I-Biograge
U-Ottoman Sultan Mahmoud II wazihlukanisa ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe kwezinguquko eziningana ezithuthukayo, futhi waba nomthelela ekwakhiweni kobudlelwano phakathi koMbuso wase-Ottoman neGibhithe, izinqubomgomo zakhe zenziwa ngokuzimela kohulumeni weSultan.
Akaziwa kakhulu ngombusi wengane yengane. Umfana wazalwa ehlobo lika-1785 esigodlweni seTopkan e-Istanbul. Njengoba indodana encane ka-Abdulha Hamid I - umhlaka 27 Sultan woMbuso Wase-Ottoman, uManzimid wakhuliswa ezinye izingane, abafowethu nabanye abafowethu abaningi.
Unina wayengumfazi wesikhombisa kaSultan - ongowokuzalwa eziqhingini zaseCaribbean. Ngandlela thile le ntombazane yahamba izungeza ulwandle, kwathunjwa iPirates yase-Afrika. Kwalethwa eMbusweni we-Ottoman njengomkhiqizo ophilayo futhi wathengiswa emakethe yase-Algeria.
Indikimba Ebusayo
Lapho uMahmoudi esemncane, wahola izwe kuyise, waphila ngokuphayona futhi wayesekela ezindabeni zomphakathi. Indoda yasinda empini noMbuso WaseRussia, kodwa izinyanga ezi-4 ngemuva kokunqotshwa, abantu baseRussia babulawa yisifo sohlangothi. Futhi indawo yakhe yathathwa nguSelim III, indodana kaMachafa III, eyayihlelela ukuhlelwa kabusha umbuso wase-Ottoman futhi yabe ngeembutho. Umfutho wokuwa kwakhe kwakumnandi eSerbia naseValahia, awakabonisi ubuthakathaka bamandla kaSultan.
Ngo-1807, uSelima esikhundleni se-PADAFA IV, kanye nalo, abasekeli bezinguquko zombusi owedlule bagwetshwe isigwebo sentambo. Impi yaqhubeka neRussia. Ngemuva konyaka, kwaqala ukuvukela okusha, ngenxa yokuchitheka kwegazi okuningi phezu kwemiyalo kaMahmoud II, uSustafa wabulawa, waba ngumhlaka 30 Ottoman. Ngakho-ke ngo-23 kwi-biography yomuntu kukhona umlando weminyaka yakhe eminingi kahulumeni.
Ubuthakathaka boMbuso Wase-Ottoman ubesezinhlathweni zalo zezepolitiki kanye nezempi, okuthi, ngokubona ngombono omusha, wafuna ukuguqulwa kwemodeli yaseYurophu, okungaba ukuphela kwensindiso yombuso. UMahmoud uthatha isinqumo sokusekela ezepolitiki kaSelim.
Into yokuqala uMahmoud akwenzayo - enza ukuguqulwa kwezempi futhi ahlele kabusha izidumbu zeYanchar, ngaleso sikhathi okwakuyisisekelo samabutho wombuso. Futhi njengoba bekhombisa ukungahambisani kwabo ezimpini eziningana, uSultan wamane wabhubhisa izidumbu zabo, futhi emuva kwadalwa "amabutho anqobayo e-mohammed."
Ngakho-ke abaningi bakholwa, akazange athathe isikhathi, ngoba ibutho elisha lalingenalo ulwazi oludingekayo nesiyalo ekupheleni kwempi neRussia naseGrisi. Futhi-ke umbusi uphoqeleka ukuba ajabulele amabutho ngezikhali ezidingekayo nokufunda kwakhe, kulokhu wacela abafundi abafundisi baseYurophu.
Izazi-mlando zigubha umnikelo weSultan kwinqubomgomo yasekhaya yombuso. Le ndoda yafuna ukusukuma uMbuso wakwa-Ottoman, ngayo, izinto zefenisha kanye nesimo zaqala ukufaka inani labantu bendawo, iphephandaba lokuqala lase-Ottoman turkey laqala ukukhiqizwa. Ukuthola imfundo yaseNtshonalanga, intsha ethunyelwe ukuze ifunde phesheya, amandla omthetho abonakala kancane kancane aletha kancane kancane ukubukeka kwaseYurophu.
UMahmoud wakhetha mathupha umfaniswano wokuvela kwabantu ezindaweni zomphakathi ngesikhathi seholide lamaSulumane Ramadan, wethula izingubo zokusika zaseYurophu kanye nezindawo zombuso. Futhi uma, ngaphambi kokuba kubuse amandla, umkhosi owayehlangene nabesilisa nabesifazane akakwazanga ukudlula, emva kwalokho ngemuva kokwamukelwa kwemithetho emisha, lo mthetho awufakwa.
Izinguquko zenzeke hhayi ngokubonakala kwezwe kuphela. UMahmoud wabuye wathatha izinkinga zemfundo yezwe. KukuYe lokho imfundo ejwayelekile, izikhungo zezempi nezingcweti zaqala ukuvela eMbusweni we-Ottoman.
Ngasikhathi sinye, kwenziwa imizamo yokwakha uhlelo lwe-Turkish Media futhi luthuthukise imboni yokuthayipha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakuhloswe ngalo ukuqinisa iziphathimandla eziphakathi nendawo, kanye nokulwa nezimfanelo zezifundazwe kanye nokukhishwa kokufumbathisa eziphathimandleni. Umthetho ojwayelekile nowobugebengu ubuye wabhekana nezinguquko ezinhle.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, senze buthaka imivimbo ekungeniseni iziphuzo ezinotshwala nokuthengisa kwabo. Zonke lezi zinguquko kanye nezinto ezintsha zivame ukubangela izimpendulo ezingezinhle ezivela kuzo zonke izingqimba zenhlalo, ezazithululelwe ngezikhathi ezithile ekuvukeleni. Futhi akumangazi, ngoba babevame ukumelana nezindinganiso zokuziphatha kanye nekhono elijwayelekile lempilo yabantu abakwa-Ottoman. Naphezu kwemizamo kaSultan, izwe laqhubeka nokubekezelela ukunqotshwa kwezobutha.
Kancane kancane ulahlekelwe uMbuso Wase-Ottoman kanye nenkululeko yangaphambili ezindabeni zenqubomgomo yakwamanye amazwe. Kwemigomo yezepolitiki nakwezomnotho, izwe lawa ngenxa yokuhlulwa kwezempi. Umgcinimafa wehla, isikhwama sezwe sehlisiwe, lokhu kwaphumela ekuqiniseni ukucindezelwa kwentela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubusa kukaMamphed kugcwele izimpi kanye nokulahleka kwensimu ebalulekile ezweni. Empini ye-Ottoman-Saudi, wamelana nobukhosi be-wahhabi, uMuhamd Ali Egypt, owayengumkhubhile kaSultan, wabuyisela uhlangothi lwaluhlanga lonke ngaphansi kwamandla e-OTTOMANS. Impi yaseRussia - yaseTurkey yango-1806-1812 yaphela ngoSultan ayilungile kangako.
Lapho sekuphothulwe, isivumelwano seBucharest Mirny sahlanganiswa, ngenxa yalokho amaTurkey asuswe yiMoldova naseBessarabia. Futhi izwe le-adriapol liqede impi elandelayo yamaRussia nase-OTTOMANS ngonyaka we-1829, kepha futhi kwakunemikhuba engezelekile.
Eminyakeni yokubusa kukaSultan, ngemuva kweMpi YamaGrikhi e-Inkululeko, balahlekelwe yiGrisi, amandla amaningi aseYurophu asizwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkululeko yathola iGibhithe futhi ayisekho ubudlelwano ne-Istanbul. Ukusuka ekuzihlosweni kukaMahmud, uMbusi uMuhammed Ali waphuma, wafuna ukudala umbuso wakhe, wabe esesiza uMbuso Wase-Ottoman kuphela amabutho aseRussia.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Njengamanye ama-sultars oMbuso Wase-Ottoman, impilo yomuntu siqu kaMahmoud yayicebile. Phakathi kwabesifazane nezancinza, indoda eyayinabesifazane abangu-18, abahlanganisiwe, yazala izingane ezingama-39 (amadodana ayi-19 namadodakazi angama-20). Abaningi babo bafa ebuntwaneni nasebusheni, amadodana angama-2 namadodakazi angama-5 kuphela ayehlala kumuntu omdala. Omunye wabo, uMikhrimakh-Sultan, washada ngeminyaka engama-24, kwathi ngo-1838 wabeletha umkakhe. Kodwa-ke, ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokuzalwa kwengane, owesifazane, njengosanakhe olusanda kuzalwa, wafa.
Uma sikhuluma ngokubonakala kweSultan, kufanelekile ukuba kuqaphele ukukhula kwayo okuncane kanye nokuzithoba ezintweni zobuso, okuvame ngaleyo minyaka kwabonakala emifanekisweni yakhe. Ngasikhathi sinye, le ndoda yahlukaniswa ngentando enamandla nobuhlakani obuphezulu. Wayefihlakele, wayenokubekezela, wazama ukufeza izinhloso. Ngasikhathi sinye, uSultan wayenesithakazelo endleleni yokuphila yaseYurophu, futhi akazange adle uthando lwenkolo.
Ukushona
Kuyo yonke le minyaka, uMahmud ubengumlutha wokusebenzisa kabi iziphuzo zotshwala. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, yaqala ukucekela phansi impilo yabantu futhi ihlise ukusebenza kwayo, ngokuya iba imbangela yokuvukelwa kwangaphakathi kanye nezilonda zenqubomgomo yakwamanye amazwe. Futhi iminyaka engu-2-3 edlule yempilo yombusi yayibonakala ngokungasebenzi kwayo okuphelele njengenhloko yombuso.
Ngokuphikisana nesizinda semilutha emibi, ama-sultars aqala ukuthuthukisa izifo odokotela bengasakwazi ukubhekana nakho. Owesilisa ushone ngo-1893, imbangela yokufa kwakuyisifo sofuba samaphaphu kanye nesifo somoya sesibindi. Ngemuva kokushona kukaMahmud II, indawo yakhe enamandla yathatha enye yamadodana - u-Abdul-Medzhid I.
Ukukhumbula
Ngo-2019, kuthelevishini yaseRussia, umbukiso wochungechunge oluthi "Sultan of inhliziyo yami" eqondiswe nguKerema Chakiroglu waqala. Ngokuphikisana nesizinda se-Istanbul, ukuqala kwekhulu le-XIX kwenzeka izindaba zothando, ezihlangabezana nobunzima nezinkinga eziningi ezisendleleni. Indodakazi ye-Russian Annassador Anna, isebenza eMbulweni YoMbuso WaseRussia, ijwayelana noSultan Mahmoud II.
Ukuba ngumqatho wokwethulwa kwezinguquko zemfundo embusweni wezwe lakhe, le ndoda iyahlabeka umxhwele ngengqondo nolwazi lwentombazane enhle, ngakho immema ukuba asebenze njengomfundisi wezingane zakhe. Ekuqaleni, indodakazi yesikhulu yayenqaba, kepha ngaphansi kwengcindezi yabanye abantu isavuma.
Sebehlale isikhashana esigodlweni saseSultansky, intombazane encane iyakuqonda okuwela othandweni noMahmoud. Kodwa-ke, endleleni yayo, u-Ana uhlangabezana nezinkinga eziningi. Izakhamizi eziningi zeHarem zibona le ntombazane njengembangi, futhi abantwana bakaSultan bayenqaba ukulalela uthisha kwelinye izwe.
Lesi sehlakalo esivezwe kwifilimu siyinganekwane, ngoba phakathi kwezancinza namakhosikazi uSultan akwazanga ukube nabamele uMbuso WaseRussia. Iqhaza lomlingiswa ophambili, uSultan, afeze umlingisi waseTurkey u-Ali Erssan Ruru, iqhaza lentombazane u-Ana eya e-Ukraine Alexander Nikiforova.