I-Biograge
UGabdulla Tukai uyimbongi kaTatar kanye ne-prose, umgxeki wobhala kanye nomhumushi. Umsunguli wesiko lenkondlo yesizwe, waba neqhaza ekwakhiweni kolimi lwesiTatar. Abalobi abaningi baba abalandeli bakaMlobi.
UGabdulla Tukai wazalelwa edolobhaneni laseKushlavych ngo-Ephreli 26, 1886. Uyise washona ngesikhathi umfana eseyingane, kanti umama washona ngemuva kweminyaka emi-4, eshiya ingane ngentandane eliyindilinga. USteshift akazange athathe izibopho zokukhuliswa kweGabdulla futhi wamnika ezandleni zikamkhulu, uMulle Zinnaturele. Impilo yomfana yayingelula. Ngalezo zinsuku, konke kwakunzima kubo bonke abantu, ngakho-ke umuntu owengeziwe endlini washo izindleko ezingalindelekile nezingafuneki.
Umkhulu uthole isisombululo esihle ngokuthumela umzukulu eKazan emndenini wokwamukela. Umfana wamukelwa ngemfudumalo nangomusa. Kepha ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2, ababelethi abanegama bagula bathumela uGabdulla Evoy. Akekho owayelinde indlu yakhe. Umkhulu waqala ukufuna indawo yokuhlala yengane.
Ukuhamba unomphela, ubuphofu, okunganakwa nokunakekelwa okuthintwe komhlaba okuthinte ukubukezwa komhlaba kwe-tuquet, eyayichithwa futhi kubuhlungu. Unqume ukumnika umlimi we-sagdi, owayehlala edolobhaneni laseKyrlay. Wayempofu futhi, kepha isandla esengeziwe edolobhaneni sasihlala sisendaweni. Ukusuka emsebenzini onzima womzimba lapha bekungafanele uphunyuke kunoma ngubani, futhi ebuntwaneni bekunokuningi okufanele kusebenze.
Ngo-1895 uGabdulla Tukai uncike ku-anti e-Uralsk. Wathola indawo yokukhosela endlini yomthengisi usmova. Le nsizwa yaqala ukufunda ngokuvakashela isikole samaSulumane. Waqala ukufunda isiRussia futhi akhombisa amakhono ngezindlela ezihlukile. Indawo ezungezile inake ithalente lakhe.
Ngo-19, uTukai wenza izinguqulo zokuqala ngesiRussia. Imisebenzi eyayisebenza kuyo yayiyi-basni ivan Krylov. Izinkondlo zithathe njalo le nsizwa kangangokuba waqala ukuhumushela imisebenzi yababhali baseRussia kulimi lwesiTatar, ethula umphakathi ngamathalente ezimbongi nababhali abakhulu.
Ngo-1904, umsebenzi kaGabdullah wanyatheliswa kumagazini "eNew Century". Ekuqaleni, uTukai wacabanga ngamasiko ama-Arabhu asenkongi, kepha izincwadi zaseRussia zaletha izici ezintsha ngendlela yakhe. Imibhalo ka-Alexander pushkin noMikhail Lermontov yenza umbono omuhle kakhulu ekuhumusheni komhumushi kanye nokuvuselelwa kwenkondlo. Naphezu kobuntwana obunzima, uGabdulla Tukai wazibona ejabule futhi emisebenzini yakhe abeka izinhloso ezinhle kakhulu nezinengqondo.
Izinkondlo kanye nemisebenzi yezenhlalo
Inguquko kanye nesikhathi sokuphendula, esaqala ngo-1905, sengeze amanothi amasha emisebenzini yenkondlo. Waba yizwi lentando yeningi, wamelana namandla namandla. Ukucindezelwa kwabantu bomdabu baseTatar, umbhali ochazwe emisebenzini, enyatheliswa ngezikhathi ezithile. Wabhala izinkondlo mayelana nenguquko kanye namapheshana abukhali ngolimi lwesiTatar.
Ukusebenza umhloli wokuhlonza kanye neqoqo lemibhalo, kancane kancane iTukai yaba yisisebenzi sabamemezeli. Unqume ukusukela emazwini aze afike kuleli cala, athuthukise inguquko, futhi ebambe iqhaza emibonisweni nasemibhikishweni. Ngo-1907, uGabdulla washiya isikole samaSulumane futhi waba umlando ogcwele wenguquko. Imisebenzi yakhe ngalesi sikhathi yayisesisindo sezingcingo zokuvuka komoya wokulwa. Umbhali wanikeza izakhamizi ezikanye nazo ukuthi ancintisane nodumo lwezwe lakhe lomdabu kanye nezivumelwano zentando yeningi emibhalweni enjalo, njengoba "hhayi esishiya!".
UGabdulle waba nzima ukuqaphela izizathu zokuthi kungani kuhlulwe izinguquko. Wayedidekile, igagasi lokungethembana, owathumba imbongi, wabonakala emsebenzini wakhe. UTukai wabuyela eKazani, ebona lapho eya khona ekuqiniseni izincwadi ezweni lakubo.
Umlobi waletha ejwayelene nabantu abasha abathuthukayo futhi baqala ukuzizama eSatire. Ngonyaka wokuhlala eKazan, wabhala amasilo ambalwa, izinkondlo kanye nemisebenzi yobuntatheli, izihloko eziphambili zazo ezazikukhathalela abantu, ithemba kanye nokholo kubulungiswa, ngaphandle kodumo nesithunzi. Umlobi wanyatheliswa komagazini "Zarnitsa" kanye no "Lightning". Ukuba ngumlobi onolwazi, uTukai wakhipha umjikelezo wemisebenzi, phakathi kwayo "inkumbulo yokukhanya yaseHusaina" enikezelwe kumngane wakhe osondelene naye.
Umlobi akazange anqikaze ukuveza imicabango nemizwa ephepheni, ewabelana ngomfundi. Imisebenzi ye- "GNET" futhi "ibuyele eKazan" ihlobene nalesi sikhathi sobuciko, isenza kucace ngokusobala ukuthi umlobi akasekho emhlabeni wokukhohlisa, kodwa wazazisa kahle amaqiniso asekhaya anokhahlo. Wayefuna umsebenzi naphakathi kwabanobuhlakani bokudala. Imisebenzi eyenziwe ngo-1911-1912 yabhalwa ngaphansi kwethonya lemicabango emibi ngezwe lakubo kanye nokuthanda izwe.
UTukai wenza ukuhamba ngeVolga. Uvakashele e-Astrakhan, lapho ahlangana khona nezishoshovu zasendaweni. Entwasahlobo yango-1912, imbongi yangena e-Ufa yaya eSt. Petersburg, lapho imibono yenguquko kanye ne-antelligentsia ethuthukile yagxiliswa khona ngesikhathi. Umbono wohambo wahlanganiswa ne-Poet Nariman Narimanov, uguquko uMullanur Vakhitov kanye nomlobi Magitur Gafuri.
Izinkinga zempilo, kakade ngalesi sikhathi, bazazise ngabo, abayeki imbongi. Kusuka eSt. Petersburg, washayela eTroitsk, futhi wasuka lapho wagcina indlela eya eKazakh Steppe, wethemba ukwelashwa ngokuyisimangaliso nge-Kuisma. Ukubuyela eKazan, uGabdulla Tukai wabona ukuthi isisa sokuqala sasingabuyeli emuva. Umthwalo ophakeme nezimo ezimbi zikhona zikhulisa lesi simo. Kepha isimo sengqondo sobuntu asikaze sinyamalale emakhasini emisebenzi yawo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngokusho kwezikhumbuzo zabantu besikhathi sabantu besikhathi sika-Stato 22, uGabdulla Tukai walinda amantombazane, amahloni ngokubonakala kwakhe. Inhlanhla futhi ephansi, enesisu esweni, ephoqelele ukugqoka izibuko ezimnyama, akakholwanga ukuthi angathanda umuntu. Imbongi ayizwanga i-mod, ngoba ayivumanga imali, futhi kwakungekho sithakazelo kulokhu. Imali ephaketheni lakhe yavela ngezikhathi ezithile, ngoba izincwadi zilethe imali, kepha uTukai akazange afe; wasabalalisa ezikweletini ngaphandle kokubuya, wasiza abantu obajwayele.
Amantombazane athi naleso sikhathi anikela ngezibonakaliso zikaGabdulla, elinde ihhovisi lokuhlela, futhi imbongi ivile noma yimuphi imihlangano. UZutan Mavlyudova, indodakazi yomthengisi, naye uphupha ngokujwayelana nesibambo. Wafaka isicelo sosizo ezihlotsheni. UFatih Amirkhan wethule intombazane embongini lapho edlala nozakwethu kumamephu kuMshicileli. Umhlangano wokuqala wawungesikhathi esifushane: UTukai akazange akhombise isithakazelo, futhi abatholile baphinde babuyiselwa. Inani lentsha libona amahlandla ama-5.
Umhlangano wesibili wenzeka ngengozi: UTukai wabona le ntombazane efasiteleni le-tram futhi yakwamukele. Okwesithathu, lesi sinyathelo sikhombise iZaatan. Ukuxhumana kwabo kwahlala isikhashana. UTukai wabheka, wayezohamba njalo, futhi othandweni nomakhelwane bamgcina ngaphansi kwanoma yisiphi isizekeli. Ukuqomisana kwesine kwanikeza ithuba lokuzizwa ukhululekile.
Bachitha isikhathi ngemuva kobusuku bokubhala, behamba ngomgwaqo. Okwesihlanu, abantu abasha bahlangana ehhovisi lokuhlela. UZutan wasuka eKazan waya eChistopol wahamba wayothi. UGabdulla wathembisa ukuza ePier ukusho kahle futhi akafikanga.
Eminyakeni eyi-5 kamuva, lapho iTukay isekufayo, uZutan weza ezomvakashela esibhedlela. Walinda imvume yokungena ewadini, kodwa uGabdulla wakuvinjelwa. Kamuva, le ntombazane yashada inceku yesonto, indodana yakhe kanye nomzukulu wakhe baba izimbongi. Ngaphambi kokuba afe, lona wesifazane wacela ukumngcwaba eduze nangokunokwenzeka ethuneni likaTuka. Etsheni lakhe lethuna, imigqa yaqoshwa kwinkondlo enikezelwe kulabo abathandekayo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu uGabdullah Tuka akazange aphumelele. Wayengenaye umfazi nezingane. Kuze kube sekufeni kokufa enhliziyweni yakhe, imizwa yayikhula ibheke eZait.
Ukushona
I-biography yembongi yaseTatar imfushane. Washona eneminyaka engama-26 ngo-Ephreli 1913. Imbangela yokufa yaba yinhlonipho, iyinkimbinkimbi yindlala. Sebenza endlini enothuli yokuphrinta ngo-1912 yakhulisa lesi sifo. Ukufa kweGabdulla Tuquet sekulahlekelwe yizincwadi nezobuciko.
Manje isithakazelo emsebenzini wembongi, osomabhizinisi kanye nomhumushi sisekelwa ezingeni lombuso. Ngokukhumbula iGabdulle Tuka, kwavulwa imnyuziyamu ebhaliwe eKazan. Esikwele esigcawini esisePushkin Street, waqamba udumo lwakhe, kukhona itshe lesikhumbuzo kumlobi, futhi izithombe zakhe zihlotshiswe ngezincwadi zokufunda ezincwadini. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni inikelwe kumuntu wayo, echaza i-biography yaseTuka futhi iyizibonelo zemisebenzi.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1905 - "Enkululekweni"
- 1906 - "Ama-Parasites"
- 1906 - "State Duma"
- Ngo-1907 - "Okushiwo AmaShakdras"
- Ngo-1907 - "Ngeke uhambe!"
- 1907 - "Shuraile"
- 1908 - "Izizwe"
- Ngo-1908 - "Sennaya Bazaar noma New Kisekbash"
- 1911 - "GNET"
- 1911 - "Dacha"
- 1912 - "Intsha YaseTatar"
- 1913 - "Ithemba Labantu ..."