I-Biograge
UMengameli we-36 wase-US uLindon Johnson wakuphatha umthwalo wemfanelo wezwe ngemuva kokushona kobuhlungu kukaJohn F. Kennedy. Iminyaka engu-4, usopolitiki wahola umzabalazo ophumelelayo nobuphofu, ubugebengu, ukucwaswa ngokobuhlanga nokobuhlanga, kepha walahlekelwa yimpi neVietnam nasempilweni yakhe.Ubuntwana nentsha
ILindon Bain Johnson yazalwa ngo-Agasti 27, 1908 epulazini eliseduze naseStonoolet, eTexas, futhi yaqala yaba zingane ezinhlanu uSamuel Eli Johnson Junior noRebecca. Kamuva emndenini, uSam Houston, uRebecca, uJoseph noLucia bavele emkhayeni. Kusukela okhokho, umfana wazuza izimpande zesiNgisi, zaseJalimane nezeScotland.
UJohnson wayeyingane yokuxoxa, esikoleni ebamba iqhaza ezinkulumweni zomphakathi, ezingxoxweni, eganwe ku-baseball, ephethwe kuzo zonke izifundo. Ilukuluku lokuzalwa kanye nokuguquguquka kwengqondo kwavumela uLyndon ngo-1923 ukuba abe ngumfundi omncane kunabo bonke uJohnson City High School.
Abazali baphikelela ngokuthi iNdodana iya ekolishi ngaphambili. Ngo-1926, uMongameli wesikhathi esizayo we-United States wangena eTexas State University, kwathi eminyakeni emi-2 kamuva, waphonsa imfundo yakhe ukufundisa izingane zaseMexico.
Kamuva uJohnson wakhumbula:
"Ngikhumbula izinhlungu ngokuqaphela ukuthi ikolishi livaliwe abafundi balesi sikole esincane saseMexico: abazali babo babempofu kakhulu. Ngokunokwenzeka, kwakunjalo ngaleso sikhathi lapho nginqume khona ukuthi ngeke nginciphise ngenkathi ulwazi lungeke lutholakale kunoma yimuphi umMelika. "Umsebenzi wesikhashana wasiza uLindon ukonga imali yokukhokhwa kweNyuvesi. I-cum inensizwa ngo-1930. Amakhono anqunyelwe kumakhono wentsha ka-Eloquence akunikeze indawo yalowo mfundisi ophikisana nothisha kanye nama-rhetoric esikoleni saseHouston, bese e-US House of Apmentsetives.
Umsebenzi wezepolitiki
UCongressman Richard M. Cleberg ngo-1931 wamisa uLindon Johnson enobhala wakhe. Lesi sikhundla sahehwa yinsizwa hhayi eminingana kangako, ukuthi uthandana nokuthandana: Abangani bakaMelika babengabasizi bakaMongameli osebenzayo weFranklin Roosevelt, umphangi uJohn Nans Garnern.
UJohnson waxoshwa ngempumelelo eChamber of US abamele ngo-1937. Kumgomo wangaphakathi, wanamathela eRoosevelt "ebiyelwe nguMongameli kaMongameli: ULyndon omiswe ukuhola ukusebenza kweTexas, inhloso yawo okuwukuhlenga amaJuda aseYurophu. UJohnson wasiza amaJuda akhe amaJuda ukungena eCuba, eMexico naseNingizimu Melika.
Ngo-1948, ngemuva kokhetho oluhlazo, abaphikisi basola uJohnson ngenkohliso abanezincwadi, bagijimela eSenate yase-US. Usopolitiki wadumaza "wezinhlanga" ukuze ozakwabo abagunyaziwe uRichard Russell noSam Rairen, ukusekelwa kwalo kwaqiniswa ukhetho lukaMongameli.
Eposini lakhe, uJohnson, okhathazekile ngokusongelwa kokubuswa kweSoviet esikhaleni sangaphandle, kuqokomise ukwamukelwa kweNational Act of Aeronautics neCosmonautics ngo-1958. Ngenxa yalo mbhalo e-United States kwavela uNasa.
Kakade ngaleyo minyaka, uLindon Johnson wazibonakalisa njengomphathi onolwazi kanye nodokotela wezengqondo, kuma-biografikhi wezazi-mlando ambonisa yena njenge "Iphoyisa Elikhulu Kakhulu, owake wazi eWashington." Usopolitiki wayazi amandla nobuthakathaka babalingani bawo nabaphikisi babo, ubandlululo namathambo egumbini labo, indlela yokunqoba amavoti abo.
NgoJulayi 1955, uJohnson, ebhema ugwayi ka-60 ngosuku, wasinda ekuhlaselweni yinhliziyo, kodwa ekugcineni konyaka wamemezela inhloso yakhe yokugijimela kubamongameli beqembu lentando yeningi. Izinqubomgomo ezihlonishwayo zokuncintisana zingaba kuJohn F. Kennedy. Amakhono engqondo kanye ne-charm yemvelo aqhakambisa insizwa emelana nesizinda se-lyndon eqinile, yama-coarse.
Abantu baseMelika bakhethe uKennedy. NgoJanuwari 1961, ngasikhathi sinye nokuvulwa kukaMongameli, uJohnson waqokwa yiPhini lakhe. Kucatshangwa ukuthi uKennedy waphakamisa uLindon okuthunyelwe okuvela ebuzuthunweni nasekuhlulekeni okulindelekile. Kuze kube usuku lokugcina, umthetho wamadoda aseKennedy azange ahambe.
UJohnson, wajwayela ukusebenza ekugqokeni futhi axazulule imisebenzi eminingana ngasikhathi sinye, wayefuna ukwandisa imigomo yawo yereferensi njengomongameli wephini. UKennedy wamfundisa izindaba zokuphepha, ukufuduka, imfundo kanye nesayensi, ikakhulukazi - aeronautics. Ngo-1961, i-USSR yaqala yathumela umuntu emjikelezweni we-Space, futhi uMongameli wafuna iphrojekthi evela kuJohnson, eyayizovumela ukuthi i-US ibambe.
NgoNovemba 22, 1963, 2 amahora ambalwa ngemuva kokubulawa kukaJohn Kennedy, eBhodi yokuqala "uLyndon Johnson ngaphansi kombono womfelokazi uJacqueline Kennedy wathatha isifungo njengoMongameli wase-United States. Ibhayibheli alizange liphenduke, futhi ngokwethembeka kusopolitiki wombuso bafunga amaRoma Missal. Izithombe ezivela emcimbini zibhekwa njengesithombe esidume kakhulu esake senziwa endizeni kamongameli.
Ngokukhumbula okwandulela uJohnson uJohnson wabela igama likaJohn Kennedy esikhungweni Sokuya Esikhaleni eKapa, futhi kwakhiwa ne-Warren Commission ukuze aphenye ngokubulawa kukaMongameli. Ibhodi likaJohnson laqhubeka esikhathini esithuthukayo sezomnotho, ngokuntuleka kwemisebenzi ephansi. I-United States ngaleso sikhathi ayizange ifake izingxabano ezinkulu nezifundazwe, kanye nokunaka kukaMongameli omusha omusha ogxile kwezepolitiki yasekhaya, kwathi ngemuva kuka-1966 - empini yaseVietnam.
Ngonyaka wokuqala, uLindon wangena empini nobuphofu, ubugebengu, ubuhlanga kanye nobandlululo lwenkolo. Imibono yakhe yayifakwe uhlelo "lomphakathi omkhulu". Izinguquko ezenziwa kwinqubomgomo yezomnotho ezilandelwayo, ngenxa yokuthi imali engenayo yabantu baseMelika kuphela ngo-1966 inyuswe ngo-15%.
Ngo-1965, amaMelika aseMelika athola ilungelo lokuvota okhethweni, nasekubulaweni kwecala ngamalungelo okuvusa amalunga amalungu amalungu e-Ku-Klux Clan. UJohnson wababizela ngokuthi "umphakathi wabashisekeli kuma-hoods", okudingeka ubuyele emphakathini ophucukile, awukakephuzi kakhulu. " Waba ngumongameli wokuqala kusukela uGrant Uliva, owaboshwa futhi wahlulelwa ngamalungu ama-Ku-Klux Clan. NginoJonen, abantu baseMelika baseMelika baqala ukuqhubeka nokuhlaselwa kombuso.
Njengomphumela weBhodi laseLindon, inani labantu baseMelika abaphila ngaphesheya komugqa wobuphofu bancipha kusuka ngo-23% baba ngu-12%, izingane zikhuliswe emindenini enjalo.
Uchungechunge lokubulawa kwephrofayili ephezulu - uJohn Kennedy nomfowabo uRobert, uMartin Luther King - bakhonza njengesizathu sokusayina ngo-1968 ngomthetho wokulawula izingalo. Lo mbhalo wandise uhlu lwabantu abavunyelwe ukuthi isikhali sethule "ilayisense lokuqoqa", oluvumela "icala futhi linciphile" izikhali zokuthola intela.
Ukwehluleka Kwezithuthuthu eVietnam, izizathu ezichazwe ngokuningiliziwe kwiFieographical Film "Indlela eya Empini" (2002), yenza buthaka igunya likaJohnson. Okhethweni lokuqala lwango-1968, washaya ama-49%, futhi uSenator wayo ophikisayo u-Eugene McCarthy uneminyaka engama-42%. Kulokhu, uLindon wanquma ukungagijimeli kubamongameli ngethemu lesibili. Umlandeli wakhe wawunguRiphabhliki Richard Nixon.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Novemba 17, 1934, unkosikazi kaLindon Johnson waba nguClaudia Alta Taylor, owaziwa ngokuthi uLady bird (Ladybird Eng. "Ladybug"). Isidlaliso, intombazane intombazane yanikeza uNanny, empeleni yaba igama lakhe: uLyndon wabiza uClaudia Berd, igama elifanayo lilotshwe esitikweni somshado.
Umnikelo wokushada uJohnson wavezwa ngosuku lokuqala. I-Lady bird ibingafuni ukushesha nomshado, kepha ngemuva kwamasonto ayi-10 kuye. Lo mgubho wenzeka e-Episcopal Church of St. Mark eSan Antonio, eTexas. UClaudia wasinda ama-Missitages amathathu ngaphambi kosuku lukaLinda Berd (1944) noLucy Bane (1947) avele. Iqiniso Elithakazelisayo: Abalingani nezingane banezinto zokuqala ezifanayo LBJ.
ILady Berd kwakuwukuphela komfazi osemthethweni uJohnson, kodwa empilweni yakhe izinqubomgomo azizange zibize ngaphandle kothando lwezothando. Kuze kube ngu-1967 Waba nokufukula nge-alice yengilazi - iphephandaba elithandekayo uCharles Marka, ngo-1948 wahlangana ne-Croquette Madelein Brown. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ingane yakhe yesibili, uStephen brand Brown, owesifazane wabeletha eLyndon. "Ndodana" ngizamile ukufakazela ukubandakanyeka emndenini kamongameli, kodwa ngo-1989 walahlekelwa yiNkantolo.
Ukushona
Emfindweni, isifundo se-actuarial sasibikezela ukuthi ukufa kuzothola uJohnson eneminyaka engama-64: Usopolitiki wabhema kakhulu, wahlupheka ngesisindo ngokweqile (ngo-1970 wasindwa izinkinga zenhliziyo ezingama-107. NgoJanuwari 20, 1973, uLindon wasinda ekuhlaselweni kwenhliziyo yesithathu, ngenxa yalokho okwathiwa kufile. Wayeneminyaka engama-64.
Umngcwabo kaJohnson wenzeka eChristian City Christian Church eWashington, ehohlwe nguMongameli Richard Nixon. Umzimba uphumule edolobheni lezepolitiki - ama-stonoolet, kumathuna omndeni wangasese.
-Zuzayo
- Indondo "yomkhankaso waseMelika"
- Inkanyezi yesiliva
- Indondo "Umkhankaso wase-Asia-Paciafic"
- Indondo Yokunqoba EMpini Yezwe II
- Indondo KaMongameli Yenkululeko