I-Biograge
USimon Bolivar - omunye wabavukeli okhanyayo emlandweni womhlaba. Kwabahlali bendawo entsha, inqubomgomo yegama iwuphawu lokuhamba kwenkululeko emazweni aseLatin America, okwakukhona okwenzeka eSpain. UBolivar wayekholelwa ukuthi ukugqilazwa kufanele kubhujiswe, futhi inani labantu bomdabu lalingana namalungelo okuthola impilo ehloniphekile.
Impilo yokugcina, uBolivar uthole isihloko se- "American's Liberator". Esikhathini sokuphela, ezepolitiki zinezikhathi eziphakeme futhi ziphansi. Ngaphambi kokuba afe, wahlala ethembekile emibonweni yakhe. Igama lakhe alifile egameni lezwe - iBolivia, eyayiyikoloni laseSpain langaphambili lePeru elingaphezulu.
Ubuntwana nentsha
UBolivar wazalwa ngoJulayi 24, 1783 eCaracas. Igama eligcwele - Simon José Antonio de la Santisima Trinidad Bolivar de la Concepcion-and-Ponte Salacios-and-Blanco. Kusungulwe ama-biografikhi wezombusazwe kwezepolitiki: Amadlozi we-Revolmermar yesikhathi esizayo afika eSouth America evela ezweni laseBasque ngekhulu le-16. Abafuduki bangena ngempumelelo empilweni yamakoloni eSpain futhi ngokushesha baqala ukuthatha ingxenye esebenzayo ezimpilweni zezindawo ezintsha.
Ngenxa yomsebenzi kaSanta Simona, isihloko se-Viscont, futhi asivunyelwe yinkosi yaseSpain. Uyise kaSimon, uJuan Vincent Bolivar, waqinisa isikhundla somndeni. Ngemuva kokufa, abazali bakwaSimoni bashiye indlalifa yensizwa yokutshala amapulani, izitshalo, izindlu, izigqila nangamagugu. Bekudla ukuqhathanisa nesimo sanamuhla, iBolivar ingangena ohlwini lwama-Dollar Billionaires.
ISyrota yaletha uMalume Carlos Palacios. Uthisha wezihloko eziyinhloko kwakuyi-Wisosopher Simon Rodriguez. Wanikezela uSimon osemncane emcabangweni wokukhanyiswa kweFrance futhi watshelwa ngokuningiliziwe ngezinhloso zeRepublican. Ngemuva kokuphunyuka kukaRodriguez ngokuqeqeshwa nguSimon, unobhala woMbusi General Andres Belo uyabandakanyeka. Ngenxa yalowo mameluleki, uSimon uhlangana nososayensi ngu-Alexander Humbuldt no-Eme Bonplan, ababenomthelela oqinile ekubukezweni kwe-WorldVar.
Ngo-1799, abagadli benza isinqumo sokuthumela insizwa eSpain ukufundisa ubuqili. UBolivar uthatha umndeni wasebukhosini. Usekela ukukhulumisana noPrince Ferdinand, inkosi yesikhathi esizayo yaseSpain, esiyoba yisitha esikhulu sezepolitiki.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emine, ngo-1803, uSimon uqhubekela eFrance. Kuyatadisha ezifundweni zeParis Polytechnic kanye nesikole esijwayelekile. Umzala wakhe uFanny udluliselwa ngenkuthalo ngentambo yamahhala. Embuthanweni wabo, uBolivar wangena, wabelana nabo ngemibono ejwayelekile kwezepolitiki nokuhleleka komhlaba.
E-United States of America, inguquko yesikhathi esizayo iwela ngo-1805. Isibonelo sokukhululwa kwe-United States kusuka kubaphathi baseBrithani kuba yimodeli yabavuselelekayo yaseNingizimu Melika. UBolivar phakathi kwabo. Uvunywa emibonweni yakhe yezepolitiki. Umqondo wokudala ensimini yamazwe aseLatin America i-United States yaseNingizimu Melika iba phambili kuye.
Umsebenzi wezepolitiki
Ngo-1810, uBolivar ubamba iqhaza ekuvukeleni kukaFrancisco Miranda, okuholela eVenezuela ngonyaka ukumemezela inkululeko. Uhulumeni waseSpain uzama ukubuyisa amazwe amakoloni. Ngo-1812, amabutho eVenezuela abhujiswa, futhi uMiranda wathunyelwa ejele. UBolivar wenza ukubaleka ezweni futhi acashe endaweni yeGrenada entsha.
Ngo-1813, uSimon, kanye nabavukeli, bahlela ukuqunjelwa okusha, okukhothayo ukuthatha amabutho aseSpain. UBolivar uba sesahluko II eVenezuela Republic futhi wamukela isikhundla seLiberator. Kepha ngemuva konyaka, abaseSpain bayakwazi ukungqongqoza uBolivar edolobheni elikhulu laseVenezuela - ama-Caracas.
UPolitician ukhalaza eziphathimandleni ze-Gaiti futhi wamukela ukwesekwa. Ngo-1816, uBolivar ufika eSouth America futhi aqala ukuguqulwa. Ikhansela ubugqila futhi imemezela ukukhishwa kwamasosha omhlaba ahlanganyela ngenkuthalo empini yenkululeko.
Ngo-1818-1819, uSimon Bolivar, ngokwesekwa yibutho labantu abanomqondo ofanayo, kumisa ukulawula iningi leVenezuela naseNew Grenada. Ekupheleni kuka-1819, waqokwa nguMongameli weRiphabhulikhi yaseGreat Columbia, okwakuhlanganisa izindawo zeColombia naseVenezuela yanamuhla.
Ngo-1824, abaseSpain ngaphansi kwa-Natius of Colombia baseColombia baseColombia bashiya izindawo lapho i-Ecuador, iPeru neBolivia manje sezitholakala khona. UBolivar uba ngumashiqela wePeru futhi ngo-1825 uhola iRiphabhulikhi yaseBolivia eyadalwa nguye. Isibalo sezepolitiki sihlala sithembekile kulowo mbono - ukudala i-United States of South America, okuzoba yingxenye yensimu esuka ePanama eChile.
UBolivar wazama ukumkhuthaza engqungqutheleni ekhethekile, kodwa wabhekana nokuxabana kwabakhethiweyo bendawo. Ithola izici zokunamathela kwemodi ye-bonapartist, futhi ibizwa ngokuthi uNapoleon wamehlo akhe. Ukubamba iqhaza kwakhiwa ngokumelene nomsebenzi, ngenxa yalokho alahlekelwe amandla eBolivia nasePeru.
Ngo-1828, uBolivar nebutho angena eBogota, lapho adala khona ukuhlala kombusi waseColombia. Ngawo lowo nyaka, omunye wabafana abahlela wazama. UBolivar ngokuyisimangaliso ngokugwema ukufa futhi ucindezela ukuvukela. Ukubhekana neBolivar yamandla kuyaqhubeka. I-elite ye-caracas ivela eMnyangweni weVenezuela waseColombia. UMbusi ulahlekelwa yithonya namandla ezweni. Ngo-1830, wesula.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-19, uSimon, ukuba seMadrid, uhlangana ne-Aristocrat Maria Teresa Rodriguez. Yena, njengoBolivar, unemvelaphi yesiCreole. Ngemuva komshado, umbhangqwana osemusha uhamba eVenezuela. Lapha, unkosikazi kaSimoni ulalela umkhuhlane ophuzi futhi uyafa. Umcimbi washaqe kakhulu insizwa, futhi unikeza isifungo sokungafanele.
Izinguquko empilweni yomuntu siqu zenzeka ngo-1822, lapho uBolivar ehlangana nomlingani wesibili wempilo ngesikhathi sokungena kwamasosha enhlokodolobha yase-Ecuadorian waseQuito. Ngesikhathi sokunyakaza kwekoloni emigwaqweni, egcwele abantu, umqhele we-laurel uwela ezandleni zikaSimoni. Ukubukeka kwezinguquko kuhlangana nentombazane enamakhanda amnyama emi kuvulandi kanye nabakhulumeli abamukelayo.
Ngobusuku obufanayo, uSimon noManuel bavila ebholeni futhi kusukela kulowo mzuzu bazama ukuba ndawonye. Use-creolen futhi, omncane iminyaka eyi-12. Ukubukwa okwabiwe ngokukhululwa kwezindawo zamakoloni eLatin America. Lapho uManuela ehlangana noSimoni, wayeshade noDkt .. Owesifazane wawukholelwa umyeni wakhe indoda elungile, kodwa eyisidina. AmaSaans ahehwa ngokushesha usopolitiki.
UManuela noSimoni abakaze bamyeni nomkakhe ngokusemthethweni. Wafunga ukuze alondoloze ukuthembeka kunkosikazi ongasekho, futhi ungumyeni osemthethweni. Kuye, uBolivar wayebonga ukusindiswa ngesikhathi somzamo. Abantu ngemuva kokusindiswa okumangalisayo komholi wabo baqala ukubizela umkhululi okhululekilekayo uManuel.
Lapho alahla isikhundla sikamongameli, waqiniseka usizo ukumshiya. Waqhubeka nokumthanda futhi wabhala izincwadi ezivela eBogota, etshela imininingwane yokuthi kwenzekani, mayelana nokuthi ama-comrades angaphambilini abonisa kanjani ibhizinisi lakhe. Ngemuva kokushona kukaManuel wakhe othandekayo wasuka waya endaweni. Bengihlala ebuphofini futhi ngazama ukusinda, ukuthengisa ugwayi namaswidi. Izincwadi ezidutshulwe ezivela kuSimoni, kepha zashiswa ngesikhathi sebhubhane lwe-dishtheria. ISaens yafa ngenxa yesifo esifanayo futhi yangcwatshwa ebhuneni elijwayelekile.
Kwakungekho zingane ezivela eBolivar.
Ukushona
USimon ushiye iminyaka engama-47. Umcimbi odabukisayo wenzeka ngoDisemba 17, 1830. Imbangela yokufa ayikasungulwa: Ngokwemininingwane eyodwa - kusuka ku-tuberculosis, kwenye ubuthi - ubuthi. UMongameli waseVenezuela Hugo Chavez wazanywa ukubeka iphuzu ngaphezulu "futhi". Isinqumo sokukhipha umzimba wenguquko kwenziwa.
Ngemuva kokuhlaziywa kwe-DNA, zombili lezi zinguqulo azitholanga isiqinisekiso. UHugo Chavez, naphezu kwemiphumela, waqhubeka nokumemezela ukuthi lo mkhululi wabulawa. Ekukhumbuleni iqhawe lenhlangano yenkululeko, ushintsha igama lezwe eRiphabhulikhi yaseVenezuela.
UBolivar wabulala efeni lomunye umuntu, hhayi kude nedolobha laseSanta Marta. Ngaphambi kokuba afe, wenqaba impahla futhi wabulala ubumpofu. Wamngcwaba ezingutsheni zomunye umuntu.
Ngemuva kokufa, igama likaBolivar liyaqhubeka nokuphila impilo yakhe. Phakathi kwamaqiniso athokozisayo kunemininingwane mayelana negama ukuhlonipha inqubomgomo ye-asteroid bolivian, evulekile ngo-1911. Enye yeziqongo eziphakeme kakhulu zentaba zomhlaba nayo ithwala igama lakhe - i-bolivar peak. Imali yaseVenezuela yiBolivari, futhi isithombe senqubomgomo sihlobisa ama-banknotes amahlelo ahlukile.
Enhloko-dolobha yase-United States, eWashington, kukhona itshe lesikhumbuzo se-Simon Bolivar of Sculptor Felix de Weldon. Kubhekwa njengesikhumbuzo esikhulu kunazo zonke se-Equestrian nenqubomgomo entshonalanga ye-hemisphere.
Emisebenzini yamafilimu aguqukayo asusiwe. Umqondisi odume kakhulu - "uSimon Bolivar" Alexander Blazetti we-1963 kanye noMqondisi we- "Libertator" kanye ne-Alberto Arvel, edutshulwe ngo-2013.