I-Biograge
U-Augusto Pinochet - IChilean General, osopolitiki, umkhuzi-in-induna yebutho, umashiqela wombuso we-Pro-American. Njengoba ungenise amandla ngenxa yesikhundla sombuso, amasosha ama-svarc wezempi ekhethwe ngentando yeningi uhulumeni wabantu babantu bezenhlalo futhi aqede amandla omphakathi. Umlobi wezinguquko okuhloswe ngawo ngokukhululeka kwezomnotho, wakhipha "isimangaliso saseChile", ifa lakhe lisagxekwa futhi lisongelwa impikiswano.Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Augusto José Ramon Pinon Pinon Pinon Pilochet wazalwa ngoNovemba 25, 1915 eChilean Adminioutionance Center Valparaiso. Abazali bakhe be-Agogu Pinochet Vera no-Alelina, uVerft Martinez, babeyinzalo yabaFrance neBasque, eyathuthela eSouth America ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIX. Ubaba wasebenza ethekwini, ekukhonzeni amasiko, futhi umama wahola umnotho futhi wakhulisa izingane eziyisithupha.
Ebusheni bakhe, u-Augusto wafunda emhlanganweni waseSt. URafael, wavakashela Isikhungo SamaMatolika saseMarister naseValparaiso, kwathi ngo-1931 wangena esikhungweni samasosha eSantiago. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4 yokutadisha i-geography yamasu, le nsizwa yathola iziqu zobungcweti, yathola isikhundla se-Alférez futhi yasatshalaliswa empini ye-Concepcion, yabe isihunyushwa e-Valparaiso.
Ngo-1948, u-Augusto waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe e-Army Academy, wafanelwe isikhundla sokuba yisikhulu - inhloko yendlunkulu futhi waqala ukufundisa i-geography kanye ne-geopolitics, kanye nokuhlela umagazini wabafundi "uCien águilas".
Inkonzo yezempi kanye ne-coup
Ngokushesha, uPinochet waqokwa nguprofesa wathunyelwa e-Ecuador ukuhlela i-Autom Academy. Esezinhlelweni zokwenza le mishini, iphoyisa liyaqhubeka nokugobhoza i-granite yesayensi yamasosha. Njengoba esechithe iminyaka emi-3 ezikhundleni zobuholi ebuthweni laseChile futhi wabuyisa isihloko somkhuleko otholwayo, u-Augusto wathatha isikhundla sePhini Lomqondisi Wezempi waseSantiago.
Ngo-1968, umazisi wesikhathi esizayo waba ngumkhuzi wengxenye yesi-6 esetshenziswe e-Ikike, wathola isikhundla sabagibeli beBrigade futhi baqokwe eposini lesifundazwe seTrouser.
Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4, uPinochet usevele wahola ubugabelezi bebutho laseSantiago, kwathi ngemuva kokushiya phansi umbuso uCarlos Prats waba yinduna yabaphathi bempi yaseChile. Ngalesi sikhathi, izwe lalithuthumela, inani lezingxabano zangaphakathi zafinyelela iphuzu elibucayi. Amasosha athatha leli cala ezandleni zawo nasekupheleni kwango-1973, ngemuva kwesimemezelo sokuthi uhulumeni angahambisani noMthethosisekelo, uMongameli we-El Salvador Allend.
Indima yePinochet ezenzakalweni zenzeka ayiqondakali ngokuphelele. Encwadini kaMemoov, waphikisa ukuthi wayengumsizi oyinhloko ohlela izinto zamabutho ahlomile namaphoyisa kazwelonke, futhi abaphathi bamasosha asebekhulelekile bajoyina i-counder-inserment ngokunganqikazi nayo, Ukulandela isibonelo sabaningi. Abalobi bamafilimu "eSantiago" baya imvula "futhi" ubusuku phezu kweChile "bazama ukuqonda.
Ngemuva kokugumbuqelwa kukahulumeni nokuzibulala kuka-Allende, ama-Conspirators adale impi yezempi, uPinochet afanekisela amabutho, noJosé Toribio Merino - Fleet, Lee Gustavo - Amasosha e-Mendoza - ama-Carabinierov.
Abane bamisiwe umphumela woMthethosisekelo kanye nomsebenzi weCongress futhi waqala ukusebenzisa imisebenzi ephethe kanye nemithetho kahulumeni, wethula ubuhlakani obuqine kanye nesikhathi sokufika ekhaya. Kuze kube nguDisemba 17, 1974, ojenene baphatha izwe, besemimisa imisebenzi yalo yezepolitiki, khona-ke iBhodi yadluliselwa ezandleni zikaPilochet, okuthi, ukwephula isivumelwano se-Order, kwaba nguMongameli weChile.
Indikimba Ebusayo
Ekuqaleni kweBhodi, iPinochet izame ukuqeda osopolitiki abangakhululeki kanye namajene. Ekushiseni okwenziwe ngenkani, umkhuzi we-Aviation Lee, uJosé Toribio Merino ulahlekelwe amandla ezepolitiki, kanye neNhloko yoMnyango Wezangaphakathi u-Oscar Bonilla ngaphansi kwezimo ezingenakuphikiswa ashayeka engozini yendiza.
UMongameli uthole ukulawula okuphelele kombuso nelungelo lokumemezela isimo esiphuthumayo kanye nokuxazulula isiphetho semithetho nezikhulu. IPhalamende namaqembu alahlekelwe yilungelo lokuvota, futhi neNational Congress yachithwa.
UChile wathuthela embusweni wamasosha, isitha esikhulu samenyezelwa amaKhomanisi. Lokhu kwalandelwa ukucindezelwa okunesihluku, lapho kwabulawa khona abantu abayizinkulungwane ezi-3, futhi abantu abangaphezu kwenkulungwane abasalahlekelwa yikho, ukubulawa kokuqala kwenzeka enkundleni kazwelonke eSantiago. Ukuze uqinisekise ukuphepha kwezwe, iPinochet wadala ukulawula okukhethekile (iDina), okhombe abaphikisi bakahulumeni omusha. Osopolitiki abaningi abangamsekeli uMongameli babulawa yizandla zezobunhloli.
Umnotho wombuso ohleliwe wahlelwa kabusha wabekwa endleleni yokuguqukela ekulweni kwemakethe. Lapho-ke izingcaphuno zomashiqela ezidumile zivele kwabezindaba:
"Sizama ukuguqula iChile ezweni labanikazi, hhayi ama-proletarians" "Kumele sibanakekele abacebile ukuba babanikeze okwengeziwe."Izinguquko ziholele ekushintsheni kohlelo lwempesheni, okusatshalaliswa kwaphenduka okubandayo, futhi ukunakekelwa kwezempilo nemfundo kushintshele ezandleni zangasese. Amabhizinisi angenamabhizinisi eminyakeni yakwa-Allende ebuyela kwabanikazi bokuqala, okuholele ekuqondeni ukubhekwa kwebhizinisi nokuqagela okukhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, izwe ligugile ngobumpofu kanye nokungalingani kwezenhlalo.
Ngo-1978, i-UN yalahla umbono kanye nobushiqela bePinochet, ikhipha isinqumo esifanele. UMongameli waseChile waphendula ngereferendulelo lapho iningi lasekela khona amandla akhona. Ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2, umeluleki we-General General Himan Gusman wasungula uMthethosisekelo omusha weChile, ngakho-ke lesi sikhathi seminyaka engu-8 yehhovisi sasungulwa, futhi amagunya amasha ezokuphepha asungulwa .
Lezi zinyathelo zanikeza ukudalwa kokuphikiswa okuhlomile okuholwa ngabaholi beqembu lamaKhomanisi. Amalungu alo athatha imisebenzi eminingana, enye yawo eyayingumzamo ongaphumelelanga empilweni kaPinochet, owenziwa ngo-1986.
Ebhekene nokumelana okukhulayo kusuka ekuphikisweni kanye nomphakathi wamazwe omhlaba, ngo-1987, iPinochet ebekwe ngokusemthethweni amaqembu ezepolitiki nokhetho lukamongameli. Isinqumo sombuso womashishi sashukunyiswa umhlangano ngenqaba yokholo lwamaKatolika ngoJohn Paul II, owabiza u-Augusto wabuyisela izwe endleleni yentando yeningi.
Njengoba elahlekelwe yivoti ngo-Okthoba 1988, umholi waseChile wasala unyaka owodwa njengenhloko yesimo esikhundleni sesikhathi seminyaka engu-8 ehleliwe. NgoMashi 11, 1990, iPinochet waphasisa ukuphathwa kwezwe kwamukeli uPatricio Eylvia Asokar, owathola amavoti amaningi kwireferensi evulekile. Umashiqela wahlala umkhuzi ophakeme webutho kuze kube ngu-1998, wabe esevinjelwa njengoSenator we-ELonke.
Ekwindla ngo-1998, uPinochet waboshwa okokuqala ngesikhathi sokuhlala kwabo emtholampilo waseLondon, kwathi ngonyaka owedlule waphuca umshayamthetho wokuvimbela ubugebengu futhi wacela impendulo yamacala empi nakwezomnotho. Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-16 zokuboshwa kwasekhaya, umshiqela wathunyelwa evela e-UK waya ezweni lakubo, lapho kuphenywa khona ngezenzo zobugebengu ezazinendawo e-Biography General General General General Generage Generage Generage General General Generage General Generage General General General Generage General General General General Generage General General Generage General General General General General General General General General General Generage General General General.
Ngenxa yalokho kuMongameli, uChile wasolwa ngokubulala, ukubulawa, ukulungisa, ukuthengisa kwezikhali nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa. Phambi kwenkantolo, uPinochet akazange aphile.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
NgoJanuwari 30, 1943, uPinochet washada u-Lucia Lient Rodriguez, oneminyaka engama-20 ubudala, u-Ines Lucia, uMaria Veronika, u-Augueline Marie, u-Augus Osvaldo noMarco Antonio. Umlingani walowo mlingani kamashiqela wayengummeleli wohlobo olucebile, edlala indima evelele empilweni yezepolitiki yezwe. Kuqala, uyise kaLucia wamelana naye umshado wakhe, kepha waphikelela kuye.
Impilo yomuntu siqu kaPinochet yayixhunyaniswe ngokungalingani nomsebenzi wakhe wezepolitiki. Unkosikazi waba ngumeluleki owumkhulu kulokhu okujwayelekile, kanti elinye lamadodakazi amadodakazi azama ukuqhubeka nobaba, abe yilungu leqembu elifanelekile.
Ngemuva kokushona kukaMongameli wangaphambilini waseChile, umndeni wakhe waboshwa kaninginingi ngokucasha imali nokubalwa kwentela. Kodwa-ke, imizamo yabameli iyekile ukushushiswa. Ifa likamashiqela laliqukethe cishe ama- $ 28 million, ngaphezu kwalokho, wayengumnikazi womtapo wezincwadi omkhulu lapho kwaqoqwa khona izinkulungwane zamakhophi ezincwadi ezibalulekile nezincwadi ezingandile.
Ukushona
Ukwahlulela ngezithombe ezenziwe ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990s - ekuqaleni kuka-2000s, iPinochet yahlukaniswa ngempilo eqinile. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezizathu zokwelashwa, wadedelwa lapho eboshwa futhi ehunyushelwa ekuboshweni ejele.
NgoDisemba 3, 2006, omashiqela wokuqala waba nokuhlaselwa, futhi wayiswa ekunakekelweni okukhulu. Ngemuva kwesonto, umenzi wobubi bokufa kwezinkulungwane zezakhamizi zaseChile washonela egumbini lesibhedlela elizungezwe amalungu omndeni. Imbangela yokufa kwakuwukuvuvukala kwamaphaphu okubangelwa ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo okunamandla.
NgoDisemba 10, 2006, izixuku zabantu zaya emigwaqweni yaseSantiago nakwamanye amadolobha. Ukufa kwePinochet kwadala imibukiso enkulu nemibuthano phakathi kwabaphikisi bemodi ejwayelekile.
Ngosuku olulandelayo, umzimba woMmeli walowo owayenguMongameli wahlehliselwa esakhiweni sezemfundo e-Las sikwenza, lapho kwenzeka khona umkhosi wokuvalelisa. Uthuli lukaPinochet lwanikeza umndeni ukugwema ukudepha kwethuna.