I-Biograge
Namuhla, siqonde eSt Petersburg eMoscow, abahambi balandelwa umgomo, hhayi kuphela ukulahleka kwama-oda wombuso angalungile. Akudingekile, u-Alexander Radishchev, owabeka indlela ekhonjisiwe ngesisekelo sencwadi edumile, yena ngokwakhe walimala kabi. Umlobi wasinda ekungatheni kwakhe okungaphezulu kwenkululeko nokuthethelela futhi waba ngesinye sezibalo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokukhanyiselwa kweRussia.Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Alexander Nikolavich Radishchev wazalwa ngo-1749, ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Elizabeth Petrovna. Abazali babengabaphathi abacebile futhi behlala edolobhaneni lase-Upper Abyazovo, elibizwa ngokuthi yigama likaMkhokho Omkhulu wombhali. Ngo-1952, le ndawo yaqanjwa kabusha kabusha iRadishchevo.
UNikolay Afanasyevich, ongubaba womfana, wayengowasezakhiwo ze-nemtsovo eduze kwaseKaluga, futhi ingxenye ethile yefilosofi yesikhathi esizayo yayisengxenye. Umama kaFekla Savvichna wenzeka esuka engxenyeni yezikhulu zaseMoscow zase-Alcamakov. Lo mndeni wawumkhulu, unobungane, unomsindo, izingane eziyi-11 zazalwa kulo. Bahola impilo e-rustic rustic, kodwa abazali banake imfundo yabo.
U-Alexander omncane, ngakolunye uhlangothi, egqokwa yinqaba umalume uPeter Mammontov, owatshela umfana abangewona abahlali, ngakolunye uhlangothi wafunda umfokazi wamaFrance. Eminyakeni engu-7 ubudala, ingane yathunyelwa eMoscow futhi yashiya uMalume ebhodini lomama. Endlini ye-Argamakov, eza ezihlotsheni eziseduzane, uMqondisi weMoscow University, umfana waba nethuba lokuthola ukuhlakanipha.
Ngasikhathi sinye, kanye nabazala nodadewethu, wathatha izifundo koprofesa abavelele, futhi u-gutener waseFrance wahlanganyela ekukhulisweni kwezingane ezazibalekele ezweni lakubo ngenxa yezizathu zezombusazwe. Othisha abakhululekile babeka isisekelo kule nsizwa kanye nesifiso sokubhikisha ngokumelene nokungabi nabulungisa.
Ngo-1762, uCatherine II, ii, uthathe isihlalo sobukhosi futhi wamukela u-Alexander oneminyaka engu-13 ngesibalo samaphakheji wobukhosi. Wafunda ekhasini lezidumbu futhi wakhonza uMbusi lapho evule nemicimbi yezwe. Impilo enkantolo yenkantolo ayihambelani nezinhloso zenkululeko, inkonzo kanye nezinsizwa ezifundwayo, ezitholwayo ezivela kubafundisi abathuthukayo.
Ngo-1766, iRadishchev yafika enanini lezinsizwa ezikhethiwe ezahlonishwa ngokuya e-University of Leipzig. Ama-Comrade ayisithupha achithe iminyaka emi-5 eJalimane, ethola imfundo yezomthetho futhi amukele ukubukwa okuthuthukile kwe-EPOCH yokukhanyiselwa.
Abafundi bahlala kabi, kepha ngokuhaha bamungelela ulwazi lwefilosofi, isayensi yemvelo, izincwadi nomlando. I-Radishchev, ngaphandle kwalokho, icishe yathola idiploma yezokwelapha. Ukubuyela eRussia ngo-1771, abantu abasha babegcwele ithemba lokusebenzela izwe elisezingeni eliphakeme.
Into yokufunda
Umsebenzi wokubhala weRadishchev waqala ukutadisha eLeipzig. Waqala ngokuhumusha kwemisebenzi eyayibonakala iligugu embusweni wokubuka kwezenhlalo kanye nefilosofi. ESt. Petersburg, le nsizwa ihlangana nomshicileli uNokolai Novikov futhi anyathelisa ngokungaziwa kumagazini wakhe "umdwebi" indatshana encane.
Indaba iba yi-prototype yenkosi yomlobi futhi ilandisa ngohambo. Lapha umbhali udweba isithombe esingenakwenzeka sedolobhana laseRussia, elidwetshwe yi-Fortress Slavery. Ukushicilelwa kwabangela ukubabaza okukhulu kanye nesikwele sokugxekwa "phezulu." Kodwa-ke, iRadishchev iyaqhubeka nokubhala, kubandakanya nokuhumusha, nokho, ukuyigcwalisa ngemicabango yayo.
Incwadi yokuqala eshicilelwe ngokwahlukana u-Alexander Nikolaevich futhi ukhiqiza ngokungaziwa. Lokhu "yimpilo kaFyodor Vosilyevich USHAKOV ngokwethulwa kweminye yemibhalo yakhe", eshicilelwe ngo-1789. Le ncwadi inikelwe umlingani okhulayo wase-University of Leipzig, owayengukugqugquzelwa kweqembu labo labafundi. Ukushicilelwa kwaphumelela, wakhulunywa ngakho, waphawula, nokho, ubungozi bemicabango eveziwe.
"Ukuhamba usuka eSt. Petersburg uye eMoscow" akubhalwanga unyaka owodwa. Imibono yabalobi yaguqulwa, ulwazi lwacetshiswa, olunomthelela ngqo nombhalo kanye nokwazi kwalo. Ngo-1789, iRadishchev inesibindi sokuhlinzeka ngombhalo wesandla wabacwaningi. Okuxakile ngokwanele, ukubalwa kwabantu kuphuthelwe umsebenzi oyingozi, njengoba wamukele umhlahlandlela ojwayelekile futhi engakhathazi ukudela kokuqukethwe.
Kodwa-ke, alikho ihhovisi lokushicilela elithathwe lokushicilelwa, khona-ke umbhali ngosizo lwabangani ahlele ukuthayipha ekhaya. Lapho ngo-1790 ephrintiwe amakhophi angu-600 encwadi futhi ingxenye yayisekwa ukuthengiswa. Amavolumu okuqala asakazeke ngokushesha, "nohambo" lwaqala ukufunwa. Umsindo ohunyukayo waholela ekutheni le ncwadi yathunyelwa kwi-Empress. TA Funda le ncwadi, uqokomisa izingcaphuno ezihlukumezanayo. Ngemuva kwebhizinisi elikhulu, ukusakazwa okugcwele kwathathwa kwashiswa.
Incwadi etholwe yi-cramolete futhi yabangela ukubabaza umphakathi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, yagxekwa kusuka endaweni yokubuka kwenani lobuciko. Ikakhulu, u-Alexander pushkin waphawula ukuthi wahamba futhi uZhemumunna, futhi izinkinga ezikulo zazincane, futhi zachaza inoveli ngokuthi "i-Mediocre umsebenzi, ukungasaphathwa eyokuvumelanisa okusobala okuyi-barloc."
Ku-Link Radishchev yaqhubeka nokuzibandakanya ekwakheni. Engqungqutheleni "kumuntu, ukufa kwakhe nokungafi" kwakhe, umbhali usuka ezindabeni zenhlalo futhi abhekisele kwifilosofi. Umbhali uhlola ubumbano lwemvelo yomuntu, ubunye bomphefumlo nomzimba, ukugcizelela indima evelele yengqondo. Eminyakeni yamuva yokuphila, indoda ibandakanyeka ezinkondlweni. Izinkondlo ezintsha kanye nenkondlo yobuqhawe kaBova "BOVA" eyengezwe phambilini ebhalwe ngu "nkulunkulu".
Imisebenzi yezenhlalo kanye nesixhumanisi
Ngaphambi kokuba ihlazo elibangelwa yincwadi ethi "Ukuhamba kusuka eSt Petersburg kuya eMoscow", iRadishchev yasebenza njengesikhulu ezinsizeni ezahlukahlukene zeSt. Petersburg. Iminyaka eminingana, indoda ethile yasebenza emnyangweni wezohwebo kanye nezezimboni, yabe isithuthela emasikweni, lapho iminyaka eyishumi yafika ekhanda lenduna.
Kodwa-ke, ngoJuni 30, 1790, kwaqedwa nge-QEARY: Ngokuhleleka kukaCatherine II u-Alexander Nikolayevich ukuboshwa, ukuphetha kuPeter neKhopha yaPoli.
URadishchev akazange aphike icala lakhe, kodwa wamangala lapho ezwa ukuthi usongelwa ngesigwebo sentambo. Umlobi wasolwa njengokwakha icebo, uMqulu wombuso kanye ne-bunking "kubi ePugacheva". Le ndoda yathweswa icala ngokuthi "izame ngempilo ebusayo." Kusukela esigwebo se-radishchev, kuphela isinqumo esikhethekile se-Empress esisindisiwe, esasixazululwa futhi sangena esikhundleni sesijeziso ngokubhekiselwa eminyakeni eyishumi eSiberia. Umkhulumeli wabantu wathunyelwa ngoSepthemba 1790 kuya esifundeni sase-ILimsk Irkutsk.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Empilweni yomuntu siqu ka-Alexander Radishchev kwakukhona abesifazane ababili. Ngonkosikazi wokuqala, wethula umngane wakhe kwi-Leipzig University Andrei rubanovsky, u-Anna Rubanovskaya kwadingeka abe yisihlobo. U-Alexander no-Ana bashada ngo-1775, futhi izibulo likaVasily kwavela ngonyaka kamuva. Sekukonke, lo mbhangqwana wazalwa ezinganeni eziyisithupha, kodwa amantombazane amabili afa ebuntwaneni.
UVasily, uNikolai, u-Ekaterina noPaul balahlekelwa ngunina ngo-1783. Owesifazane ushone eneminyaka engama-31, washisa indodana encane.
Izingane zaqhubeka nokunakekelwa kodadewabo omncane u-Anna Vasilyevna - Elizabeth rubanovskaya. Lokho kwathatha ngawe, lapho kulandelwa yiRadishchev kusixhumanisi. Ngokwezinoni zesonto, ukushada nomkakhe kwathathwa njengokungamukeleki futhi kulinganiselwa kakhulu kwabakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngokusemthethweni le nyunyana ayibhalisiwe. E-Ilimsk, iRadishchev no-Elizabeth Vasilyevna bazalwa izingane ezingaphezu kwezintathu: u-Ana, uFekla no-Athanasius.
Ngo-1797, u-Alexander Nikolaevich wafezwa ngokwesibili: Ukuthathwa kwayo, umkakhe wafa, akakaze abuyele ePeterSburg esuka endaweni yezethenjwa. Iqiniso elithandekayo lingacatshangelwa ukuthi uYise weRadishcheva wenqaba ukuqaphela abazukulu abasebancane, ababize ngokuthi abaphethe. Indoda endala yahlonipha lo mthetho wesonto futhi ingathanda ukuthi indodana ishade nenqaba, kunokuba ithule.
Iminyaka yokugcina nokufa
I-Reference Radishchev yaphela ngaphambili kunesikhathi esibekiwe. Ngo-1796, uPawulu ngagibela esihlalweni sobukhosi nasebangeni nomama wakhulula umlobi wangokoqobo. Wathuthela ekuhambeni kukababa weNemtsevo, futhi ukuxolelwa okugcwele kanye nokutakula amalungelo atholwe ngaphansi kwe-Alexander I ngo-1801. Kusukela kuleso sikhathi, iRadishchev ibihlala eSt. Petersburg, ngenkathi ithuthukisa imithetho eKhomishini ekhethekile.
U-Alexander Nikolaevich ushone ngoSepthemba 12, 1802, izinzwa ezahlukahlukene zahamba nezimbangela zokufa. Bathe le ndoda eneminyaka engu-53 ubudala yazibulala, iphuze ubuthi. Kodwa-ke, akuhambelani neqiniso lokuthi wayedidekile futhi wangcwatshwa othango lwesonto lwamathuna e-volkovssky, okuyizinto zokuzibulala zincishwa i-Orthodox Canon. Umbhalo osemthethweni uletha ukuthi imbangela yokufa iba yi-char.
Amacaphuna
"I-autockontnionness iyimvelo yomuntu ezinzile kunazo zonke ... futhi abantu banelungelo banenkosi - idephoza ukwahlulela." "Kungaleso sikhathi lapho uyoba umuntu lapho ufunda ukubona umuntu komunye." "Akukho lutho kithi Okuvamile, akukho lutho olufana nelethu, kodwa nakanye futhi, akukho lutho olumangazayo, olumangazayo kakhulu njengenkulumo yethu. "" "" Ubuhle ngibiza ikhono lezenzo, okuhle komphakathi. "I-Bibliography
- 1772 - "Ukuhamba kucashunwe ku *** no *** t ***"
- 1773 - "Isikhulu Sokuzivocavoca"
- 1783 - "Willy"
- 1789 - "Impilo kaFyodor Vyodor Vasilyevich USHAKOV ngokwethulwa kweminye yemibhalo yakhe"
- 1790 - "Incwadi eya kumngane, ohlala eTobolsk, ezikweletini zesihloko sakhe"
- 1790 - "shayela usuka eSt. Petersburg uye eMoscow"
- 1790 - "Ingxoxo EneNdodana KaBaba"
- 1792 - "Incwadi ephathelene nokuxoxisana ngesiShayina"
- 1792 - "Mayelana Ndoda, Ukufa Kwakhe nokungafi"
- 1799 - "Bova"
- 1801 - "Inkondlo"