I-Biograge
I-Alexander Menshikov - okulinganiselwa futhi ayithandayo yeMbusi Peter I, obonile emisebenzini yombuso nanjenge-Commander enesibindi. Wabamba iqhaza kumakhambi wezepolitiki futhi wayaziwa njengoMgcinimafa wombuso. Ubunikazi baka-Alexander Danilovich Menshikov buyisibonelo esicacile sendlela umuntu waseProshubin ahlonishwa ngayo yinhle, kepha aqeda impilo ebuphofini. Esedlule indlela evela kumhwebi ekubhekeni ngakwesokunene sombusi, wahlangana nokufa ngenkathi exhumanisa neSiberia.Ubuntwana nentsha
I-Biography ye-Alexander Menshikov igcwele amaqiniso athakazelisayo, ukushayisana kanye ne-peripetias, kepha kuncane kwaziwa ngemvelaphi yakhe. Umfana wazalwa ngoNovemba 16, 1673 eMoscow. Cishe indlela ebuntwaneni yakhe, ingaqagela ngayo, ngokusekelwe ekucabangeni kwabaphenyi. Abanye bathambekele ekukholelwe ukuthi uyise ka-Alexander wakho wakhonza njengesizwe, abanye banamathela emibonweni ayebaphilayo, abe yi-bakerake.
Lapho nje eseduzane negceke, Menshikov Qasha abantu abachaza isihlahla sohlu lozalo. Kusukela eziphikisayo kwakukhona ukuthi amadlozi asePrince ayeyizicukuthwane zaseLithuania. Kepha, mhlawumbe, leli qiniso liholele ebusweni obusezingeni eliphakeme.
Ngokusho kwenganekwane, umfana menshikov uthengise ama-patties emigwaqweni yaseMoscow, kodwa u-Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin uyakubumba, ekhombisa okusalungiswa embhalweni "emlandweni kaPhetro" ukuthi le ndaba yaqhamuka nama-bookry. Imvelaphi kaMenshikov yaveza ukuthi le nsizwa ibinokuxoxisana. Wakhonzwa yiPisari kanye noBobhalane owakha amaphepha.
Nokho, u-Alexander Menshikov osemusha wawela kwinkonzo yamaqabunga yale ndoda. I-General yathatha ngaphansi kokugcinwa. Insizwa eneminyaka engu-14 ubudala yabona inkosi futhi yamukela eyamashumi amabili. Umsebenzi wamklaba ngokushesha. Wabangela ukuthembela kuhulumeni, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu - Peter I. Ukuba nomngani weNkosi, uMenshikov wabhaliswa emabuthweni amnandi. Eminyakeni engu-20, wayengumuntu othandana naye, futhi ngokushesha waba nesikhundla saseValetiner eMbusisweni.
U-Alexander Menshikov waba ngumphathi oseduze kaPeter I. Wenza imiyalo yomeluleki, kunokuthi wabangela umdumo. Wayephathiswe ukuhambisana noMbusi osemusha ohambweni lokuqala lwangaphandle. I-Menshikov ulwazi oluhlonishwayo oluvela kubasebenzi bemikhumbi yaseDashi. Ngokubambisana noPeter aleksevich, waqala ukugqoka ngendlela yaseYurophu, waletha imfashini kuma-wigs enhlokodolobha, ebambe iqhaza emikhankasweni yezempi futhi wasiza emikhakheni kahulumeni.
Umbutho wezempi
U-Alexander Danilovich Menshikov wabamba iqhaza emikhankasweni ye-AzoV, waba nomthelela ekucindezelweni kokuvukela kwemigwaqo engu-1698, eyaqinisa ukuzethemba kwakhe. Lapho uFranz Leverte eshona ngo-1699, uPeter ebenginesiqiniseko: Menshikov wahlala ukuphela komngane othembekile.
Ngo-1700, kwaqala impi yaseNyakatho, lapho u-Alexander Danilovich azibonakalisa khona eyiqhawe elinesibindi. Ubesemgqeni ongaphambili njenge-Commander yeCavalry kanye ne-Infantry, ehole ukuthathwa kwezinqaba, kufaka phakathi uNienshanz, lapho ngo-1704 abezinikele ku-chin omkhulu jikelele.
Umbuso wabonga ukufanelekela isihloko sendaba, esasilwa namasosha aseSweden eLithuania ngo-1705, aphule izidumbu ezenziwa ngo-1706. Ngesikhathi ehola impi, eyayihlanganisa amasosha ayinkulungwane. Ukuqiniswa okunjalo okuqinisiwe uPyotr Aleksevich othunyelwe ukusiza inkosi yasePoland Agasti ukuthi iphinde ikhiphe amaSweden. I-Menshikov iqede injongo futhi yathola isihloko sombuso wasePrince okhanyayo wase-Roman.
Impi ePoltava yaphinde yaletha iNkosana yaseLavra. Uveze isibindi ngemuva kokukhashelwa kweHetman Mazepa, okuholela ekuhlaselweni kwe-avant-garde kanye nelangabi elihlaselayo. Ukufaneleka kwe-Commander kwakuwukuthathwa kwe-schlippenbach detachment kanye nama-ross Corps.
Ngalo, kungenzeka ukunqoba futhi kuguqule ibutho lomphikisi. Amabutho kaCharles XII axoshwe ngamahloni. Kepha ama-menshikov awathola futhi enze ukunikela. Ukuba ngamaphuzu ashisa kakhulu ezimpini, wakuqinisekisa kaninginingi ukwethembeka enkosini nokwehla.
Ukunqoba ngaphansi kwePoltavaya kwamlethela isihloko sensimu imashi kanye nempahla enkulu yezwe. Iphathini lenqaba lezinkulungwane eziyi-43 lengezwe ezintweni ezikhona zika-Alexander Danilovich. Kwakuwukuphela kwakhe ngenani lama-serfs, okwengeziwe kwakunguPeter I. Imisebenzi yezempi u-Alexander Menshikov yaqhubeka kuze kube ngu-1713, ngokuba ngumholi wamasosha eKurland, ePoland, ePomerania naseHolt. Ngo-1714 wabuyela ePeterSburg, enezikhundla, impahla kanye nesimo esiphakeme embusweni.
Imisebenzi Yezwe
I-Menshikov ikwazile ukuthuthuka nge-career Staircase ngabonga ekuhlolweni kwezempi nezinqumo ezinengqondo zokuphatha. Ngo-1702, wabhalwa ngumphathi womlando wase-Noteburg, futhi usuka ku-1703 wathola isikhathi sokuqokwa kombusi waseSt. Petersburg. Ukwengamela ukwakhiwa kwenhlokodolobha entsha, ukuhlela ama-Whiftwards, amabhizinisi ezimbonini, ukubeka iKronsklot, eKronstadt kanye nezindawo zokuhlala zazo.
I-Menshikov Parace yayingenye yezakhiwo zokuqala edolobheni futhi yahlukaniswa ngokunethezeka. Nase-Oranienbaum wayenendlu yezwe. Ngesikhathi uPrince futhi ungumbusi waseKarelia, e-Estand nase Ingranland. U-Alexander Danilovich wayengenakwenzeka ukuba asondele ekugubheni izibopho. Kusukela ngo-1713, uMbusi kanye negceke bathuthela eSt. Manje bekukhona uMnyango Wezokudidiyela kanye neSenate.
Kusukela ngo-1715, iKronstadt Ship Squadron yayisekela inkosana. Wenza amacala anquma e-Admiralty, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kwesinye isikhathi ebambe iqhaza emikhankasweni yasolwandle. Omunye wabo kwakuyindlela yokuphuma eya eRefel naseCape Gangut emkhunjini weFriedrichstadt. Phetro ngingenza izimfundiso, futhi intandokazi yakhe yaba khona njengomphikisi. Ngo-1721, iMensshikov yabelwa isihloko sePhini Admiral.
U-Alexander Danilovich Menshikov wayengenasono. Njengomuntu onamandla, wazizwa kabi. Ngakho-ke, ukuba ngumphathi, akuzange kubheke okungenakuqhathaniswa ukusebenzisa imali engenacala. ICasnocrad yabanjwa, eyabikwa kumbusi. Ngokuphikisana nomthetho, uMenshikov akazange abeke icala lokubulawa kwabantu futhi awathunyelwanga ekuqandeni. Ukunamathisela i-aitrief of the metha, uPeter aleksevich ancamela ukuyisebenzisa ngokuzayo futhi axolelwe, anciphise esimweni senkosana yokulahleka.
Isikhundla se-menshikov sinobungozi obuphindaphindayo. Omunye wabo kwakuyindodana kaPeter, u-Alexey, oboshwe kuPeter noPawulu inqaba. Isikhulu esiqhakazile sabamba iqhaza mathupha ekuphaphemeni le nsizwa futhi savumelana nokubulawa kwakhe ngo-1718. Usizo lulinganiselwa ecaleni elibucayi kangako ngokuthi uPeter ngaziswa ngendlela emangalisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Alexander Danilovich wayevame ukubasiza ekuxazululeni izindaba zomndeni. Wanikela futhi ekuqedeni umngane womshado wenkosi yokuqala, u-Evdokia, nokwakha ubudlelwano noMarta we-spavonia, kamuva, njengoba uCatherine I.
Naphezu kokuphakama, uMenshikov njalo wafika ngaphesheya kwengcebo kaMenshikov wayevame ukubangela ukunganeliseki koMbusi. Ngo-1722, waphinde wajabulisa izenzo ezingekho emthethweni lapho ephethe i-crocchot kanye nokuphanga. Phetro ngamphuca izifunda eziningana, ugwayi, umbusi wePSKOV wabeka inhlawulo. Ngaphambi kokushona kwenkosi, bekuqagelwa okusondelene kakhulu, lapho ancishwa khona okuthunyelwe kombusi, iminyaka engama-22.
I-Menshikov yayinobudlelwano obuxanekile nge-Empress Catherine I. Ukusiza ekukhuleni kweSigodlo ngemuva kokushona kukaPeter aleksevich, wawina indawo kahulumeni, kodwa wazesaba ukuthi uyakwazi noma yini yobubi. Noma kunjalo, amandla akhe ayengenamkhawulo. Ngo-1728, waba yinhloko yoMkhandlu Kanobhala Ophakeme ophakeme futhi waba nelungelo lokuthatha imithetho ngaphandle kwemvume kaCatherine I. Isikhundla sakhe se-Menshikov sanquma ukubuyela emuva, ekhipha indodakazi yakhe kuPeter II. Ngaleso sikhathi, isikhulu sasinesikhundla so-Admiral noGelissimus.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Umshado u-Alexander Menshikova wajabula. Lesi sikhulu sasishade noDarya Mikhailovna Arsenyeva, indodakazi kaJakutsky Governol kanye nenceku. Intombazane evela kule minyaka yobusha ibisenkantolo yayisabudlelwano nobuhlobo bodadewabo kaPeter aleksevich, uNatalia. Odadewabo bakwaMenshikov bafakiwe embuthanweni wokulinganiselwa. Ukujwayelana kokushada kwezinto zesikhathi esizayo kwenzeka lapho u-Alexander eneminyaka engama-25, noDariyu - 16. Abantu abasha basekela ubungane obuxhasile izincwadi ezazisekuqaleni zazomile.
UDaria Mikhailovna wakwazi ukuncibilikisa inhliziyo yesikhulu ukunakwa kwakhe, ahambile izipho kuye futhi akhombise ukunakekelwa. Umshado omuhle kaShikov wenzeka ngo-Agasti 18, 1706. Kwaphawulwa eKiev phambi kukaPeter I.
Phakathi kwezobutha, abashadikazi babona okungavamile kakhulu. Ngo-1709, uDaria Menshikova wabeletha izibulo. Ukudilizwa, wayekhathazeke kakhulu ngowashada naye owaya kuye. Ingane yazalwa endleleni, eBelgorod, lapho kwafika khona uMensshikov ngaleso sikhathi. Impilo yomuntu siqu ka-Alexander Danilovich yayigcwele ukunakekelwa kothando nonkosikazi. Uphelezele umyeni wakhe esixhumanisi saseRannburg naseBerezov, kodwa washona endleleni wangcwatshwa edumo olungaphezulu, ngaseKazan.
Ukushona
Izimbuzi Menshikov ngemuva kokufa komsekeli wakhe, uMbusi Petru, wayengenayo imingcele. Lapho esehlelele ukubandakanyeka kwendodakazi yakhe noPeter II, inkosana ijabulele ukusekelwa kwezinye izinkantolo ezithile. Amasu avinjelwe ukugula okukhulu, okwesikhashana, owakhipha umuntu empilweni yegceke. Ngalesi sikhathi, wakwazi ukubekezelela phambi kukaPeter II, futhi ngesikhathi u-Alexander Danilovich wayengafaneleki. Waboshwa, wabekwa amazinga, izihloko nemivuzo yasuswa, kwathathwa impahla.
I-Menshikov nomndeni babhekise efeni laseRannburg, bese baya eSiberia, edolobheni elibizwa ngeBerezov eduzane nase-Tobolsk. Lanxa Menshikov, kanye nezinceku ezithembekile, zakha indlu nesonto. Ngo-1729, iSiberia yahlanganiswa ngobhubhane lwesigaba, okwakuyimbangela yokufa kweNceku Ebukhosi. Ushone eneminyaka engama-56, Novemba 23, 1729. IPRINTI yangcwatshwa esontweni, yena uqobo aphakeme.
Ithuna lesifundazwe aligcinwanga kuze kube manje. Mayelana negalelo lakhe emlandweni kungatholakala emithonjeni ehlukahlukene. Imidwebo yamaVelmes igcinwa kumaqoqo emnyuziyamu, futhi inkumbulo yayo idluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ezintsha emakilasini omlando. Izingane zesikole zanamuhla zinethuba lokufunda i-biography yabaphathi abadumile ezincwadini nasezinkumisweni ezigciniwe zabantu besikhathi sikaphila ngesikhathi. Kunezincazelo ezithile ezinemininingwane, ngokwesibonelo, izitifiketi zokukhula kwe-menshikov ku-2 Arshin no-12 vhkov (196 cm).
-Zuzayo
- 1703 - Ukuhleleka komphostoli oNgcwele u-Andrei kuqale ukubizwa
- 1705 - Ukuhleleka kokhozi olumhlophe
- 1710 - Order of the Elephant
- 1713 - I-oda elimnyama le-Eagle
- 1725 - Order of St. Alexander Nevsky