I-Biograge
I-biography yomlobi wase-Argedine uJorge Luis Borges iyaphawuleka ngokuba yinkosi yendaba emfushane, imbongi kanye nosongosi, wavuselela indlela isizukulwane esisha sabafundi baseSpain-baseMelika. Umshushisi onethalente waba negalelo ekwakhiweni kohlobo lwe-fantasy futhi waba ngomunye wabantu phephandaba abahamba ngamaqiniso omlingo e-Latin Century Noverist yekhulu le-XX.Ubuntwana nentsha
UJorge Francisco Isidoro Louis Borges AseVedo wazalwa ngo-Agasti 24, 1899 esigangeni seBuenos Aires. Unina uLeonor Asseeweedo Suarez wayeyisizukulwane sabafuduki base-Spanish - abahlanganyele empini yase-Argentina yenkululeko, kanti ubaba uJorge Guillermo ufaka i-haslam, eyasebenza njengommeli, owayenezimpande zesiPutukezi nangesiNgisi.
Abazali abahlobene, kepha abafundile kusukela esemncane kwagxila ezinganeni ezithanda izincwadi, ngakho-ke uJorge Louis nodadewabo, owaba umculi, waqala ukufunda esikoleni ukuze afunde futhi aqale futhi azise izilimi ezi-2: isiNgisi kanye ISpanishi.
Ukuzijwayeza emsebenzini ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaYise, umfana waqala wabhala izindaba futhi waba nesifiso sokuhumusha, okwakushicilelwa ejeni lendawo ngo-1908. Ababelethi babone ithalente lomlobi wombhali futhi bazama ukuthuthukisa amandla akhe, banquma ebangeni le-4 lenye yezikhungo zemfundo buenos Aires.
Kodwa-ke, isikole samabanga aphansi asikwazanga ukunikeza ulwazi olusha eminyakeni eya enganeni, futhi yena esikhundleni sokwenza izifundo, saqhubeka nokusebenza ezindabeni, sabangela intukuthelo yothisha.
Intshisekelo esikoleni, uBorge wavuka ngemuva kokuba uYise, owaqala ukulahlekelwa, washiya ubuqili ngo-1914 wahamba nomndeni waya eSwitzerland. Lapho, uJorge Louis waqala ukutadisha amaFulentshi futhi waba nentshisekelo yezazi zefilosofi zaseJalimane, wangena futhi eGeneva Collegers futhi wajwayela umlobi uMaurice Abramovich, owagcina kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe.
Lapho umzali esedlule enkambweni yokwelashwa eSwitzerland Ophthalmology Center, amaBrurds ahlela ukubuyela ezweni lawo, kepha ukuqala kwempi yezwe yokuqala kanye nezepolitiki e-Argentina kwabaphoqa ukuthi bashintshe imiqondo yabo futhi bahlale eYurophu kuze kube ngu-1921.
Ngalesi sikhathi, uJorge Luis waba nesithakazelo ezinkondlweni futhi waqala ukubhala izinkondlo ngesiFulentshi. Okokuqala nje wayehlala eSpain, lapho, ngaphansi kwethonya lezimbongi ze-Guillae Apolliner noTommazo, uMarinetti wajoyina abamele izibalo zezincwadi ze-avant-garde futhi bashicilela umsebenzi wokuqala wokuqala obizwa nge- "tunmy walwandle".
Izincwadi
Ukubuyela e-Argentina, ama-borge ahlanganisiwe futhi ashicilele iqoqo lezinkondlo "ulwandle lwe-buenos aires", bese waqala ukubhala indatshana yomagazini okholwayo kanye no-Almanac. Kancane kancane, ukumuka nezinkondlo, le nsizwa yasungula uhlobo lwendaba yefilosofi futhi ngokushesha yaba ngomunye wababhali abanethonya kakhulu be-Hispanic boomlando wesimanje.
Ekuqaleni komsebenzi, uJorge Louis waba umsunguli wokushicilelwa "Prism" kanye ne- "Pro", kwesinye isikhathi, kwesinye isikhathi asakazeka phakathi kwabafundi njengoba amapheshana anamathisela ezindongeni zezakhiwo. Kuyathakazelisa iqiniso lokuthi, ngiyaxolisa ezinye zezincwadi zokuqala, uBorges wafuna ukuthola nokubhubhisa izingqinamba zomagazini ezazinezibonelo ezingaphumelelanga zobuciko bezobuciko.
Maphakathi nawo-1930s, umbhali waba nesifiso sokuba qoba futhi waqala ukusebenza ngesitayela, abagxeki babizwa ngokuthi "i-Irrylity", lapho ifilosofi nemicabango eyayisesimweni sempilo, hhayi isipiliyoni sendabuko.
UBorges wayehlala egcwalisa eyakhe i-bibliography ngezincwadi ebhukwini "sur", eyasungulwa ngo-1931 nguVictoria Okampeo, okuyinto, umbhali wanikezela indaba ye- "Garden of Divering Trail". Lolu hlobo lulethe udumo lukaJorge Louis ezweni elikhuluma iSpanishi futhi waba yisiqalo sokubambisana kwezithelo nama-novice facto casares.
Ukusebenza ngaphansi kwama-pseudonyms of Onoro Bustos Doomek noSuarez Lynch, umlobi duet ushicilelwe amaqoqo ambalwa, phakathi kwawo ama-detector miniature ancipha mayelana nokufika kwe-don isiDodi, njenge "Nkulunkulu Bykov", wadalwa Eminyakeni yokuqala yonyaka yo-1940, imodeli "yomsebenzi we-parody" ukuze afe ".
Ngo-1933, uBorges waqala ukusebenzisana nokuhlelwa kohlelo lwezincwadi ephephandabeni le-CRÍTICA kanye nemisebenzi yokuqala eshicilelwe efakiwe eqoqweni elibizwa nge- "Worldwide Worldwide History". Lezi kwakuyizindaba ezazihlanganisa izinto zobuntatheli ezixutshwe nokwethulwa okuhle kwemicimbi yangempela, kanye namawashi okubhala akhishwe ngumlobi wokudluliselwa kwezincwadi ezaziwayo, kodwa ezingajwayelekile.
Eminyakeni elandelayo, uJorge Louis wasebenza njengomeluleki wemibhalo endlini yokushicilela "e-Emecé Editores" wahola ikholomu yamasonto onke kumagazini "El Hogar", wabe esethola umsebenzi emtatsheni wezincwadi kamasipala waseMon. Imisebenzi yelungu lekhathalogu lesikhwama ishiye isikhathi esiningi sokuqamba okubhaliwe, futhi i-Borges ngentokozo ihlolwe ngesitayela, ukudala izindaba ezinikezelwe ekubonisweni kombhali ngomsebenzi wayo.
Ngalesi sikhathi, umbhali wanyathelisa iqoqo "lezindaba eziqanjiwe", ezazihlanganisa ama-miniatures anjengokuthi "uPierre Menar, umbhali" noMtapo wezincwadi waseBabiloni "kanye" nokubhala Ukutadisha okubizwa ngokuthi "umlando waphakade", ukuqala indawo yokugcina izinto zefilosofi nezingcaphuno ezikhanyayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1952, i-Argentina iphrinte i-Essay ye-Cycle ebizwa ngokuthi "uphenyo olusha", lapho umbhali aboniswa khona emsebenzini wozakwabo futhi ahlaziye eminye imisebenzi edumile, aphoqa umfundi ukuxazulula izaphulelo ezingapheli. Izindaba ezidume kakhulu zohlobo olunjalo ziye zaba "isibuko sezimfumbe", "izinhlobo zenganekwane eyodwa", "amagama ambalwa mayelana (noma azungeze) uBernard Shaw" kanye "nokuphikiswa okusha".
UBorgel Borgel waqala umsebenzi womphakathi onothisha, waba nguMongameli Wezomphakathi Wababhali be-Argentina, futhi waqala ukwakhiwa kwezimo zamafilimu obuciko. Ngo-1955, uJorge Louis waqoka umqondisi we-The Litabhulali kaZwelonke, lapho ngemuva kweminyaka emi-4 ambozwa ngokuphelele.
Ubumpumputhe abavimbanga umlobi ukuthi aqhubeke nokusebenza emisebenzini yakhe, abikezela umama owaba ngunobhala wakhe. Ngo-1961, uBorges wathola umklomelo wokuqala wamazwe omhlaba futhi wabangela ukuba nentshisekelo yabameleli bezwe lesiNgisi. Uhulumeni wase-Argentina wahlela uhambo lokuya eMelika, lapho akhuluma khona nezinkulumo, wabe eselandela ukuvakasha eYurophu.
Ngalesi sikhathi sempilo, umlobi wathola ukuqashelwa okungenamibandela futhi waba ngumnikazi wamaphrimiyamu amaningi, phakathi kwabo owayengumnikelo wokunikela ngezimfihlo zohlobo lomseshi, i-Konex iklonyeliswa umklomelo we-Konex Iminyaka eminingi yokufeza ku-ART.
Ngo-1967, uBorges waqala ukubambisana kweminyaka emi-5 noNational Thomas Di Giovanni, owasiza umlobi ukuba angenise abafundi abakhuluma isiNgisi ngemibhalo enemibhalo "ebibhalwe ngeMargarita Genero, "Incwadi yesihlabathi", "ubusuku obuyisikhombisa" nokunye.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Iningi lempilo uBorges lalikhona emphakathini kamama owayesekele iNdodana endlini yezintandane. Nguyena owathi ngo-1967 wahlela umshado wokuqala wombhali onomfelokazi ogama lakhe lingu-Elze Sterian Milavan. ULeonor AseviEdo wayelindele ukuthi lona wesifazane anakekele indoda esekhulile ephuphuthekile, kodwa amathemba akhe azange afezeke, futhi impilo yomuntu siqu yabalingani iminyaka emi-3 ngemuva komshado waphela ngesehlukaniso.
Ngemuva kwalokho, uJorge Louis wayengaphansi kokunakekelwa kwendlu kaFanny noMsizi Wakhe uMariya Codam, ahlulele isithombe esiningi - ophelezelwa umlobi lapho ehamba ngokuthula nango-1986 waba ngumkakhe wesibili. Wahlala noBorge kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1986 futhi kamuva waba umphikisi wokuvuselelwa kwezinsalela ze-argentine edumile.
Ukushona
UBorges wabamba izinyanga zokugcina zokuphila eGeneva enkampanini yonkosikazi osanda kuthathwa uMariya Mariar. Ukwazi ukuphela okusondelayo, umlobi ngokuzithoba wathatha okungenakugwenywa. Wabonakalisa kakhulu ngokufa futhi ekugcineni wacela ukuvuma izono kwabefundisi, okwakumelela izinkomba zenkolo yamaKatolika namaProthestani.
NgoJuni 14, 1986, uBorges wabulawa ngumdlavuza wesibindi futhi wangcwatshwa emathuneni aseSwitzerland amakhosi ngemuva komngcwabo waseSt. Peter eSt. Peter.
Amacaphuna
"Wonke umuntu ngendlela yakhe ecabanga iPharadesi, ubemele umtapo wezincwadi emhlolisweni weminyaka yokuhlobisa." "Angikhulumi ukuphindisela, akukho ukuxolelwa. Ngokuphanjwa - lokhu kuphela okuziphindisela futhi okuwukuphela kwentethelelo. "" Isiphetho sanoma yimuphi umuntu, ngoba kungenzeka kube nzima futhi isikhathi eside, ngesikhathi umuntu kanye naphakade uthola ukuthi ungubani. "" Kulowo nalowo kithi kukhona izinhlayiya zobuNkulunkulu. Umhlaba wethu awunakuba ngumsebenzi wezandla zezandla ezinobulungiswa nokutholwa; Kuya ngokuthi yini ngokwethu. "I-Bibliography
- 1925 - "Uphenyo"
- 1932 - "Ingxoxo"
- 1936 - "Umlando Waphakade
- Ngo-1936 - "Umlando womhlaba we-loowsess"
- 1944 - "Izindaba Eziqanjiwe"
- 1949 - "Alef"
- 1960 - "UMdali"
- 1970 - "Bika Brody"
- 1975 - "Incwadi yesihlabathi"
- 1977 - "Umlando Wobusuku"
- Ngo-1980 - "Ubusuku Esiyisikhombisa"
- 1982 - "Ama-Essays Nine Mayelana noDante"
- 1985 - "Abavumisi"