I-Biograge
Ikhulu le-XX nezimpi zakhe kanye nokuvukelwa, ukushaqeka kwezomnotho kanye nokutholwa kwesayensi kwakungu-Epoch wezingqondo nobuhlakani obudala ubuqambi babo nethalente eliyisiko elikhethekile. Omunye walaba badali kwakuyimbongi yaseJalimane, umlobi kanye nomlobi weBraywright Bertold Brecht, imidlalo yakhe yaba ama-Classics we-World Theatre Repetoire. "Shakespeare wekhulu lama-20" - labizwa ngokuthi ama-Brecht ngesikhathi, enikeza ukuhlolwa okuphezulu kwemibono yakhe ye- "Epic Theatre".Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Ohgen Berthold (Bertold) Brecht wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 10, 1898 e-Augsburg, eJalimane. Ubaba uBerthold Friedrich Brecht udlulise indlela yomsebenzi esuka e-ejenti yezentengiselwano kumqondisi wefektri yamaphepha. Umama uSofia Brecing - ndodakazi yenhloko yefektri yesitimela. U-Ohiz waba ngumbhangqwana obhalwe izibulo.
UChet Brecht wayengomunye wabacebile kakhulu kuleli dolobhana elincane laseBavaria. Futhi umfana wakhulela engosiko yaleyo minyaka esimweni esihle sonxiwankulu: abazali babenenceku, ezinganeni - izipho zikaKhisimusi ezinhle nothisha abathandekayo. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, u-Oygen waya esikoleni sabantu baseFrancis Monastic oda, wabe esengena eBavaria Royal Gymnasium.
Kodwa-ke, imfundo yaba ozen, ukungathandi okukhulu wangena kulo mmangalelwa weMashchansky. Izingxabano nabazali ngokushesha zaphenduka isigebengu sangempela, kamuva le nsizwa yayisahlukaniswa ngokuphelele emndenini futhi yaba yi-oda. Sonke lesi siphepho semizwa sathola indlela yokuqhamuka ekubumbeni kwezinkondlo. Izinkondlo zokuqala, ama-Essays nezindaba ezingaphansi kombono wobuqambi bezithombe uFrank Kueusa umfana waqala ukubhala nokuphrinta kumaphephabhuku endawo e-Gymnasium ngo-1913-1914.
Ngo-1917, u-Oume waphothula iziqu zokuzivocavoca futhi wangena emnyangweni wezokwelapha eNyuvesi yaseMunich, kodwa ngemuva konyaka wabizelwa ebuthweni. Ukuze ungavumeli iNdodana ngaphambili ngenxa yempilo ebuthakathaka, ubaba kaBrecht uyibhidliza indawo yaseSanitar esibhedlela samasosha kuye.
Ukubona nokuzwa (ezindabeni zalabo abalimele) Ukuzibandakanya kwempi, imbongi ibhalela umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala we- "legend yesosha efile", lapho ngendlela efile isho ngokufika kwalo I-Groun Iqashelwa yilezo lezokwelapha ilungele insizakalo futhi ibuyele emuva empini. Endabeni yezinsuku, inkondlo iba ithandwa futhi isuhlukaniswe ngezingcaphuno.
Ukudala
Ngokushesha, uBrecht ubuyela eyunivesithi, kepha uhumusha ubuhlakani befilosofi, lapho afunda khona iminyaka emi-2 kuphela futhi akazange akhishwe ngenxa yokungabukeki. Isizathu sokuziphatha okunjalo kwakuwukuthanda kwakhe okusha - yaseshashalazini. Manje uvame ukwenziwa amathofi okubhaliwe futhi azobuciko futhi yena udlala esiteji se-Wilde Boney Theatre.
Kule minyaka, imidlalo yokuqala kaBertold Brecht iyazalwa (umbhali usuvele edala ngaphansi kwaleli gama) "Weshchanskaya Wedding", "Waal", "imigqomo ebusuku", kodwa hhayi inkundla yaseshashalazini ebathatha ukuba bakhiqize. Lapho-ke i-PlayWight iyohlukumeza injabulo eBerlin, kepha enhlokodolobha iyabanda futhi ibanda.
Lesi simo sishintshe ukuphazamiseka kokugxekwa kwe-berlin edumile kukaHerbert Jering. Ngenxa yokubuyekezwa kwakhe okuhle ngedrama kaBrecht, imidlalo yakhe yaqala ukubeka izigcawu zaseMunich, eBherlin namanye amadolobha, okwenza isikwele sokugxekwa nokunganeliseki kubaphathi.
Ngalesi sikhathi, uBrecht uvuselela isifundo sefilosofi eNyuvesi yaseBerlin, futhi futhi usebenza enkundleni yokushicilela, ukhiqiza iqoqo lezinkondlo "Ikhaya leNkhaya" (1927), lisebenza ePisitor Theatre, lapho avumelanisa khona izimo.
Ngo-1928, umqondisi omusha weshashalazi eSchiffbauerdamm Joseph Aufricht adfy Brecht ukucubungula "opera ohluphekayo" ongumhlupheko odumile "uJohn Gay, olotshwe ngekhulu le-XVIII. UBertold ngokushisa uthathwa ngomsebenzi awutholwa kuwo ukuthi angawuguquli uzungu, kepha udlala kuphela ukutolika kwezithombe futhi wethula izinhlamvu ezintsha.
Ukuhunyushwa kukaLibletto ku-German kwenziwa u-Elizabeth Hauptyman. Ukudlala, okubizwa nge- "Grochy Opera", kubhekise umngani osondelene noBreht - oqondiswe ngu-Eric Engel emculweni weKurt Elail. Kwakuwukuqanjwa kokuqala kwangempela kombhali.
Kuze kube ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1930, uBreht no-Engel basebenza nge-tandem, bezama ukuthuthukisa ngokuphelele umbono we- "Epic Theatre" othuthukiswe yi-Playwright. Kusho ukuhlanganiswa kwesenzo ngokulandisa okuvela ebusweni bomuntu noma kolunye uhlamvu olungathathi hlangothi. Futhi, izindlela zokwenziwa zinendaba kusuka ku-primacy kanye nokuqina kwemidlalo yaseshashalazini yakudala nokufakwa phakathi kokuxhumana nokuxhumana nombukeli.
Zonke lezi zinto ezintsha ekuqaleni azizange zithathe izigcawu zeshashalazi yaseJalimane. Futhi ekugcineni kuphela kwama-40s ngokudalwa kwenkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini, ekugcineni, ukuhlanganisa ngokugcwele emkhakheni wezinguquko ezikhulelwe, bese kuzothathwa yonke indawo yomphakathi we-World Theatre.
Ukudingiswa
Ngo-1935, amaSocialicast kazwelonke, abeza emandleni eJalimane, ahoxiswa ngu-Adolf Hitler, ancishiswe yi-Brech yaseJalimane, ekhumbula ukushicilelwa kwemisebenzi elwa nokubonisa okubonisayo.
Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni emi-2 ngaphambili, i-Playwright Light Light, lapho iye yathutha nomkakhe nezingane eVienna, kwabe sekusebenza eZurich. ESwitzerland, uBrecht akazange alungele futhi aqala ukubheka ukuthi angaba khona ngokukhululeka futhi asebenze ngokukhululeka. Ngo-1933, lapho eseJalimane, amaFascist ashisa nezincwadi zakhe kanye nemisebenzi ka-Erich Mary Remarik, uHenry Manna noKarl Marx, wathuthela eDenmark, waxazulula edolobhaneni elidonswe ngalo.
Lapha ezimeni zokhahlo, kepha imvelo emangalisayo yeScandinavia, kusho umbhali ovelele esebenza 'njengokwesaba nokuphelelwa yithemba eMbusweni Wesithathu', "uMamash isibindi nezingane zakhe", futhi aphothula iziqu engxenyeni yokuqala yempilo yaseGalile . Kusuka eDenmark, uBrecht ushiya ngo-1939 ngenxa yoshushiso lobuciko: Inkosi yakwaChristian X yayimelene nemidlalo yakhe yokulwa nempi.
Kuxazululwe okwesikhashana eSwitzerland, umbhali ulindele i-visa yaseMelika, kodwa, lapho esethole ukwenqaba, lapho leli lizwe, lapho iBrickle yajoyina ubuhlalu be-hitler ngo-1941, iBrecht iphinde ibalekele empini nasekubhujisweni kwayo okulimazayo. Kulokhu i-United States yamnika i-visa, futhi ushiya iYurophu iminyaka engaba ngu-6. Ngalesi sikhathi, umbhali ubhala ukuthi udlalwa "umuntu olungileyo waseSelsan", "Sonya Simon Mashar", "Schweik eMpini Yezwe II", "eCaucasian Call Circle".
Ukufika ekhaya
Ukubuyela ePost-War Germany ngo-1947, i-playwrbright yakhetha indawo yokuhlala ye-social Gdr. Wathola ithuba lokusebenza ngaphandle kwangaphandle, ukunqatshelwa kanye nokushushiswa. Into yokuqala ayenzayo idala ithiyetha lakhe leshashalazi "Berliner Ensemble". Ukusebenza kokuqala "Mamash Isibindi nezingane zakhe" kumakwe ngumklomelo kazwelonke we-GDR.
Ukuthuthuka okwengeziwe kwe-repertoire bekungaphandle kobunzima, uBrecht wasolwa ngokuthi "ngokusemthethweni", kwathi ku- "cosmopolitanism" kanye ne- "pacifism". Noma kunjalo, ngo-1950, uBrecht waba yilungu elivumelekile le-GDR Academy, kwathi ngo-1954 wayengumongameli ophikisa. Ngawo lowo nyaka, wanikezwa umklomelo wamazwe omhlaba wonke weStalinist "wezwe eliqinisayo phakathi kwabantu". Ngasikhathi sinye ubhala umsebenzi wawo wokugcina - umdlalo "i-turandot".
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Impilo yomuntu siqu ye-PlayWright edumile iyindaba yocwaningo oluhlukile lwama-biographing amaningi. Lo msebenzi wawunikelwe kumNgisi uJohn FUEJI kanye neRussia Yuri Oklasky (incwadi ethi "GarEm Bertold Brecht"). Isibonelo, umbhali wokuqala uletha amaqiniso athakazelisayo avela e-biography ye-Playwwright, athi amaphutha amaningi eBrecht ababhali abasebenza nabo imisebenzi yakhe, omunye umuntu, futhi othile ngezinga elincane.
Ngokwesitatimende sakhe, i-Opera e-China-China "ingu-85% ebhalwe umhumushi elizabeth hauptman, umdwebi wezicucu uMargaret Steffin wabamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni 'kwendoda elungileyo eSelyan", umlingisi uRuth Berlau wasiza noSnami Simon Mashar.
Nokho, ubufakazi obubhalwe phansi balo mbono abukho, kepha iqiniso lokuthi umbhali wayenothando futhi evale abesifazane abaningi - kwesokudla. Ngasikhathi sinye, wayephila emshadweni osemthethweni empilweni yakhe.
Umlingani wakhe wokuqala ngo-1922 wawungumlingisi nomculi uMarianna TSOFF. Njengoba eneminyaka engu-5 ubudala, lona wesifazane wazungeza umyeni wakhe ngemfudumalo nokunakekelwa. Ngo-1923, babenendodakazi kaHana, futhi kamuva baba ngumlingisi.
Isizathu sesehlukaniso noMarianna kwakuyintokozo entsha yenkundla yokudlala - umlingisi omncane u-Elena Waygel. Wazala indodana eBrechtu indodana uStefan ngo-1924, futhi abashadikazi bashada ngokusemthethweni ngo-1929. Ngonyaka olandelayo, kwazalwa yindodakazi yabo, naye waya ezinyathelweni zokudala kamama.
Omunye umntwana owayeseBhendld Brecht, iNdodana Frank ingumkhohlisi. Wazalwa ngo-1919 esuka ePaula Basholzer, amantombazane lapho uBrecht ayenothando.
Ukushona
Ngokwesimo esibi sekusasa, lapho etholile ukuqashelwa okulindelwe isikhathi eside, umbhali ovelele nokudlala ngokuzumayo waqala ukulahlekelwa yimpilo, wavele wahlehlisa iminyaka yokufuduka. Entwasahlobo yango-1956, esebenza ngokukhiqizwa "kwempilo kaGalile" enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yakhe, wahlaselwa yinhliziyo. Njengoba esemukele nge-malaise ejwayelekile, akazange aphendukele kudokotela.
Indoda yahamba eholidini elincane futhi yaqala ukusebenza futhi, kodwa ngo-Agasti inhlalakahle yakhe yawohloka kakhulu. Odokotela bathola ukuhlaselwa yinhliziyo okubanzi, okwakuyimbangela yokufa kwakhe ngo-Agasti 14, 1956.
Umholi waseTheatrical wangcwatshwa emathuneni ama-dorotenstadsk. UBrecht wenzeka ukuthi angabizi ngezinkulumo namazwi akhe ethutho afanele. Akukho sithombe, izinsuku kanye ne-regalia esizeni somlobi, lesi yi-grey ngcwaba elilula lapho kuphela igama lakhe eliqoshwe. Ukuma okufanayo okufanayo eduzane - lokhu kuyithuna leMuse Vumena Vaigel lakhe elizinikele, ngisho nangemva kokufa ngaphandle kokufa kwakungafuni ukuhlukana nobuhlakani bakhe.
Ukusebenza
- 1928 - "I-Opera ye-trigronova"
- Ngo-1938 - "Mama isibindi nezingane zakhe"
- Ngo-1939 - "Ukwesaba Nokuphelelwa yithemba eMbusweni wesithathu"
- Ngo-1939 - "Ukuphila KwaseGalile"
- 1943 - "Indoda Elungile Evela Ku-Seushana"
- Ngo-1944 - "ICaucasian Call Circle"
- 1954 - "Turandot"