I-Biograge
UJavaharlal Nehru wayengumholi wehlelo emzabalazweni wenkululeko nokuzimela kweNdiya kanye nesibalo esivelele empilweni yezepolitiki nezenhlalo yezwe. Inhloko yeCongress, eyaba ngundunankulu wokuqala we-Independent Ovenevent, ungumlandeli wamasiko kaMahatma Gandhi nomlobi wezomnotho, kwezenhlalo kanye nezepolitiki okuhlose ukuguqulwa kuhulumeni wamakoloni.Ubuntwana nentsha
UJavaharlal Nehru wazalelwa esifundazweni esenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Colonial India ngoNovemba 14, 1889. Ubaba uMotilal Nehru wayengummeli ocebile owayengowomphakathi waseKashmir Panditov, futhi wasebenza kabili njengoMongameli weNdiya YeNational Congress. Unina kaSavroup Rani wayengowozalo lwabamele be-bramins, ababekhona endaweni yasePakistan.
Ukuba yingane ephakeme emndenini, uJawaharlal wakhulela e-Allahabad ezungezwe odabula abangu-2 - uVidzhai Lakshmi, owaba ngusihlalo wokuqala wowesifazane ongumlobi we-UN, kanye nomlobi wesikhathi esizayo waseNdiya Krishna Khoteving. Krishna Khroteving. Krishna Krishna Krishna Khoteving. Krishna Krishna Krishna Krishna Krishna Krishna Krishna Krishna Khroteving.
Ubuntwana uNehru udlule emkhathini wokuvumelana nokuthula, ovikelwe yisikhundla esiphakeme sabazali. Umfana wafunda ekhaya ngaphansi kokugadwa kwe-Governcess Nogaders, wakhombisa amandla eSayensi, i-TheOsophy ethandwayo. UJavaharlal wafunda imibhalo yamaBuddha neyoHindu, eyanikeza umfutho ekuthuthukisweni kwengqondo futhi kamuva eboniswe encwadini ethi "ukuvula kweNdiya", eyabhalwa ejele ngo-1944.
Izehlakalo zempi yaseRussia - yaseJapan kanye neMpi yeBhodi yase-Anglo-Board yathonya ukwakheka kwemibono yeNeuch encane. Waqala ukucabangisisa ngenkululeko ebugqilini baseYurophu futhi waba umsekeli we-Yarym wobuzwe. Lapho esefundile esikoleni saseBrithani esizimele saseHarrow, le nsizwa yahlangana nomlando we-Italian Revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi kanye nombono osondelene nomzabalazo wenkululeko.
Ngo-1907, uNehru wangena eCambridge Trinity College e-Faculty of Natural Science, i-parallel yafunda umnotho kanye nesayensi yezepolitiki. Njengoba sesithole iziqu ze-bachelor's, uJawaharlal wathuthela eLondon futhi wajoyina umphakathi ohlonishwayo wethempeli elingaphakathi, elalivunyelwe ukuthatha indawo ebhodini lezomthetho.
Ukubuyela ezweni lakubo ehlobo lika-1912, uNehru waba ngumvikeli eNkantolo eNkulu yase-Allahabad, kodwa akazange ajabule ngokuzilolonga lwezomthetho. Waqala unesithakazelo esibucayi kwezepolitiki futhi ngokushesha waba yilungu leseshini yonyaka yeNational Congress yaseNdiya, ebanjelwe ePatney.
Ipolitiki
Ngo-1912, le nsizwa yavuma ukusebenza ephathini kaMahatma Gandhi, eyayisekela i-National Movement "ngamalungelo omhlaba,", yaqala ukuqoqwa kwemali edingekayo emisebenzini yezepolitiki. Kamuva, uJawaharlal wezenzo zezenzo zokucwaninga, ukusetshenziswa kwabasebenzi abaqashiwe kanye nezinye izibonakaliso zokubandlululwa lapho amaHindu abhekene khona.
Ekupheleni kwempi yezwe yokuqala, uNehru, owayenemibono yezombusazwe ebabazekayo, wawukhulunywa obala ngokwenqaba ukuwasebenzisana neziphathimandla zombuso futhi waxhumana eduze nabameleli abanolaka bezizwe ezaphenduka ukuguqukela kokuzibusa.
Ngo-1916, uJawaharlal waba ngunobhala wenhlangano efuna isimo sesimo sasebukhosini, kwathi ngemuva kweminyaka emi-4, usopolitiki osemusha wahola inhlangano "ngokwenqaba ukubambisana." Imisebenzi enjalo ijeziswa ngokuqinile yiziphathimandla, kanti uNeura uboshelwe izitatimende ezilwa nohulumeni.
Ngemuva kokukhululwa kwejele laseJavaharlal, wayefuna isisekelo sabalingani futhi wasungula ukuxhumana namanye amazwe okuzimela nentando yeningi. Ngo-1927, isishoshovu saseNdiya samenyelwa engqungqutheleni yabantu abacindezelwe enhlokodolobha yaseBelgian, eklanyelwe ukuhlela nokubuyiselwa umzabalazo kanye nosihlalo we-Inc. Party.
UNehru waba ngomunye wabaholi bokuqala abanxusa ukuthi bathathe isinqumo ngokuphuka kokugcina kobudlelwano nombuso waseBrithani. Isinqumo sakhe savunywa eseshini laseMadrasian leCongress ngo-1927, naphezu kokugxekwa kukaGandhi. Izishoshovu ezifunwa eBritish ukuthi zinikeze isimo sokubusa iminyaka emi-2, uma kungalandelwa ngeminyaka emide, uNehru wasongela ngokuvuselelwa kwezizwe.
Uhulumeni wenqabe izimangalo zekoloni, futhi ekuqaleni kuka-1929 eLahore ngeqoqo elikhulu labantu baseNehru, i-Tricolor yaseNdiya yalala futhi yafunda ukumenyezelwa kwenkululeko. Ngemuva kwalokho, uJavaharlal wahlakulela imfundiso yezepolitiki yeCongress futhi wabizwa ngokuthi inkululeko yenkolo njengenzuzo ebalulekile, ilungelo lokusungula izinhlangano, ukulingana emthethweni, noma ngabe zivela emthethweni nenkolo, ukuqedwa kokungabonakali, ubuzwe bezwe lezenhlalo kanye nobuntu.
UNehru wakhethwa yiNhloko yeqembu, futhi ngokushesha osopolitiki baseNdiya bakwazi ukubona amasu amaningi amemezela. Ngo-1936, uJawaharlal wathatha uhambo ngeYurophu, lapho athathwa khona ngokungathi sína ngama-marxism. Ukutadisha izimiso zalo mbono wefilosofi kaNehru kwaqhutshelwa ejele, lapho kwakutshalwa khona amalungu ekomidi elisebenzayo leComit yeRebel Congrong.
Ngo-1947, i-United Kingdom yavuma ukunikeza ukuzimela kwe-Song yaseNingizimu Asia, kanti uNehru wahola uHulumeni wesikhashana waseNdiya, waba nguNdunankulu wokuqala wezwe lamahhala. Ukufa kukaMahatma Gandhi ngoJanuwari 30, 1948 kwaba yinhlekelele kazwelonke eyasiza ekuqiniseni izikhundla zikahulumeni omusha. ICongress ilawula kahle ukubonakaliswa kosizi futhi yacindezela izinkulumo zokunyakaza kwezezwe okulungile, kwaboshwa abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-200.
Ngo-1952, iqembu elingaphansi kobuholi bukaJawaharlala lithole ukuphakama okungafinyeleleki okhethweni futhi zazinikeza ngezikhundla eziholayo eminyakeni eyi-10 ezayo. Ezomnotho, uNehru wavusa uhlobo lobuhlobo obuxubile, lapho umkhakha wombuso olawulwa nguhulumeni wahlangana khona namabhizinisi angasese.
Ukuqondisa imali kwizimboni ezibalulekile, umholi weCongress efake isandla ekuthuthukisweni kwensimbi, i-metallurgical, yamalahle kanye namandla embonini. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, i-India igcwele ngemuva kwamanye amazwe ngenxa yokulawulwa kombuso kanye nomthethonqubo ovimbele ukukhula kwe-GDP. Ukuguqulwa kwezolimo kweNehru, okuhloswe ngalo ekusatshalaliswa kabusha kwezinto zomhlaba, akuphumelelanga.
Emkhakheni wezenhlalo, bekungcono: Kwakhiwa izikole nezikhungo zemfundo eziphakeme, lapho izingane ezivela emindenini empofu zingenza. Ukwethulwa kokudla kwamahhala ezikoleni nasekuvuleni izikhungo zemfundo kanye nezikhungo zamasiko abantu abadala bezithola.
Isihloko samahhala India kusukela ngo-1947 kuya ku-1964, umholi weCongress wenza izwe lihlanganyele obambe iqhaza lomhlaba wonke wezwe, kanye nezinye izikolo zangaphambili. Ezinhlelweni zezwe lonke, uNdunankulu waseNdiya waduma nge-pacifist kanye nomgcini ukuthula, owagcina ukungathathi hlangothi empini ebandayo futhi ekhuluma umlamuleli enqubweni yokungaboni ngaso linye kanye namandla asentshonalanga.
Ngeshwa, uNehru wehlulekile ukugwema ukungqubuzana okuhlomile ezweni lakubo. Ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kwebutho laseChina kuya kwemingcele esenyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya, izwe lalahlekelwa yizindawo ezithile, kanti uNehru wagxeka ukunakwa okunganele kohulumeni ekuvikeleni.
Ngesikhathi sengxabano, uJawaharlal wabhala izincwadi kuMongameli waseMelika uJohn Kennedy wacela ukuhlinzeka ngendiza ezokulwa nomakhelwane wase-Asia. I-United States yenqabile, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwamazwe bupholile. Ngalesi sikhathi, iSoviet Union yasisiza eNdiya, eyayisekelwa kwezomnotho kule nsizwa. Kusukela ngalowomzuzu kuqhubeke, izwe liye lathatha isifundo sokuhlungwa kanye nokusungulwa kobudlelwano bezomnotho, kwezepolitiki kanye nomphakathi, kwaqhubeka nendodakazi kaNdunankulu waseNdiya Gandhi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1916, uNehru washada noKamala Caul, kwathi emva konyaka, indodakazi yabo okuwukuphela kwayo ye-Indira yabonakala emhlabeni, yahlulela isithombe, esifana kakhulu noYise. UJavaharlal wayeyithanda ngobuqotho le ntombazane futhi ephupha, kangangokuba waba ngumuntu oqinile nofundile, ohlukaniswe ngumbono wakhe ngomlando wezwe obekelwe encwadini yencwadi engaziwa.
Ngawo-1930s, uKamala wagula isifo sofuba futhi wasala ukwelashwa eYurophu. UNehru wavakashela lowo oshade naye eSanatorium eSwitzerland waze washona ngo-1936.
Emva kwalokho, kwaqhamuka omunye umuntu wesifazane empilweni yomuntu ongumholi wezwe elizimele, umbusi wasebukhosini wase-Edwin Mountbettten. Ubudlelwano babo bufakazelwe izincwadi ezitholakala ezinqolobaneni zikaNdunankulu waseNdiya.
Ukushona
Ngemuva kuka-1962, impilo yeNehru yaqala ukuwohloka. Abanye abacwaningi bahlobanisa isimo esinzima sikandunankulu ngamava ahlangenwe nakho mayelana nemiphumela yempi yase-Sino-India, ayibheka njengokukhaphela kwethemba.
NgoMeyi 26, 1964, uJawaharlal wezwa izinhlungu emhlane wakhe waphendukela kodokotela. Echaza izimpawu, usopolitiki olahlekile nosuku kamuva washona. Imbangela yokufa kweNehru, ochwepheshe babala ngokuzumayo enze inhliziyo.
Ngemuva kwemikhosi yendabuko, umzimba kaNdunankulu wasongelwa ifulege laseNational Indian futhi abeke wonke umuntu ukuthi abukeze. NgoMeyi 28, 1964, womiswa ngokuhambisana nemicibisholo yamaHindu e-valene emnyama, futhi uthuli luxoshwe emfuleni iJamna.
Usuku lokuzalwa lwenqubomgomo yenkolo seliphenduke iholide laseNational Indian, elaziwa ngokuthi usuku lokuvikelwa kwezingane, futhi igama leNehru lanikezwa izikhungo zomphakathi eziningi kanye nezikhungo zamasiko emhlabeni jikelele. Endlini yokuhlala ephethwe ngumholi weqembu, ngokushesha nje lapho kufa kuvule umnyuziyamu weSikhumbuzo, kwathi eminyakeni embalwa isikhumbuzo esiseNdiya esikhulu safakwa eDelhi.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1928 - ISoviet Russia
- 1928 - "Izincwadi Zivela Kubaba Nendodakazi"
- 1935 - "I-Autobiography"
- Ngo-1944 - "Ukuvulwa kweNdiya"
- Ngo-1949 - "Ukubheka Umlando Wezwe"