-3, sifunda izincwadi ezingokwenkolo kusukela eminyakeni eyi-8. Ngenxa yalokho, uyise wamyisa esikoleni sakhe, futhi umfana oneminyaka engu-11 wasiza uNurgani ukuba aqeqeshe ezinye izingane.
Efuna indodana yempilo engcono futhi ebona ingqondo yakhe ebukhali, uBaba ngonyaka we-1893 wahlela indodana yakhe eMadrasa - okuthiwa yi-analogue yesikole esiphakeme eMuslim - edolobhaneni elingumakhelwane lase-Uyashevo. Ngokushesha emva kwalokho, u-Niurghani Gafurov wafa, kwafa ngesigamu cishe ngonyaka wafa, emshiya eyintandane eyindilinga.
Ngemuva kwalokho, mutich uzama ukutadisha eMadrasa Ufa, kodwa wayengenamali eyanele yokwamukelwa. Ekwindla ka-1898, le nsizwa yahamba ngezinyawo yaba yiTroitsk ukuyoqhubeka nokwakhiwa kweRasuleeva, i-Isana. Lapho, wafunda kuze kube ngu-1904, yize uhlelo lwemfundo yenkolo nezazi lungamthandi futhi lukhuthaze ukuba luzifundele ukuzifundisa.
Le nsizwa yafunda izilimi: isi-Arabhu, isiTurkey, i-Iranian kanye nesiRussia, akazange ayishaye ukungawunaki umlando kanye neJograye, wayenesifiso sezincwadi zasempumalanga nezincwadi zaseRussia. Ekupheleni kwezifundo zakhe kuZiqu-zintathu Madrasa, uGafuri wavele wavuma ukuthi avule izitatimende ezibhekene nohlelo lwemfundo engagculisi kanye nokuziphatha kwezikole, futhi nolaka olukhululekile ne-charisma yezinsizwa zaze zakha iqembu labalandeli ababemzungezile.
Ukudala
Inkondlo yokuqala kaGafuri yashicilelwa ngo-1902. EShakindam Nezan, imbongi esencane i-rose iyala ama-madrasa nokukhulekelwa kwabafundi abaphambi kothisha, izimfanelo zakhe eziphakeme ezithi "eziphakeme" ezingabambi. Ihansi elithukuthele liyenqabela le nsizwa ukuba ihlala esikoleni, futhi yaphoqeleka ukuba iqashe igumbi langasese, ngokushesha laba indawo yokuqoqa intsha esebenza emphakathini.
Lapho-ke inkondlo yokuqala yombhali nayo yabhalwa - "ujantshi waseSiberia", okuqukethwe okugxekile umphakathi opholile wamaSulumane aseRussia futhi wabizela ukuba babheke phambili futhi baqale ukufunda kubantu abakhanyisiwe nakubantu. Kulesi sikhathi, impilo kaGafuri yaqala njengembongi nomlobi wothisha.
Njengoba ushiye ngo-1905 waya eKazan, uMetich wahlangana nezilwane zaseTatar: ukudlala kanye nabalobi. Ngalesi sikhathi, ubuhlakani bembongi buthola umbala ophithizelayo wezepolitiki nawaguqukayo. Ugqugquzelwe inguquko yokuqala, uGafuri wabhala "izinkondlo zenjabulo", ngonyaka we-1906 - Unyaka ongokwezibonelelo "ngo-1908 ngonyaka owethule", owaphakamisa isihloko esibi sobugqila bomphakathi ovela emphakathini ophansi .
Ngemuva kokuphendula ezenzakalweni ze-Peter Stolypyppin, amagagasi abhalwe ohlwini lwabantu abadala izinsolo eziphoqelele i-Gafuri ukubalekela kuqala ezitebhisini zaseKazakh, bese kuthi e-UFA. Ukuphishekela imbongi yezisusa zezepolitiki kwaphela ngo-1917 kuphela.
Ngo-1907, uGafuri wathola isikhungo semfundo ephendula imibono yakhe: Ngenxa ye-madrasa "ephakamisa i-madrasa" Galia "ngo-1909, ekugcineni uMuich wakwazi ukuthola imfundo ephakeme. Emva kwalokho, imbongi ibizibandakanyeke ngaphezu kobuciko bayo, iqoqo lezingane zezwe. Futhi, izinkondlo zakhe zivela uhlobo oluboshwe, futhi uGafuri ugcwalisa izinganekwane zawo ukunambitheka kazwelonke.
Esikhathini esizayo ngo-1909 kuya ku-1913, isakhi sothando sivela emsebenzini kaMagita, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye, imibono yokuthanda izwe kanye nomzabalazo wokungabi nabulungisa kuyaqhubeka nokuhola emisebenzini ye-lyrical. Ithonya elinamandla e-Biography yembongi kwakuyimpi yezwe. Ngalesi sikhathi, izindaba zika-Allah ziqala ukukhuphuka emisebenzini yaseGafuri, eyaholela ekubonakaleni okungekuhle kwembongi abefundisi abangamaSulumane kwalezo zikhathi zalezo zikhathi.
I-Great Okthoba Revolution Mutich yahlangana nomdlandla, inelungelo layo, kanye namathemba aphezulu empi yombango. Izisusa ezinethembayo zivele emavesini nasezindabeni zabesifazane - wayekholelwa ngokweqiniso ukuthi ukukhululwa kwabantu kanye nezingxenye ezicindezelwe zabantu zenzeka. Kubonakala ngokugqamile ezinhlangothini eziqinile 'zenhliziyo yakhe', "izinsuku zokukhululwa", "ukuhlonipha inkululeko."
Nasi isilinganiso lapho:
"Kepha amandla ezisebenzi izandlaUdonga luchithwe.
Inkululeko enogongolo olujabulisayo
Umhlaba Islar "
Ngo-1923, iKomidi eliPhezulu leBashkir Central lawazisa umnikelo we-Gafuri kwisiko likazwelonke. AbakwaMagita banikezwa isihloko sembongi yabantu yeBashkir Republic, futhi babenakho konke ukwesekwa okuyimbongi okwakushiwo yizincwadi. Kusukela ngo-1924 kuya ku-1929, ngo-1929, ngokungezelela imisebenzi yezinkondlo nokubhala, esebenza ehhovisi lokuhlela lephephandaba laseTatar "New Village" (Yana Avyl).
Le nkathi yayicebe eProse: UGafuri wabhala indaba ethi "Izigaba Zokuphila" kanye ne- "Chernolic", futhi eyokugcina yamukelwa njengobungcweti bezincwadi zezwe. Futhi, umsebenzi womuntu oxhumana nethiyetha: Wadala "inkanyezi ebomvu" edlalayo, wabhala i-Libretto ku-Opera "Este".
Engxenyeni yokuqala yawo-1930s emsebenzini weGafuri, ngaphezu kwezinhloso zenhlalo yezenhlalo, kwaba nokugxekwa kohlelo lwezepolitiki lwakwamanye amazwe. Emisebenzini "yolwandle", "izitha zakwamanye amazwe" futhi "emhlabeni we-capital" wafaka uphawu ngokobuthi, izinqubomgomo zamakoloni kanye nokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Empilweni yomuntu siqu yeMajit Gafuri, kwakukhona indawo yowesifazane oyedwa kuphela - umkakhe uZuhron Kamaleeledinovna Nasyrova, imbongi ezincwadini ezibizwa ngeZuhra-Khanum. Kwaqhamuka emndenini wale misipha, bekufundiswe kakhulu, kwafundiswa endaweni yokukhosela e-UFA ngezincwadi zezizwe zasemantombazaneni naseTatar. Futhi ukuze kugcinwe umndeni waseZuhra uqhubeke nokuthunga.
Umlingani kaGuzhitu Gafuri waba indoda esondele kakhulu, umsizi kuyo yonke imizamo, umngani osondelene nomnyuziyamu. Amadodana amabili azalelwa emshadweni: Anwar noKhalit. Ukwahlulela isithombe somndeni wango-1922, imindeni emndenini, naphezu kokwakheka kwenkolo kaGafuri, kwakungama-autole - uZuhra agqoke isudi yabesifazane ejwayelekile.
Ukushona
UTutit Gafuri washona ngo-Okthoba 28, 1934 e-UFA, imbangela yokufa yayiwukusiqavukala. Imbongi yangcwatshwa edolobheni i-CPKO egama layo lingu-Alexander Matrosov.
Indlu yenkondlo eGogol Street ngemuva kwalokho yaba ngumnyuziyamu weMagita Gafuri. Futhi e-UFA, lapho imbongi yahlala khona eneminyaka engu-11 ubudala, ngo-1978 yasungula isikhumbuzo esaba yindawo yamasiko edolobheni.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1904 - "Impilo Ebuphofini"
- Ngo-1909 - "Ubugebengu Okhohliwe"
- 1914 - "Izingxenye Zezincwadi"
- 1920 - "I-Goose yasendle"
- Ngo-1923 - "E-Huler Claws"
- Ngo-1932 - "Ngokuthula kwegolide egolide"
- 1933 - "Chernolic"
- Ngo-1934 - "Manje kuhle, bekunzima ukuba nzima"