I-Biograge
U-Adam Mitskevich uyimbongi edumile yasePoland, okomsebenzi wayo wezwe lomdabu aqhathaniswa nokubaluleka kwe-Alexander Pushkin yezincwadi zaseRussia. Ochwepheshe babiza umbhali ukuthi abaleke ePoland Romantimism. Wama ekhanda lenhlangano yenkululeko kazwelonke ePoland.Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Adam Mitskevich wazalelwa epulazini laseKossos, eduze nedolobha laseNoveRotudok. Iminyaka emi-3 ngaphambi kokuvela komlobi, lawa mazwe ayengejwayelekile, abese enamathiselwe eMbusweni waseRussia. Namuhla, le nsimu ingeyaseBelarus, ngakho-ke izakhamuzi zendawo ziyazi ngomsebenzi wembongi.
U-Adamu wazalwa ngoDisemba 24, 1798. Uyise womfana, uMikolai, wayesuka enohlobo lwaseLithuania wasendulo. Wake waba owayengowobukhosi, kepha lo mndeni waphelelwa phansi futhi wawungenaso simo. UMitskevich-SR. Kuholele emcimbini woMthetho ukondla umndeni. Ngo-1794, le ndoda yasekela ukuvukela kukaTadeusch Kostyutko kwathi emadodaneni akhe waletha uthando ngezwe lakubo nokuhlonipha umfundi. Unina kaBarbara, umsulwa owatholakala, wayengowomndeni womsebenzi omncane.
NgoFebhuwari 12, 1799, umfana wabhapathizwa eNovegramsky Church yokuguqulwa kukaJesu isimo kwesintukala kweNkosi. Kusukela ngo-1805 kuya ku-1815, wafunda eDominican School, wasungulwa ethempelini leSt Ardungel Michael, futhi wathathwa lapho ubuqambi bokugcina. Izinkondlo zokuqala uMitskevich zabhala ebusheni. Wayethanda ukufunda.
Ukuphonsa ngolwazi nokukhuthala kwasiza ukuthola umfundazeleko ongenabala futhi kwaya eVilen University, eyaba umfundi wayo ngo-1815. Okokuqala, ukugxila okuyinhloko kweMitskevich kwakuyi-physics kanye ne-mathematics, kepha ngonyaka le nsizwa yadluliselwa ebuhlakani obungokomlando noPhilology. Intshisekelo ezincwadini nasekuhlolweni kwaba namandla.
Ebungwini obusha, umfundi waqala ukufunda imisebenzi yasendulo ngezilimi zakwamanye amazwe afundwayo futhi wahambela izinkulumo zabafundisi abadumile. Othisha basiza ekwakheni isimo sengqondo esenza umhlaba maqondana namaqiniso nokuthi kwenzekani emhlabeni. Imibono yakudala ezinkulumo zabo yayixutshaniswa nezimo zothando ezintsha ezakha izinsizwa.
Kusukela ngo-1817, uMitskevich ubesezinhlu lezibalo zabafundi ababambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwezinhlangano zasenyuvesi ezishisekela izwe: ama-phylomates kanye ne-phylaretov. Ama-patriot ezwe lomdabu, alwa ukuze kulondolozwe ulimi lwabo lwendabuko kanye nesithunzi sikazwelonke, wagqugquzela usizo oludinga usizo. Kamuva, izinkolelo zabo zakhiwa ohlelweni lwezepolitiki.
Njengoba usuthole idiploma ekugcineni kweNyuvesi ngo-1819, uMitskevich wathola ukuthi kungenzeka umkhuba wokuhamba ngezinyawo. Wathunyelwa edolobheni laseKovno, manje uKaunas. Ekhuluma esimweni esinjalo, izikhulu zibuswa e-University of Vilensky, zazama ukuvikela imbongi ukuthi zibambe iqhaza ezinhlanganweni ezisithekile. Uhlobo lwesixhumanisi olubekwe ekuqaleni kokudalwa kwemisebenzi emoyeni wothando. UMitskevich wabhala ama-ballads nezinkondlo, echaza imibono yakhe nokubukwa komhlaba.
Ubumbongi
Ngo-1822, incwadi yokudonswa kwezinkondlo yezinkondlo zika-Adamu Mitskevich yavela. Umthamo wokuqala wemibhalo wabizwa ngokuthi "izinkondlo" futhi wafaka umjikelezo odumile "ama-ballads kanye nezigxobo". Ngemuva konyaka, bashicilela umfutho wesibili wokushicilelwa, owayenenkondlo eyethuliwe "Diada" ne- "Grazin".
Umsebenzi wezenhlalo wembongi wayexhumene kakhulu nobuciko, ngokwengxenye abe uhlelo. Ngo-1823, uMitzkevich waboshwa "ecaleni lama-Lilomates". Wayesejele, kepha ngenxa yabangane bakhe ngabo-1824 bakhululwe ngentando. Ngemuva kwesigamu sonyaka, ababhali baxoshwa edolobheni.
Waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye futhi ahambe aye eSt. Wabe esevakashela u-Odessa, eCrimea, eMoscow wabuyela enhlokodolobha yasenyakatho. Lolu hambo lwathatha iminyaka emi-5 futhi lwaletha uMitskevich ukuba ajwayelene ne-Creative Expressional of Russia. Ngemuva kwalokho, waya eYurophu wavakashela e-Italy, eSwitzerland, eJalimane. Imbongi yaba ngumlaleli wezinkulumo zeHegel.
Ngo-1830, kwavunywa nguNovemba ePoland, kwathi uMitzkevich wazama ukubuyela ezweni lakubo, kepha akavunyelwanga. Kwakufanele athuthele eParis futhi aqhubeke ebubi eYurophu, okwaholela kumlobi e-Italy.
UMitskevich wayengumbhali othelayo. Ifa lakhe liqukethe inqwaba yemisebenzi yezinkondlo ezahlukahlukene. Ukuncoma amavolumu ama-2 wamaqoqo emibhalo, u-Adamu wenze owakhe isakhiwo sawo ezinhlelweni zabantu kanye nezinkolelo. Babesuselwa ezinkolelweni zothando, bathumela emhlabeni wemicabango, lapho izinto eziphambili zaba khona kakhulu. Imingcele yohlobo kule misebenzi igcwele.
Imibhalo edumile kakhulu yalesi siqondiso yayingu "Paris", "Romance", "Sweetzing" kanye ne- "Svitzian". Ngemuva kohambo eRussia, kwakhishwa ama-Crimean Sonnets. Isihloko sabo esiyinhloko saphenduka incazelo yemvelo nobunye nomuntu wakhe.
Ngo-1828 bashicilela incwadi ethi "Konrad Valenrod. Indaba yomlando evela emlandweni weLithuania noPressian. " Isakhiwo silandisa ngesenzo esenzeka ngekhulu le-14. I-protagonist, i-Master of the Crusader, ifakwa ezimweni zokuzikhethela phakathi kwemizwa yokuthanda izwe nekhodi ye-knight. Ngosizo lwakhe, uMitskevich wachaza okuhlangenwe nakho kwabahlanganyeli enhlanganweni eyimfihlo okwakungokwakhe kuyo.
Izinkondlo "Inganekwane yeVaidelot" kanye ne- "Alpuhara" - Isebenza emavesini, ethandwa ngabafundi baseRussia, yaphuma ngasikhathi sinye, kepha yayingenawo umthwalo ofanayo we-semantic. E-Europe, uMitskevich wasebenza ngokuqhubeka kwenkondlo "Diada". Iziqephu eziningana zomsebenzi, ukuhlanganisa, dala ukwakheka kokwakheka ngezinkolelo namasiko athandwayo, izifiso zeqhawe le-lyrical.
Lezi zindawo zihlanganiswa ngesidoda lapho umbhali echaza khona inqubo endabeni ye-Lilomates. Umsebenzi uchaza ukuphindukuzalwa kabusha komuntu oyinhloko, ukunxenxa kwakhe kuMninimandla onke nombuzo wobulungiswa benzekayo embusweni nasekucindezelweni kwabantu. Ukwenqatshwa kweRoyal Dessedotism Mitskevich echazwe nge-prism ye-fabulous nenganekwane.
Umsebenzi oyinhloko wePan Tadeusch Boet wadalwa ngo-1834 ngesikhathi sokuhlala kwakhe eParis. Kunemigqa eminingana yohlobo kuso, ngenxa yalokho okubhaliwe sekuyinkondlo kazwelonke, akukho okufana nezincwadi zePoland. Umbhali uchaze umphakathi wasePoland olungiselelwe ukufika kwamabutho kaNapoleon. Owasebuhle bomsebenzi obuhle awuqinisekiswanga ngokoqobo, ngokungafani nokucatshangelwa kuka-Adamu.
Ngaphezu kwezinkondlo, uMitskevich wayethanda futhi ubuntatheli. Ngawo-1840s, wakhipha umjikelezo, yimuphi abagxeki bemibhalo okukhulunywa ngaye "ekugxekeni uLausanne." Imisebenzi ichaza njengesibonelo sikaMesiya wothando, izinto zokubikezela emsebenzini womlobi wanamuhla. Izinkondlo zifanekise izinguquko ezinhle okufanele zize ukuzokwehla. Baqhathaniswa nokuza kwesibili kuKristu, abakwazi ukusakaza izimiso zobuKristu yonke indawo.
Izisusa ezifanayo zivele emsebenzini wobuciko ngesikhathi sokubhalwa kwe- "Zajadov" naku- "Book of the Polish Pilgred", enyatheliswa ngo-1832. Umbhali wafuna ukuthi iPoland iyisifundazwe esinamandla abantu abakwazi ukubekezelela ubushiqela bezezimali. Izikhombo zezenkolo ezisencwadini zabangela ukungavunyelwa ku-PAPAL Bulle. Ngo-1849, izinkulumo zanyatheliswa ukuthi imbongi ifundeka ekolishi de France. Ufundise izincwadi zaseRussia, zasePoland, eCzech kanye neSerbia ngesixha somlando futhi wajulisa kuMesiyane noMesiyane ngokubomvu nemibono yakhe.
Imisebenzi ka-Adamu Mitskevich yaba nethonya elikhulu emasikweni asePoland. Ezincwadini zamasekhundla eminyaka e-19 kuya kwengama-20, izingcaphuno eziningi zivela nezinkomba ngemisebenzi yalo. Imibhalo yombhali yakha isisekelo se-repertoire yaseClassical yaseshashalazini yasePoland. Enye yezikhumbuzo ezinkulu zePolish cinema edalwe ngesisekelo sezincwadi kwakuyifilimu Angeya Wilde "Pan Tadeush", edutshulwe ngo-2000.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
I-Bitskevich ka-Adam Mitskevich's Biography ixhumene kakhulu nemisebenzi yezepolitiki yezepolitiki. Impilo yomuntu siqu yayivame ukuya ngemuva, kepha, njenganoma isiphi isibalo sokudala, iMitskevich ibingahambi imizwa. Ukuba ngumfundi waseyunivesithi, wesaba ukuthanda okokuqala ngqa. Imbongi ekhethiwe yaba uMaryla verhekko.
Le ntombazane yaletha ugqozi lwenkondlo nemizwa yokuqala yokuqala, kodwa injabulo yabo ayimiselwe ukuba igcwaliseke. Ubaba uMaryli uyamunca indodakazi yedolobha eya eTuttka Imitha, futhi umshado wabo wenzeka ngo-1821. Naphezu kokulahlekelwa, imbongi yagcina imizwa yothandekayo wayo. Wayengumnyuziyamu wakhe isikhathi eside.
Ngo-1834, uMitskevich wathola umndeni. Umkakhe waba nguVelin Shimanovskaya, indodakazi kaPianists, obonke imbongi ayefika kuyo, eSt. Petersburg. Izingane ezi-6 zazalelwa e-Alliance.
Njengoba imisebenzi yezenhlalo bebahlala khona phakathi kwezinto eziza kuqala ku-Adamu, akazange akhe umsebenzi, ofuna ukuhlinzeka umndeni. Enza imisebenzi yokuhamba ngezinyawo, uMitskevich akazange akhohlwe ngocingo. Ngo-1841, wathonywa ngu-Angeya Tovyansky, ekhuthaza uMesiya kanye nezimfundiso eziyimfihlakalo. U-Adamu waqala ukutshela abafundi balabo abanentshisekelo emibonizweni yakhe, athola ngayo ukumfundisa, kwathi ngonyaka we-1851st ashiye phansi.
UMitskevich uthumele amandla ekwakhekeni kweLegion yasePoland, ukumemezela ukuzimela kwama-Italiya, futhi kwakuphakathi kwabamemezeli bephephandaba iParis "Tribune Plesles". Enhlokodolobha yaseFrance ngonyaka we-1852, umlobi wathola isikhundla somtapo wolwazi ngesikhathi se-arsenal. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, oshade naye washona. Ukunakekelwa kwezingane ezikhathazekile ubaba ngaphansi kwezitayela zezepolitiki. Wanikezwa imicabango ekwakhekeni kweLegion entsha yasePoland.
Ukushona
Ngo-1855, uMitzkevich waya eConstantinople, i-Slehigh ihlela ukwakheka kwenhlangano entsha. Injongo yayo kwakuwukubumbana kwama-French kanye neBrithani ekulweni namaRussia eMpini YeCrimea. Imbongi yaphefumulelwa amacebo amasha. Endleleni wawela ikholera egula ngayo, eyayisebenza njengembangela yokufa. Umzimba ka-Adamu Mitskevid wangcwatshwa eParis. Ngo-1890, izinsalela zathuthwa zaya eKrakow, lapho zavuselelwa khona eWawel Cathedral.Amaqiniso athakazelisayo avela empilweni yembongi, ubuhlakani kanye nohlelo lwe-manifestos aphefumulelwe ukudala imidwebo yombhali, ucwaningo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi. Umnikelo wefilosofi kanye nenhlangano yezenhlalo yalesosikhathi yalinganiswa ngemuva kokushona komlobi. EWarsaw, eKrakow, uPoznan noParis bafaka izikhumbuzo kudumo. Kulabhulali yasePoland eParis kukhona imnyuziyamu yezinto zomuntu siqu, ezasungulwa yiNdodana yakhe ngo-1903.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1817 - "Missor, Prince Noverograk"
- Ngo-1822 - 1 Tom "Poetry",
- Ngo-1823 - 2 Tom "Poetry",
- Ngo-1823 - "Diada"
- Ngo-1826 - "Ama-Sonnets"
- Ngo-1828 - "Konrad Vallenrod"
- Ngo-1832 - "Book of the Polish People and Polish Pilgrim"
- Ngo-1832 - "Ukufa kukaColonel"
- Ngo-1834 - Pan Tadeush