I-Biograge
Insimu yeChechen Republic yaya kuMongameli wayo owayebemezela e-Aslan Maskhadov. Indaba ithi izinkathazo eziye zangena esangweni sabantu baseChechen, hhayi ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwale nqubomgomo. Usizi oluningi lweMaskhadov ku-Duet noShamil Basayev kwabangela amaRussia: Kubhekwa ukuthi kuyabandakanyeka ekuhlaselweni kwamaphekula eDubavka naseBeSlan. Noma kunjalo, isenzo esemthethweni sasingaziwa njengomaphekula.Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Aslan Aliyevich Maskhadov wazalwa ngoSepthemba 21, 1951 edolobhaneni laseShokai laseKazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, emndenini wakwaChechesens. Ngaphezu kuka-Asun, abazali bakhulisa izingane ezi-5 - abantwana bakwa-Ice, no-Astalambe noLema, namadodakazi uBhukha noZhovzan.
Ngo-1957, ngemuva kokubuyiselwa kweChechen-Ingush ASS, iMaskhadov ibuyela ezwenikazi langempela lahlala emzaneni waseZubir-Yurt wesifunda saseNadtera. Lapha ngo-1968 u-Asulan wathola idiploma yemfundo yesibili.
U-Aslan Maskhadov wayefuna ukuba yizempi ukusiza izwe lonke libhekane nabahlaseli bangaphandle. Kulokhu ngo-1969, insizwa ethile yangena eTbilisi ephakeme i-Artillery Team School, ngonyaka we-1972, ngemuva kokuthola idiploma, yayohamba yayokhonza esifundeni samasosha aseMpumalanga. Iminyaka engu-6, inkonzo yathuthela ngokushesha nge-career ladder, ifinyelele kwiphini lomkhuzi weSigaba Sokusebenza.
I-oda elitholwe ebuthweni lezempi "ngenxa yenkonzo yezwe emabuthweni ahlomile e-USSR" yasiza u-Asulan ngo-1978 ukuba ingene eLeningrad Mikhailovskky amasosha amasosha abumbana nezemfundo. Engxoxweni nephephandaba "Komsomolskaya Pravda", ofunda naye eMaskhadov wachaza kanjena:
"Ukufika kubaphathi akuzange kulwele. Kwakungekho maSulumane ashisekayo, i-Quran ayifundanga. Wayethanda ukuphuza. "Waphothula iziqu ze-ASLAN Academy ngama-honor. Izinkumbulo zozakwabo kanye nabafundi ekilasini ngeMaskhadov bakha incwadi ethi "Udumo Okungaphezu Kokuphila." Iqoqo, ngaphezu kwezindatshana nezinhlamvu, kufaka nezithombe ezivela ezinqolobaneni zomndeni nasezempi.
Inkonzo Yezempi Nemisebenzi Yezwe
Ngisho nasebukhoneni bakwaMaskhadov babefuna ubuholi. I-Artillery Regment, owayengaphansi komyalo wakhe eHungary, waphinde wanikezwa isibhengezo esibomvu somkhandlu wamasosha ngenkani ngenxa kanembeza. Amakhono we-Tactical and Combat avumela ngo-1992 ukufinyelela kuColonel.
Ngokuwa kwe-USSR, isimo phakathi kwama-republic kanye anobungane akhula. Izifundazwe ezifundiswe kabusha nama-public, ama-republic, ahluleka ukuhlukana neRussia, ayelwela insimu. Izimpi zikaChechen zaba ngenye yezingxabano ezinkulu kakhulu.
Ngo-1992, uJohar Dudaev, uMongameli wokuqala owabe esememezela eChechen Republic Indkeria (CRI), uqokwe yi-maskshadov yikhanda le-chechnya civil Defense. Empini yokuqala yesiketi sika-1994-1996, i-maskhadov yangena ekhanda lenduna yendlunkulu yamabutho e-CRI Armed. Kwakuyimiyalo yakhe ukuthi amabutho ayelalela, engena ezimpini namasosha aseRussia, kwakukhona ukulwa neGrozny ngo-1996 kumasu ayo.
Ngo-1995, ihhovisi lomshushisi le-Russian Federation asolwa ngokuhlukumeza isikhundla esemthethweni, ekukhaphelweni izwe kanye nesibopho, esasijeziswa yinhlawulo yokufa. Umholi wezempi wamenyezelwa.
Naphezu kokusongelwa okulambile kokuboshwa noma ngisho nokufa, ngoNovemba 1996 uMaskhadov umemezele inhloso yokugijimela kubamongameli beRiphabhulikhi. Imbangi yakhe elomjalo wokhetho kwakunguShamil Shamil Basayev. NgoJanuwari 1997, ngevoti eliningi (59.3%) kaMaskhadov kwakhethwa inhloko ye-CRI. Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kamuva, uShamil Basayev wamiswa njengonduna wakhe.
EMaskhadov, isimo sangaphakathi sezepolitiki eChechnya siwohloka kakhulu. Abantu babehlala emadolobheni abhujisiwe kanye nasemizaneni, ngaphandle kwendle, ugesi kanye nokunikezwa kwamanzi. Kwakungekho ukunakekelwa kwezokwelashwa. Ngenxa yemikhiqizo esezingeni eliphakeme kanye nama-antisanitars, iRiphabhulikhi yayigugile ngezifo. Indlala yachuma. Ezinkulisa, ezikoleni nasemanyuvesi, amawindi nezicabha kwanyikiwe. Labo abaye baba nezindlela zokuhamba, zabalekela eChechnya.
Umkhawulo obucayi ufinyelelwe ezilinganisweni zobugebengu eRiphabhulikhi. Abantu bathunjwa nsuku zonke, lokhu kuqhuma kwaduma, imililo yayihambile. Izidakamizwa zazithengiswa obala, izikweletu ezingezona zezeluleko zaphindwaphindwa, kwakhuthazwa ama-Islam ashubile.
Izimpi zeChechen zenze ukuhlaselwa okuhlomile ezifundeni zaseRussia ezingomakhelwane, kwaheha amaSulumane amancane ezikhungweni zawo. Emazweni aseNyakatho Caucasus, ngokwesibonelo, iDagestan, iKabachay-Cherkessia, uKabardino-Balklaria wayeyinkohliso esebenzayo yemibono yokuhlukaniswa kanye nama-anti-Semitism.
Ngamanye amagama, inqubomgomo yangaphakathi yeMaskhadov yaqondiswa ekumenyezweni komphakathi weChechen, evuselela inzondo ngokumelene nabaphathi bukahulumeni. Ngakho-ke, esiteshini se-CAUCASUS TV Channel, isiqubulo sasakazwa:
"Asilingani. Sonke singukulinganisa.Bambelela, iRussia - siya! ".
Ngo-1998, lesi simo sasingaphandle kokulawulwa kweMaskhadov: Amabutho aphikisayo amabutho avela ku-chi. Amaqembu amakhulu kakhulu aholwa yiSalman Raduyev, omunye wabamele abadumile kakhulu abashokobezi beChechen, futhi abangane bakhe uShamil Basayev no-Amir Ibn al-Hattab.
Ukuze uthole usizo ekulweni nobugebengu maskhadov kunxuse eRussia. Umbuso wangenela lapho ngo-Agasti 1999 baseBasayev noHatabi bahlasela insimu yaseDagestan. UMnyango Wezangaphakathi weRussia Federation uthumele incwadi kuMongameli weChechen Republic ngesiphakamiso ukuthuthukisa indlela ehlanganisiwe ekuqedeni amabutho, kodwa wahlala eceleni kwengxabano ehlomile.
Lapho iRiphabhulikhi ilengiswa eRiphabhulikhi umkhankaso wesibili wezempi, uMaskhadov wenza ngazo zonke izindlela ezitholakalayo. Ubefuna ukwesekwa kwabaholi be-Ingushetia naseNorth Ossetia, asole iRussia ngokwesimo eChechnya futhi ngasikhathi sinye ukuthi kube "umlingani obaluleke kakhulu waseNorth Caucasus" ngohulumeni.
U-Aslan ucele umhlangano womuntu siqu noNdunankulu waseRussia uVladimir Putin, noma kunjalo wanquma ukuthunga umsebenzi ukuqeda amabutho. Amabutho e-Federal angena endaweni yaseChechnya ngoSepthemba 30, 1999. Umongameli weRiphabhulikhi, ngaphambi kwalokhu, efuna usizo ekulweni nabashokobezi, bahlangene namasosha batayev kanye ne-hattab yempi neRussia.
Ngasohlangothini lweMaskhadov, abantu abavela eSaudi Arabia, ePakistan, eTurkey nase-Al-Qaida balwa. Ukusebenza kwezempi u-Aslan Maskhadov kwaholela kumuntu. Ngo-Okthoba 23, 2002, abantu abangama-916 babanjwa enkabeni yeshashalazi yaseMoscow. Ngenxa yalokho kokuboshwa kwezinsuku ezintathu nokusebenza kwenkululeko, kusho abantu abayi-130. Ukuzibophezela ngokwenzekile nguShamil Basayev.
Enye yezimpi ebambe iqhaza ekubambeni kwabathumbi, yathi i-maskhadov yabeka isandla sayo ekuhlelweni kokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula. Umongameli weChechen Republic uqobo wakuphika ukubandakanyeka kwakhe futhi wasabisa ngokuhambisa iBasayev njengesijeziso, kodwa akazange athathe izenzo zokhonkolo.
NgoSepthemba 1, 2004, kwaba nokuhlasela okukhulu kwamaphekula emlandweni weRussia yanamuhla: abantu abangu-1128, ikakhulukazi abafundi besikole №1 Beselan, babethunyelwa. 314 Abantu, kubandakanya nezingane eziyi-186 zafa kule nhlekelele. Ukuzibophezela kwalesi sigameko sokuhlasela uShamil Basayev. NgoSepthemba 17 lolo nyaka olufanayo, iRussia yathi inobufakazi bokubandakanyeka e-Aslan Maskhadov's Attack Attack. Ngo-2006, i-Ossetia eNyakatho yambiza ngomunye wamakhasimende wokuhlaselwa.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngokungafani nomsebenzi wezepolitiki, impilo yomuntu siqu ka-Asun Maskadov ayiphikisani. Ngo-1972 washada ne-Kusama Yazedovna semieva. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-7, bazalwa amazibulo - uSonto u-Anzer, ngo-1981 - indodakazi kaFatima.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi ngonyaka ka-2002, u-Asun wangena emshadweni wesibili nowokuzalwa emzaneni wase-Isaha-yurt, kepha awukho imininingwane ethembekile ngayo.
Ukushona
Ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula eBeslan, i-FSB yeRussia Fereration yamisa umvuzo wama-ruble ayizigidi ezingama-300 ukuthola imininingwane ezosiza ekuqedeni uBasayev kanye noMongameli ozenzelezele ngeRechen Republic. NgoNovemba 2004, abaphathi bamemezela ukuqala komsebenzi okhethekile ekubanjweni kwabashokobezi. U-Aslan Maskhadov ushone ngoMashi 8, 2005 edolobhaneni laseChechen laseTolstoy-Yurt. Kunezinguqulo ezimbalwa zokufa kukaMongameli wama-Chers angaziwa.
Ngokwemininingwane esemthethweni, ngoMashi 8, Maskshadov, kanye nama-comrades, kuhlelwe ukushaya isakhiwo sabaphathi basemakhaya. Ngosuku lokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula, lesi sibalo sase sifihlwe esitezi esingaphansi kwendlu yesihlobo sakhe esikude, lapho satholakala khona ngamasevisi akhethekile. Iziqhumane zazisetshenziselwa ukuthwebula isigebengu sombuso. Kucatshangelwa ukuthi i-maskhadov ishonile kusuka ku-boryman etholakele.
Kamuva kwatholakala isidumbu sika-Asulan, kwatholakala isilonda sesibhamu, esabulala. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-ballistic ikhombisa ukuthi inhlamvu yadedelwa eMakarov Pistol, eyayingeyena nomshana we-maskhadov vuchard vuchan hadzhimulatov.
Lapho equlwa icala, onogada wayedidekile ebufakazini. Wake wavuma ngesenzo, ebhekisa esicelweni somalume ukuze ambulale
"Uma elimele futhi azama ukuthuthumela. Wathi uma ebanjwa, khona-ke, wabe esemhlekiswe phezu kwakhe ngenxa yeSaddam Hussein. "Ngokwezinye izinkomba, iVuchan elahlekelwe yindalo kusuka kulokhu kuqhuma, kwathi lapho evuka, uMaskshada wayesevele wabulawa. Inhloko yamanje yeChechnya Ramzan Kadyrov yaphakamisa ukuthi izinsizakalo ezikhethekile zaseRussia zazifuna ukuthatha ubugebengu boMbuso, kodwa
"Unogada, ngokusobala, wenza ukunyakaza okubukhali, kwadutshulwa ngokuzenzekelayo."Ngemuva kokuqedwa kweMaskhadov FSB kukhokhisa ama- $ 10 wezigidi olwaziwayo, okwaveza isikhathi nendawo yokuhlala e-ASLAN. Kodwa-ke, indodana yakhe u-Anzor yazisa uMshicilelo wokuthi uyise wayinikeza indawo ngokuzimela ngokukhululeka kwezingcingo. Imicabango efanayo eveziwe uShamil Basayev.
Zonke izinhlobo zokufa kwezombusazwe zeChechen, kanye nama-biografiphi alabo, eceleni kweMaskhadov, baxazulula i-Chechen Republic, zimbozwe kwifilimu edokhumenti "inkohliso" (2017).