I-Biograge
UThomas Gobbs ungusosayensi wesiNgisi futhi ucabanga ngekhulu le-XVII, owayebhekwa njengomsunguli wefilosofi yezepolitiki futhi enomthelela kuleyo sayensi njengomlando, i-purisprudence, imfundiso yejometri. Umsebenzi odumile kakhulu weHobbes waba yilowo ophathwe yi- "Leviafan", wamukelwa njengesinye sezibonelo zakuqala futhi ezinethonya yothingo lwenkontileka yomphakathi.Ukhanda
UThomas Gobbs wazalelwa edolobheni laseWestport yaseWestport, manje ebizwa ngeMalmsbury, Ephreli 5, 1588. Umfana waqanjwa ngokuthi uBaba, uThomase-Selior owasebenza njengeVicria eCharlton naseWestport. Lapho izingane ze-hobbs zazizincane, umzali weza nabavumfuvulu bendawo futhi washiya iLondon, eshiya umndeni wanakekela umfowabo ongumdala, umthengisi ocebile nonesizungu. Igama nohlobo lwezifundo zikanina zahlala zingaziwa.
Ngiseyingane, isazi sefilosofi esizayo saya esikoleni sendawo yesonto, bese kuba nebhodi yangasese. Ngo-1603, uThomas waba umfundi wasekolishi uMagdalen Hall, owayengubani owandulela i-Oxford Hatford. Ukuqeqeshwa ohlelweni ngakunye, ama-gobbs athole iziqu ze-bachelor's futhi, ekuncomeni komunye wothisha, athole umeluleki emndenini we-aristocracy of Cavendis.
UThomas waba ngumngane we-Baron William osemusha, kwathi ngo-1610, lezi zinsizwa zaqhubeka nokuvakasha eYurophu, lapho kuhlaselwa khona izimpendulo ezithuthukile zesayensi nezindlela ezibucayi, zihlukaniswe kakhulu ezimfundisweni zesiNgisi. Ubuhlakani besikhathi esizayo sobuphofu bafunda abalobi basendulo abangamaGrikhi nabaseLatin futhi bahumusha imisebenzi yabo ngolimi lwendabuko. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yalesi sikhathi, okudumile kakhulu kwakuwukuzivumelanisa nezimo "emlandweni wempi yasePeloponnet" Fukidid.
Ngemuva kokuba umngane kaHobbes wabulawa yisifo ngo-1628, umeluleki kwadingeka afune indawo entsha. Isikhathi esithile wayesondelene nembongi futhi wadlala uBen Johnson, wabe esesebenza njengonobhala wesazi sefilosofi esiNgisi kanye nenqubomgomo kaFrancis Bacon. Ngalesi sikhathi, usosayensi wesikhathi esizayo wathwalwa yi-geometry futhi wafunda ngokuphelele "ukuqala" okungu-Euclida, efunde ezindleleni zencwadi zokwakhiwa kwezinhlazo nokuthumela ubufakazi.
Kuze kube ngu-1631, uThomas wakhonza njengomfundisi ovela e-Baronet waseJesey Klifon, wabe esebuyela endlini kaCavendish ukukhulisa indodana yakhe endala. Iminyaka embalwa elandelayo i-HBBS yandisa ulwazi emkhakheni wefilosofi futhi yathuthukisa ubuciko bezingxabano. Ngo-1634, waphinde waya eYurophu, lapho wajoyina isiyingi sikaMaren Mersenna futhi wahlanganyela njalo kwinkulumompikiswano yefilosofi noRené Descartes noPierre Gassendi.
Abezindaba zemvelo bathi ngo-1636, uThomas wavakashela e-Italy wahlangana noGalileo Galileem, oncome ukudlulisa imibono yefilosofi empilweni yangempela.
I-English Revolution 1640 - 1653 I-Hobbes ephoqelekile ukushiya izwe lakubo isikhathi eside futhi lihlale eParis. Lapho, ngaphansi kwethonya lamalungu, i-mug yaseMersenna, isazi sefilosofi sagcina sakha uhlelo lokubukwa ezindabeni eziyisisekelo zomuntu.
Ngalesi sikhathi, ama-hobbes asebenze njengomfundisi wezibalo zeNkosana Encane, eza eFrance esiqhingini saseJersey. Ukubuyela eLondon ngo-1651, usosayensi oshicilelwe obhaliwe uyasebenza futhi washeshe waqeda ukwakhiwa kohlelo lwakhe lwefilosofi, okwathatha iminyaka engama-20.
Ngo-1666, indlu yemiphakathi yaletha inkokhelo yokulwa nokukholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu nokungcola, kanye nezincwadi zeHobbes, eza ngaphansi kwalesi sihloko eziphathelene nokuhlubuka, zaheha ukunakwa kwazo okusondele kakhulu kweziphathimandla. Esaba ukushushiswa, washisa iphepha lokuyekethisa, kodwa wayesephelelwe yilungelo lokushicilela umsebenzi eNgilandi. Umsebenzi wokugcina wesosayensi kwakungu-autobiography, ebhalwe emavesini, futhi ukuhunyushwa kwesiNgisi kwe- "Odysseus" ye-Homer.
Impilo yomuntu siqu yefilosofi yaziwa incane kakhulu. Mhlawumbe wayehlala yedwa, engenaye unkosikazi noma izingane. Ngokusho kwabezikhathi zalo, ama-gobbs ancamela ukusebenza ebumnyameni ngamakhandlela, ngakho amakhethini asendlini ahlala adonswa. Wahamba kakhulu futhi esikhundleni sokufunda izincwadi, wakhuluma nabantu abahlakaniphile nabafundile.
IHobbes yahlushwa isifo se-urinary bubble, okuyiso ngo-Okthoba 1679 yaholela ekushayweni okufeziwe, okwadala ukushona kwefilosofi ngoDisemba 4, 1679.
Ifilosofi
I-hasbs yefilosofi yase-HBS yayingummeleli ophika ukuthi kukhona ubukhona bengokomoya elihlaselwe futhi wakhulelwa uhlelo lwakhe lokucabanga ngomuntu nendawo yonke. Ekuphathweni kokuqala, usosayensi wabheka isidumbu kusuka endaweni yokubukwa kwama-mechanics, ekholelwa ukuthi ukunyakaza okuthile emzimbeni kubandakanyeka enqubweni yokukhiqiza izehlakalo ezithile, njengokuthanda abantu kanye nemfundo womphakathi.
Ekuqaleni kuka-1640s, uThomas wasabalalisa inketho ebhalwe ngesandla "waqala umthetho, wemvelo kanye nezepolitiki", ehlukaniswe izingxenye ezi-2 lapho eshicilelwa futhi ebizwa ngokuthi "imvelo yabantu" futhi "ngomzimba wokwepolitiki." Kulomsebenzi, ososayensi okokuqala ngqa bathinta izihloko zamandla futhi bakha izimiso lapho okumele kube khona khona umbusi okumele ukuba. Ngo-1642, ama-Hobbes abhala umsebenzi onesihloko esithi "Esakhamuzweni", eyayiphrintwa ekuqaleni ngesiLatini, futhi kwaqhamuka ohlelweni lwesiNgisi ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-11.
Lo msebenzi kamuva waba yingxenye ye-Trilogy ye- "Okuyisisekelo Yefilosofi", equkethe ukwelashwa "mayelana nomzimba", "mayelana nesosayensi", lapho usosayensi ", lapho usosayensi" echaza khona isimo semvelo somuntu odinga ukusungulwa womthetho ozinzile, usebenza imiqondo yezinqubomgomo kanye nezenkolo. Ngokokuqala ngqa, isitatimende mayelana "nempi yazo zonke" kwavela, kwakhiwa kamuva yi-Hobbes eLeviyathan futhi wangena kwiqoqo lokucaphuna.
Khombisa "Into, ifomu namandla esifundazweni seSonto Nezakhamuzi", esaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi uLeviafan, seyenze umkhiqizo osentshonalanga ngokuphathwa komphakathi kanye nesibonelo esicacile senkontileka yomphakathi.
Kulomsebenzi, isazi sefilosofi sichaze isithombe somuntu, samfanisa nendaba, eyayikunyaka oqhubekayo, ngaphandle kokusakazwa komqondo ongaphatheki ngokomqondo nomqondo ongabonakali. Ukuphikisana ngokuhle nokubi, ama-gobbs athi babeyizifiso zabantu noma izitayela zokuya noma ezivela kuye.
Umphikisi wezenhlalo wezenhlalo omuhle kakhulu, usosayensi wavumela ukuba khona kobubi obukhulu kunabo bonke, okwakuvezwa ngokwesaba ukufa okunobudlova futhi kwaxhaswa njengokwesekwa kwamandla wombuso. Ukuthola umuntu ongaphesheya komfelandawonye wezepolitiki, kwaholela ekutheni kuholele ekutheni umuntu ongeyena u-Anarchic, impi eholayo yokulwa nawo wonke umuntu.
Ama-Gobbs akholelwa ukuthi isimo esinjalo sezinto zaphoqa abantu ukuba balahle amalungelo emvelo futhi baphetha izivumelwano ezazilawulwa yinkampani eyayinelungelo lokusebenzisa amandla afakwe emcabangweni oqukethwe "isimo". Kuya ngokuthi ngubani owethule izintshisekelo zomuntu ngaphakathi kohlaka lwenkontileka yomphakathi, ama-hobbes anikezwe izinhlobo ezi-3 zombuso: Inkosi, intando yeningi kanye ne-aristocracy, ehlukile.
Lapho esewukhethe inkosi, usosayensi wabhala ukuthi ingcebo, amandla nodumo lombusi kuphela ophuma enhlalakahleni, amandla kanye nedumela lezihloko, kanye nesimo sentando yeningi noma esivela esimweni esinjalo akunakwenzeka.
ELeviyathan, amaGobbs angenakulinganiswa ukuthi umbusi noma ubukhosi kufanele alawule izingqinamba zezakhamuzi, ezempi, ezokwahlulela kanye nesonto futhi aqede ngokuphelele amathuba okuhlukaniswa kwamandla kahulumeni. Lesi simo sanikeza imibhikisho yezenhlalo eyaletha ukuvuselwa.
Inkomba yaqala ukushicilelwa ngo-1651 ngokubeka okuqoshwe ekhasini lesihloko ngesithombe se-giant endalini emizimbeni emincane yabantu, amathafa. Futhi ama-hobbs aqala ukudumisa nokugxeka ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi wabacabangi abavelele baleso sikhathi. Izazi zefilosofi ezisencane zathatha imibono yombhali mayelana noMbuso, zibathuthukise ngemisebenzi yabo. Omunye wabalandeli abadumile be-hobbes baba ngusosayensi wesiNgisi-izinto ezingokwenziwa izinto ezingokwenziwa izinto ezingokotbane.
Ngemuva kukaLeviyathani, amaGobb ashicilele "izincwadi ngenkululeko kanye nesidingo" kanye "nemibuzo ngenkululeko, isidingo kanye nethuba," lapho kuhlale khona izimfundiso zemvelo.
Usosayensi wethula imiqondo yezenzo ngamabomu futhi abuyingozi, ebabiza ngokulandelana kwezifiso, nenkululeko yahunyushwa njengokungekho izithiyo zangaphakathi nezemvelo zokuthatha izinqumo. Isazi sefilosofi sasikholelwa ukuthi konke okwenzekayo bekungaphansi kokungenelela komenzeli wangaphandle futhi akunakwenzeka ngokwako.
Umsebenzi we-Gobbs waba yifilosofi yezepolitiki yasendulo futhi wahunyushelwa kaninginingi ngezilimi zakwamanye amazwe. Ngemuva kokushona kososayensi eNgilandi, izingxoxo phakathi kwefilosofi kanye nomfundi wemithetho ejwayelekile yaseNgilandi naseBehemoti, noma iPhalamende elide, elibhalwe ngo-1666 no-1668.
Amacaphuna
"Ilungelo lemvelo inkululeko yokwenza konke, ekuqondeni komuntu, kungukuthi kufaneleka kakhulu kulondolozwa impilo yakhe." "Umthetho wemvelo ukuthi wonke umuntu kufanele afune ukuthula; Uma engakwazi ukufeza lokho, angasebenzisa noma yiziphi izimali ezinikeza izinzuzo empini. "" Iqiniso futhi lilele kakhulu kwezimpawu zokukhuluma, hhayi izinto. Lapho kungekho khona ukukhuluma, alikho iqiniso, akukho manga. "I-Bibliography
- 1640 - "Izakhi zomthetho, zemvelo nezepolitiki"
- Ngo-1650 - "Qapha Emvelweni Womuntu"
- 1651 - "I-Filosophical rudiments ephathelene nohulumeni nomphakathi"
- 1642-1655 - I-Trilogy "Okuyisisekelo sefilosofi yefilosofi"
- 1651 - "Leviafan, noma udaba, ifomu namandla esifundazweni seSonto nezakhamuzi"
- 1654 - "Izincwadi Ngenkululeko Nesidingo"
- 1656 - "Imibuzo ngenkululeko, isidingo nethuba"