I-Biograge
UPeter Chaaadaeva wabizwa ngokuthi yimilo yokuziphatha yenkathi, nangemva kokushicilelwa komsebenzi wefilosofi, ongena esigabeni nohlelo lwasebukhosini - "State Crazy." I-biography yakhe yayisekwe ezithombeni eziningi zemibhalo: I-Evgenia One, u-Alexander Chattsky, iPrince Myshkina, iPierre Promazova. Ngokungafani nezinhlamvu zakhe, uChaadaev wahlala kude nezinkanuko zabantu futhi washiya unesizungu.Ubuntwana nentsha
UPeter Yakovlevich Chaaadayev wazalwa ngoMeyi 27 (Juni 7) ka-1794 eMoscow. Ubaba uYakov Petrovich wakhonza njengomeluleki egumbini laseNizhny Novgorod lobugebengu, umama wanguNatalia Mikhailovna, indodakazi yendodakazi uMnu Prince Mikhail Mikhail Mikhail Mikhaillich Shcherbatova. Abazali bakaPeter noMikhail, umfowabo omdala, ukufa kwaqala, kwathi ngo-1797 abafana bathatha udadewethu omkhulu kamama u-Anna Shcherbat.
Ngo-1808, uPeter Chadaev, esethole imfundo yasekhaya ehloniphekile, wangena eyunivesithi yaseMoscow. Phakathi kothisha bakhe kwakuyisazi-mlando sikaFedor Bauz, umcwaningi wemibhalo yesandla yemiBhalo Engcwele kaChristian Friedrich Mattei. Isazi sefilosofi uJohann Bule sabiza umfundi osithandayo ka-Chaadaev. Vele eminyakeni yabafundi uChaadaev wakhombisa intshisekelo ngemfashini. UMemoirist Mikhail zhikharev uchaze isithombe sesikhathi sanamuhla:
"Ubuciko bokubamba uChaadaev baphakamisa cishe izinga lencazelo yomlando."UPeter Yakovlevich wayedume ngenxa yokukwazi ukudansa futhi aphile ingxoxo yezwe ayibeka ezweni elihle phakathi kwabesifazane. Ukunakwa kobulili obuhlukile, kanye nokuphakama kobuhlakani ngaphezulu kontanga okwenziwe uChaadaeva "Ukungazi lutho."
Inkonzo Yezempi Nemisebenzi Yomphakathi
Impi yokuthanda izwe yango-1812 yabamba abafowethu beChayadayev emphakathini we-MOSCOWNITION. Intsha ijoyine i-Life Guide Semenov Gumerity in the Izinga labababa ababababa. Ngesibindi, kuboniswe eBorodino Fight, uPeter Yakovlevich wasukuma e-Ensign, wanikezwa umyalo weSt. U-Ana kanye nesiphambano seKulmist sokuhlaselwa kwe-bayonet ahlasela empini ngaphansi kwe-Kul. Ubuye wabamba iqhaza eTarutinsky Maneuver, empini eduzane naseMaloyaroslavets.
Ngo-1813 CHAYADAEV okuhunyushelwe kwi-Akhtyrsky Gusar Regiment. Udumo uSergey Muravyev-Astol wachaza lo mthetho uPeter Yakovlevich ngesifiso sokunamathela eGusar Mundir. Ngo-1816, wathuthela eLife Guard of the Gusar Regiment, ekhiqizwa eLientenants. Ngemuva konyaka kamuva, uChaadaev waba ngumuntu ohlonishwayo wesikhathi esizayo i-Illarion Vasilchikov.
I-Gusar Regiment yathunyelwa edolobhaneni lasebukhosini. Bekulapha lokho endlini yesazi-mlando uNikolai Karamzin, CHAYADAYEV wahlangana no-Alexander Pushkin. Imbongi enkulu yaseRussia yanikezela inkondlo yefilosofi "emfanekisweni ka-Chaadaeva" (1820), "ezweni engikhohlwe ama-alamu eminyaka edlule" (1821), "kulokho okungabaza okubandayo" (1824), noPeter I-Yakovlevich, ibe ngenye i-pushkin, "yaphoqa ukucabanga kwakhe, ukuxoxa ngezihloko zemibhalo nezefilosofi.
UVasilchikov wagwetshwa izindaba ezinkulu, ngokwesibonelo, umbiko u-Alexander I kwi-Bunte ku-Life Guard Semenovsky Regiment. Ngemuva kokuhlangana nombusi ngo-1821, i-additant, enikeza ithemba ngekusasa lezempi eliqhakazile, wasula. Lezi zindaba zishaqekile umphakathi futhi zakhuphuka izinganekwane eziningi.
Ngokwenguqulo esemthethweni, uChaadaev, owake wakhonza e-Semenov Regiment, akazange ahlupheke ngokujeziswa kwama-comrade asondelene. Ngenxa yezinye izizathu, isazi sefilosofi sehlulekile ukuveza amasosha afanayo ayekanye nawo. UChaadaev wake wacabanga ukuthi uChaadaev wayephuze umhlangano no-Alexander I, ngoba wathatha ikhabethe isikhathi eside, noma ukuthi uMbusi wacabanga ukuthi iphikisana nemibono kaPeter Yakovlevich.
Ukuthumela ngezindaba zezempi, uChaadaev wangena enkingeni engokomoya eqinile. Ngenxa yezinkinga zempilo ngo-1823, wahamba waya eYurophu, ngaphandle kokuhlela ukubuyela eRussia. Ohambweni, uPeter Yakovlevich uvuselele umtapo wezincwadi ngenkuthalo ngezincwadi zenkolo. Kwakhangwa ngokukhethekile umsebenzi, umbono oyinhloko owawuse-plexus yentuthuko yesayensi nobuKristu.
Isimo sezeMpilo Chaadaeva saba sibi kakhulu, kwathi ngo-1826 wanquma ukubuyela eRussia. Emngceleni, waboshwa ngezinsolo zokuzibandakanya ekuvukeleni kwalabo bavundulwa, kwenzeka ngonyaka owedlule. Ukusuka Peter Yakovlevich, bathatha irisidi ayengazange athole emiphakathini eyimfihlo. Kodwa-ke, lolu lwazi lwamanga ngamabomu.
Emuva ngo-1814, uChaadaev wangena eSt Petersburg Falie yabangane abanobunye, wafinyelela master master. Isazi sefilosofi sasheshe sadumaza emcabangweni wemiphakathi eyimfihlo, kwathi ngo-1821 washiya abahlanganyeli nakancane. Ngemuva kwalokho wajoyina umphakathi waseNyakatho. Kamuva wagxeka ama-decembrist, ekholelwa ukuthi ukuvuselelwa okuhlomile kwaphoqa iRussia iminyaka eyikhulu edlule.
Ifilosofi nobuciko
Ukubuyela eRussia, uChaadaev wazinza ngaphansi kweMoscow. Umakhelwane wakhe kwakungu-Catherine Panova. Naye, isazi sefilosofi sinokuxhumana - ibhizinisi lokuqala, bese sinobungane. Intsha yaxoxa ngenkolo enkulu, ukholo. Impendulo ka-Chaadaev ekuphonselweni ngokomoya kwe-panova steel "izinhlamvu zefilosofi", ezakhiwe ngo-1829-1831.
Kubhalwe ngohlobo lwe-epistolary umsebenzi wabangela ukucasuka kwezibalo zezepolitiki nezenkolo. Kulabo abavezwe emsebenzini wemicabango, uNikolai ngabona ukuthi Chaadaeva noHonov bayahlanya. Isazi sefilosofi sasungulwa ngokugadwa kwezokwelapha, futhi le ntombazane yanwetshwa esibhedlela sezengqondo.
Ukugxekwa okubukhali kwe- "Filosophical Letters" kwabangelwa ngoba inkolo ye-Orthodoxy ikhishwe. U-Chaadaev wabhala ukuthi inkolo yabantu baseRussia, ngokungafani nobuKhristu baseNtshonalanga, ayisusi abantu ebugqilini, kodwa ngokuphambene, izigqila. Le mibono i-Alexander Alexander Herzeze kamuva yabizwa ngokuthi "izinguquko zobuKatolika."
Lo magazini "Isibonakude", lapho kwashicilelwa khona ngo-1836 okokuqala kwezingu eziyisishiyagalombili kweziyisishiyagalombili, kwavalwa, umhleli wadingiswa eKatorga. Kuze kube ngu-1837, uChayadayev waphumelela ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha nsuku zonke ukufakazela inhlala-kahle yakhe yengqondo. Ukubhekwa kwisazi sefilosofi kwasuswa ngesimo ukuthi "akanasibindi ukubhala noma yini."
Isithembiso sika-Chaadaev siphule ngokufanayo ngo-1837, ukubhala "ukuxolisa kwabahlanya" (akushicilelwa ngesikhathi sokuphila). Abasebenzi baphendule amacala okuthi "Ukuthanda ukuthanda izwe", atshelwa ngezizathu zokubuyela emuva zabantu baseRussia.
UPeter Yakovlevich wayekholelwa ukuthi iRussia iphakathi kweMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga, kepha emqondweni wayo ayisebenzi kunoma yiliphi iqembu lomhlaba. Isizwe esifuna ukufunda amasiko amabili amahle kakhulu futhi ngasikhathi sinye singabi ngumlandeli wabantu abangasozelele.
Ukuphela kombusi oshiwo yiChayadaev ngenhlonipho, - Peter Mina, owabuya eRussia ukuba abe namandla futhi anamandla ngokwethula isiko laseRussia lezinto zaseNtshonalanga zentshonalanga. U-Chaadaev wayeyintshonalanga, kepha ama-slavophiles amphatha ngenhlonipho. Ubufakazi balokhu - amagama ka-Alexey Homyakova, ummeleli okhanyayo we-slavophilism:
"Ingqondo ekhanyiselwe, umuzwa wobuciko, inhliziyo enhle - lezo ziyizimfanelo wonke umuntu aziheha; Ngaleso sikhathi esinjalo, ngokusobala, umcabango wagxila ephusheni lamathuna nelokungazi. Wayebiza kakhulu ngeqiniso lokuthi yena ngokwakhe wavuka futhi wakhuthaza abanye. "Impilo yomuntu siqu
Abalandeli babiza uChaadaeva "Lady Philosopher": Wayehlala ezungezwe abesifazane, wayekwazi njalo ukuzungezwa abesifazane, wayazi ukuthi ungathandana kanjani nothando ngisho nabafazi. Ngasikhathi sinye, impilo yomuntu siqu yePetra Yakovlevich ayizange isebenze.
Empilweni ka-ChaAdayev kwakukhona uthando ezintathu. I-Catherine Panova, i-Adderee of "Flosophical Letters", yahlupheka kakhulu kusuka ekuvumeni kwabesilisa. Ngisho nangemva kokukhululwa kwesibhedlela sezengqondo, le ntombazane ayizange isole othandekayo enyaleni lakhe. Wayefuna imihlangano nesazi sefilosofi, kepha wafa engenalo incwadi endala, isalukazi esinesizungu.
U-Chaadayev wasebenza njenge-prototype ye-evgenia eyodwa kwinoveli ka-Alexander Pushin yegama elifanayo, futhi endimeni kaTatyana Larina yenziwa yi-Avdota Norova. Wathandana nesazi sefilosofi ngaphandle kwenkumbulo, kwathi lapho engenamali yokukhokhwa izinceku zakhe, wasikisela ukumnakekela, kepha waya eMoscom emndenini kaLevashov.
U-Avdota wayeyintombi ebuhlungu futhi ebuthakathaka, futhi ngenxa yalokho wafa ekuseni - eneminyaka engama-36. U-Chaadaev, oholele ezincwadini ezijwayelekile ezingaphendulwanga isikhathi eside, wamvakashela esibhedlela ngaphambi nje kokuba afe.
I-Ekaterina Levashova, yize kwakukhona owesifazane oshadile, wayewathanda ngobuqotho uChaadaev. Oshade naye nezingane ezindala bebengaqondi ukuthi kungani engathathi imali kwisazi sefilosofi ezokwenza. Isimo sengqondo sokuhlonipha uCatherine esihambeni sithatha iminyaka eyi-6, size sife.
Ukushona
Ngo-Ephreli 14, 1856, kwaqhamuka isazi esifushane esibonelweni ephephandabeni laseMoscow Vedomosto:
"Ngehora lesi-5, ntambama washona ngemuva kwesifo esifushane, omunye we-moscow uStamel Peter Yakovlevich Chaaadayev, owaziwa cishe kuyo yonke imibuthano yomphakathi wethu wedolobha elikhulu."
Wabulawa ukuvuvukala kwamaphaphu, kancane ngaphandle kokusinda kuze kube yiminyaka engama-63. UMemoist Mikhail zhikharev wake wabuza isazi sefilosofi, kungani egijima kwabesifazane, "njengesihogo esuka eLadan," waphendula wathi:
"Thola ngemuva kokufa kwami."U-Chaadaev wayazela ukungcwaba eduze kwabesifazane abathandekayo - e-Don Monastery ethuneni lika-Avdoti Novani noma ethempelini lePokrovsky eduze kwase-Ekaterina Levashova. Isazi sefilosofi sathola ukuthula kokugcina emathuneni amathuna eMoscow.
Amacaphuna
"Ize liyamdumisa isiwula, ukukhukhumeza kuyintukuthelo". "Akekho umuntu ozicabangela ukuthola lutho, ngaphandle kokushiya umsebenzi omncane okungenani. Okukodwa kungukunye - injabulo. Babheka ukuthi bangokwemvelo yini ukuba nenjabulo ngaphandle kokwenza noma yini ukuyithenga, okungukuthi, ukuzoyithola. "" Ukungakholwayo, ngombono wami, kufana nomlenze owodwa, kunzima ngifuna ukulingana komunye. "Esedlule akusekho ngaphansi kwethu, kepha ikusasa lincike kithi."I-Bibliography
- 1829-1831 - "Izincwadi zefilosofi"
- Ngo-1837 - "Ukuxolisa kokuhlanya"