I-Biograge
E-choic tragic yamavoti, ejaha ezesabekayo zamakamu aseStalin, uVamlam Shalamov wenza elinye lamaqembu okuqala. I-Autobiographical "Izindaba zeKolyma" zitshela mayelana nokuhlolwa kobuntu ekwehlile esangweni lesizukulwane sonke. Njengoba sisindile emibuthanweni yesihogo sokucindezelwa ngobungcweti, umlobi wabavimbela ukuphathwa kwezwi lobuciko futhi wema ekilasini eliningi lezinto zaseRussia zekhulu lama-Russian ngekhulu lama-20.Ubuntwana nentsha
UVamlam Tinhonovich Shalamov wazalelwa eVelologda ngoJuni 5, 1907. Wafika emndenini wabapristi wefa. Uyise, njengogogo nomalume, wayengumalusi weSonto LaseRussia Orthodox. UTikhon Nikoleyevich wayeganwe nesithunywa sevangeli, eshunyayelwa yizizwe zase-Aleutian eziqhingini ezikude (manje eziyinsimu ye-Alaska) futhi wayazi kahle isiNgisi. Unina wombhali wahlanganyela ekukhuliseni izingane, futhi eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila esebenza esikoleni. IVarram yayiyingane yesihlanu emndenini.
Umfana wafunda ukufunda eminyakeni emi-3 futhi ngokuhaha uhlomise konke okwakuthola umtapo wezincwadi womndeni. Imilutha yemibhalo enobudala iba yinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe: wadlula e-adventure kuya ezindabeni zefilosofi. Umlobi wesikhathi esizayo wayenambitheka wobuciko obucashile, ukucabanga okubucayi nokufisa kobulungiswa. Ngaphansi kwethonya lezincwadi kulo, imibono esondelene nabantu bakabantu ekuqaleni kwakhiwa.
Vele ebuntwaneni, uVormlam ubhala izinkondlo zokuqala. Eminyakeni engu-7 ubudala, umfana unikezwa indawo yokuzivocavoca, kepha imfundo iphazanyiswa yiRando, ngakho-ke uzoqeda isikole ngo-1924 kuphela. Isipiliyoni seminyaka yezingane kanye nentsha sifingqa e-Vologda yesine "- indaba ekhuluma ngeminyaka yokuqala yempilo.
Ngemuva kokuthola iziqu esikoleni, umfana uya eMoscow futhi agelezele emaphethelweni e-Metropolitan proletariat: uya kulesi sitshalo kanti iminyaka emi-2 ihawukela ikhono lomshuki ekukhiqizeni kwesikhumba. Futhi kusukela ngo-1926 kuya ku-1928, ngokwakhe uthola imfundo ephakeme eMoscow State University, efunda umthetho weSoviet. Kepha kusukela eyunivesithi, akufakiwe, lapho kufundwe ofunda nabo ekuchithweni "ngemvelaphi" yenhlalo engavumelani nenhlalo. Ngakho-ke imoto ecindezelayo iqala ukuhlasela i-biography yombhali.
Eminyakeni yabafundi, uShalamov uvakashela umbuthano wokubhala ohlelwe ngumagazini "New Lef", lapho ajwayela khona futhi akhulume ngentsha ethuthukayo.
Ukuboshwa kanye Neziphetho
Ngo-1927, uShalamov ubamba iqhaza kumasheya okubhikisha anikezelwe esigabeni seshumi se-Okthoba Revolution. Njengengxenye yeqembu le-trotkistov elingaphansi komhlaba, limi neziqubulo "phansi nge-stalin!" Futhi izingcingo zibuyela ezivumelwaneni zeqiniso ze-ilyich. Ngo-1929, ukuze ubambe iqhaza emisebenzini yeqembu leTrotskyist, uVamlam Shalamov waqala ukuboshwa futhi "ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwamahlamvu" eminyaka emithathu ekamu "elilimaza emphakathini".
Kusukela kulesi sikhathi, i-mitardia yakhe esetshenziswayo ye-perennial, i-protrated kuze kube ngu-1951. Umlobi wethemu wokuqala ukhonza eVishaga, lapho ngo-Ephreli 1929 eza nesigaba esivela ejele laseButlyrsk. Enyakatho yama-Urals, iziboshwa zibamba iqhaza endaweni enkulu yokwakha yohlelo lokuqala lweminyaka emihlanu - isitshalo samakhemikhali senani le-BEELZNIKI selumisiwe.
Kukhululwe ngo-1932, uShalamov ubuyela eMoscow futhi aphile ngokuziphilisa ngomsebenzi wokubhala, abambisane namaphephandaba okukhiqiza nomagazini. Kodwa-ke, ngo-1936, indoda ibuye yakhumbula okungcolile "okungcolile kwe-trotskyist" kanye nemithetho esolwa ngemisebenzi yokuguqula. Kulokhu ulahlwa iminyaka emi-5 kwathi ngo-1937 bathunyelwa emfundweni magadan emsebenzini onzima kunayo yonke - izimayini zegolide zisekela.
Isigwebo saphela ngo-1942, kepha iziboshwa zenqabile ukukhiqiza kuze kube sekupheleni kwempi enkulu yokuthanda izwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uShalamov njalo "wathunga" amagama amasha ezindabeni ezihlukile: Nansi icala "icala labameli", kanye "nezitatimende ze-anti-soviet". Ngenxa yalokho, igama lomlobi likhule laya eminyakeni eyi-10.
Kuyo yonke le minyaka, wakwazi ukuguqula izimayini ezinhlanu emakamu eKrymsky, aqokwe emadolobhaneni nasezimayini njengomklami, logger kanye nokumba umgodi. Waba nethuba lokulala phansi egumbini lokulashwa ngokuthi "amachashazi", okungasenakhono noma yimuphi umsebenzi womzimba. Ngo-1945, eqeda amandla ezimeni ezingabekezeleleki, neqembu leziboshwa ezizama ukuphunyula, kepha zikhulisa kuphela isimo kanye nesijeziso kunqunywa endaweni yenhlawulo.
Futhi esibhedlela, uShalamov uhlala lapho umsizi lapho, nangemva kokuthola ukuqondiswa kwezifundo zabezimo eziphuthumayo. Ngemuva kokuphothula iziqu ngo-1946, i-Varlam Tinhonovich kuze kube sekupheleni kwesikhathi sejele isebenza ezibhedlela zasekamu laseMpumalanga Ekude. Njengoba sebethole inkululeko, kepha bashaywa ngamalungelo, umlobi usebenza omunye unyaka nohhafu eYakutia futhi ehamba ngethekthi eMoscow, lapho ibuya khona ngo-1953.
Ukudala
Ukusuka esikhathini sokuqala sokuphetha, uShalov wasebenza njengentatheli eMoscow Trade Union. Ngo-1936 kushicilelwa indaba yakhe yobuciko bokuqala enyathelweni ekhasini lika-Okthoba. Ukuxoshwa kweminyaka engu-20 kwaba nomthelela emsebenzini wombhali, yize emakamu akashiyanga imizamo yokurekhoda izinkondlo zakhe ezizokwakha isisekelo somjikelezo we-kolymatebook.
Izindaba zeKolyma zithathwa njengomsebenzi ohlelekile we-shalamov. Leli qoqo linikezelwe eminyakeni ehlukunyeziwe yamakamu aseStalin esibonelweni sempilo yeziboshwa zaseSevVostlak futhi ziqukethe imijikelezo engu-6 ("i-bank ofbe", "i-Artist Showel yezwe lobugebengu, njll.).
Kuyo, umculi uchaza isipiliyoni sempilo yabantu abaphukile ngohlelo. Inkululeko echaziwe, isekela kanye nethemba, indlala ekhathele, umsebenzi obandayo futhi ongabekezeleleki, umuntu ulahlekelwa ubuso bakhe kanye nobuntu obukhulu - kulo mbhali waqiniseka ngokujulile. Njengeziboshwa, amandla okubudala, ububele kanye nokuhloniphana, lapho inkinga yokusinda iya phambili.
Ngokuphikisana nomlobi we- "Gulam Archipelago", uShalonov wayeqiniseka ukuthi ikamu liyisikole esinyanyekayo kuwo wonke umuntu nawo wonke umuntu, futhi lalivame ukuphendula nge-solzhenitsyn ku-HID SOUD, ekholelwa ukuthi wazinzela igama, ecaphuna ngesihloko amakamu.
UShalamov wayephikisana nokushicilelwa kwezindaba ze- "kolyma izindaba" yizincwadi ezihlukile, futhi emhlanganweni ophelele wanyatheliswa eRussia kuphela. Ngokusekelwe emsebenzini ngo-2005, ifilimu yadutshulwa.
Ngo-1960-70, iVamlam Tikhonovich ikhiqiza amaqoqo e-poems, i-Memories of Peems (indaba yesine "yesine Vologda") kanye nesipiliyoni sesiphetho sokuqala sekamu (i-VISHERA ANTIOM).
Umjikelezo wokugcina wezinkondlo uqhamuka ngo-1977.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Isiphetho salowo osolwa phakade asivimbanga umbhali ukuba akhe impilo yomuntu siqu. Ngonkosikazi wakhe wokuqala uGalina Galina Goodz Shalamov ujwayelana neCamp yeVehero. Lapho, ngokusho kwakhe, 'wamshaya' ngesinye isiboshwa, intombazane eyafika kuyo. Ngo-1934, lo mbhangqwana washada, kwathi ngemuva konyaka, indodakazi ka-Elena yazalwa.
Ngokuboshwa kwesibili komlobi, ukucindezelwa kwatholakala ngokucindezelwa: UGalina wadingiselwa edolobhaneni elikude laseTurkmenistan, lapho ahlala khona kwaze kwaba ngu-1946. Umndeni uhlangana ndawonye kuphela ngo-1953, lapho uShalamov ebuya ezindaweni zase-Eastern ezakude eMoscow, kodwa ngo-1954 abashadikazi bayazalwa.
Unkosikazi wesibili kaVarnlam Tikhonovich kwakungu-Olga Sergeevna Neklyudova, ilungu leNhlangano Yababhali BaseSoviet. UShalamov waba ngowesine futhi wagcina umyeni wakhe. Umshado wathatha iminyaka eyi-10, kwakungekho zingane ezivela kulo mbhangqwana.
Ngemuva kwesehlukaniso ngo-1966 kwathi kuze kube sekufeni kombhali kuhlala kunesizungu.
Ukushona
Eminyakeni yamuva yokuphila, isimo sempilo yomlobi besinzima kakhulu. Iminyaka engamashumi eminyaka yokuqeda amandla emkhawulweni wabasebenzi ibingelutho. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950s, udlulisela ukuhlaselwa kwethuna kwezifo ezikhanyisiwe, futhi ekuzwaneni nombono ka-70s kuyancishiswa kancane kancane.
Indoda ayikwazi ukuxhumanisa ukunyakaza kwayo futhi ihamba nobunzima, kwathi ngo-1979, abangane kanye nozakwabo bamthumele endlini yabantu abakhubazekile. Ukuhlola ubunzima ngenkulumo nokuxhumana, uShalov akashiyi imizamo yokubhala izinkondlo.
Ngo-1981, umlobi wawunesifo sohlangothi, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho lesi sinqumo senziwa ukuba simthumelele endlini yezikebhe kubantu abaphethwe yingqondo engapheli. Lapho ushona ngoJanuwari 17, 1982, imbangela yokufa ingukuvuvukala kwe-brubols kwamaphaphu.
Indodana kaMpristi, uShalamov wayehlala azibheka njengamanga njengamakholwa, kepha wathunyelwa ngokwesiko lama-Orthodox wangcwatshwa emathuneni aseKuntsevsky eMoscow. Izithombe ezigciniwe ezivela emngcwabeni womlobi.
Abaqanjwe ngegama ngemuva kokuzinikela eminyuziyamu eminingana kanye nokuchazwa kwezingxenye ezahlukahlukene zezwe: e-vologda, eKolyma, lapho besebenza khona izinsuku zakhe zokugcina zokugcina .
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1936 - "Ukufa kathathu kukaDkt Auustino"
- 1949-1954 - "I-Kolyma Notebook"
- 1954-1973 - "AmaKolym izindaba"
- 1961 - "Phansi"
- Ngo-1964 - "Iqabunga leqabunga"
- Ngo-1967 - "Umgwaqo Nekukusasa"
- 1971 - "IVOLOGOLOGDA YOMNYAMA"
- 1972 - "" Amafu eMoscow "
- 1973 - "Chazhesha"
- 1973 - "Fedor Raskolnikov"
- 1977 - "Iphuzu elibilayo"