I-Biograge
UVasily Klyuchevsky - isazi-mlando esivelele saseRussia, saphila futhi sasebenza ekuqaleni kwamakhulu eminyaka ye-XIX-XX. I-biography yakhe iyisibonelo samakhono amangalisayo nokusebenza kanzima. ISumpery ikhuphuka isuka ezansi futhi ingene embuthanweni womphakathi ofundile, wanikela kakhulu kwisayensi.Phakathi kokufaneleka kweKilyuchevsky - ukudala "inkambo yomlando waseRussia" ezingxenyeni ezi-5 abeka khona inkolelo-mbono yekoloni laseRussia njengento yentuthuko yomlando. Umsebenzi wesayensi wesazi-mlando, umsekeli we-autoracy ekhanyiselwe, awuzange unake kakhulu inkathi yaseSoviet, kuphela eRussia yanamuhla imisebenzi yakhe yanamuhla evela ekuhunyushweni okusha.
Ubuntwana nentsha
UVasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky wazalwa ngoJanuwari 16 (Januwari 28 ngesitayela esisha) esigodini saseVoskresenovka Phza futhi waba ingane endala futhi eyindodana endala yompristi kathathu ka-Osip Kuevsky.
UKilchevsky waphila ngesizotha, uma kungenjalo ukusho - ompofu. Futhi lapho uVasily wayeneminyaka engu-9 ubudala, umndeni futhi kwakukhona ukushaya okubi kakhulu - kwashona uBaba. Wabuya ekhaya evela emakethe yedolobha wangena ekudumeni okuqinile: Amahhashi aqeda inqola, le ndoda yaqaphela futhi yahlanya amanzi egeleza. UVasily waqala wathola isidumbu sikayise futhi ethukezeke isikhathi eside waba yibha.
Ukuhlala ngaphandle kokwandlalwa, uKlyechevsky wathuthela ePenza, lapho angena khona ukugcinwa kwe-pinza diocese. Abanye babangani bakaYise babashiya indlu encane, nezintandane nomfelokazi bahlala. Waqala ukufunda esikoleni esingokomoya. Kepha ngenxa yale stuttering, izinto zokuqeqesha azikwazanga ukunqoba, ngeshwa kwasongela ukudonsa ubunye.
Umama ophelelwe yithemba wenza lula umfundi othile azosebenza nendodana yakhe. Futhi yize osemusha esebenza isikhathi eside futhi ngenkani, umphumela wawuqhathaniswa nesimangaliso. I-Shezevsky young ayiphumelelanga i-stuttering kuphela, kodwa futhi yaba yisikhulumi esihle. Ngemuva kokuphothula esikoleni, ngo-1856 wangena emfundweni ngokomoya. Kwakufanele abe umpristi ngoba wayekulokuqukethwe i-diocese.
Kodwa-ke, ngonyaka owedlule, i-seminerian yenzele isenzo esinesibindi - amashadi okusungulwa ngenxa ye- "Health Bad." Eqinisweni, uVasily wanquma ukungena eyunivesithi yaseMoscow, ongumfundi wakhe eba, wanqoba zonke izithiyo, ngo-1861. Lo mfowethu wakhetha ubuhlakani bomlando wePhilology.
Umlando
Impilo yedolobha elikhulu laseManila futhi yesaba umfundi wesifundazwe ngasikhathi sinye. Wazama ukubambelela ohlangothini lwemibuthano yezepolitiki, imibuthano kanye nabanye abafundi "zokungcebeleka. UKlyuchevsky wasebenza njengomfundisi ukondla odade nomama. Ngo-1864-1865, lo mfo waqeda izifundo zakhe eyunivesithi. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuthola ukhetho kwakuyigama le- "Tale of Aliens mayelana noMbuso waseMoscow" futhi wahlola ukuhlolwa okuphezulu. Uthole iziqu kuthola indondo yegolide kwashiywa isifundi soMnyango eMnyangweni ukuze silungiselele uProfesa.
I-Master's Thesis Klyuchevsky yanikeza ingqikithi engajwayelekile futhi ethokozisayo "izimpilo zasendulo zaseRussia zabangcwele njengomthombo ongokomlando." Isazi-mlando sasebenza emsebenzini weminyaka engu-5, safunda cishe izimpilo eziyinkulungwane, saqhuba ucwaningo lwesayensi olungu-6. Ngemuva kokuvikelwa okuhle ngo-1871 wathola ilungelo lokufundisa emanyuvesi.
Indawo yokuqala yomlando osemusha kwakuyi-Alexander Military School, lapho afundisa khona inkambo yomlando omusha jikelele, esikhundleni sabafundisi bakhe abakhazinyulisiwe kaSergei Solovyov.
Ngokufana, ufunda izinkulumo eMnyangweni Wezomlando eMoscow Theological Academy nasezifundweni ezingowesifazane eziphakeme, futhi kusukela ngo-1879 - eMoscow University. Ithalente lika-Oratoric Klhevsky leminyaka yomsebenzi womsebenzi liyinduna kuphela: Izinkulumo afunda ngentshiseko enjalo, eqoqa abafundi banemifudlana, baze bemi emfuleni, baze bemi emgqeni. Isazi-mlando siholela izibonelo ezingalindelekile, ziphonsela inselelo amaphuzu amukelweyo, i-fillet enezingcaphuno nama-aphorisms, aphilayo futhi aphendula imibuzo ekhanyayo.
Ezinkulumo zakhe, uthisha wahlela yonke imidwebo yemidwebo yomlando, kubandakanya nezithombe zamakhosi aseRussia. Ukwenza isibonelo, izitatimende zakhe ezingenangqondo nge-Empress Elizabeth Petrovna no-Catherine II, lapho isazi-mlando siyakubona lokho "kusukela Peter the Great, izimangaliso eziningi zihanjiswe esihlalweni sobukhosi saseRussia." Eqinisweni, iKilkevsky yaqala ukukhuluma ngababamekeli benkosi yaseRussia njengabantu abajwayelekile abangaphandle kobuthakathaka bobuntu.
Ngo-1882, uVasily Osipovich wavikela i-dissertation yakhe yodokotela "Boyarskaya Duma yasendulo Russia" futhi waba nguprofesa wezikhungo ezine zemfundo. Impumelelo kanye nedumela loprofesa osemusha kwakunganakwa kubantu bokuqala bezwe.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1890s, kubhalwa eminye imisebenzi emikhulu yomlando: "I-ruble yaseRussia yamakhulu eminyaka we-XVI-XVIII. Ngokuhlonipha okwakhe kwamanje "(1884)," umsuka weSerfdom eRussia "(1885)," ku-Evgeny Enginagin nakubo okhokho bakhe "(1887) nabanye.
Kusukela ngo-1893 kuya ku-1895, iKilchevsky yafundisa umlando weNdodana kaMbusi u-Alexander III - inkosana enkulu uGeorge Alexandrovich. Kulesi simo, wayenendawo yomuntu oMbusi, wayesondele emndenini wasebukhosini, wayesemphakathini wawo. Ngaphandle kokuqashwa, kuqhubeka umsebenzi ocwaningayo, kukhiqiza "isibonelelo esifushane somlando omusha", uhlelo lwesithathu lwe- "WOWARD DUMA yaseRussia yasendulo".
Ngo-1900, uprofesa osevele evakashele isimo se-dean somlando we-Pucturty of Moscow University, umphikisi wale yunivesithi, kanye noSihlalo waseRussia womlando waseRussia kanye nezinto zasendulo, waqokwa futhi I-Imperial Academy of Science.
Ukuqala kwekhulu leminyaka kwakumaka ukushicilelwa kwama-Grand Cable of the Kuevsky "womlando waseRussia" ezingxenyeni ezi-5. Kungashiwo ukuthi lo ngumsebenzi wempilo yakhe: Ukulungiswa kwencwadi kwahamba iminyaka engama-30.
Kuyo, uprofesa uthuthukisa umbono wezigaba ezine zomlando: I-Dnipovskaya Rus (isisekelo somnotho - ukuhweba), i-verineolzhskaya rus (amandla wombuso asedlulele kwinkosana), i-rus enkulu (ukuphathwa kwamakhosi kanye ne-boyar duma), I-Imperial Russia (Ifa Lokubusa - Izicukuthwane, ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wokukhiqiza).
Ngo-1906, iKilchevsky ishiya i-Coutemy engokomoya, lapho isebenza khona iminyaka engama-36, naphezu kwemibhikisho yabafundi. Manje uthisha ufunda izinkulumo eMoscow School of Painting, ezethusayo nezakhiwo, lapho izilaleli zakhe ziningi abaculi abanethalente nabadwebi.
UVasily Osipovich washiya ngemuva nje kokugcina i-bibliography ebanzi kuphela, kodwa futhi nesizukulwane sonke sabafundi abahle kakhulu ababengabasosayensi abahle bomlando. Phakathi kwazo, uPavel Milyov, uMatezy Lulavsky, Alexander Kizhevetter, Mikhail Bogoslovsky, Sergey Bakhrushin.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1860s, vasily, esevele engumfundisi esikoleni sezempi, wenza izinyathelo zokuqala empilweni yakhe, uqala ukunakekela u-Anna Borodina - udadewethu omdala womfundi wakhe. Kepha u-Ana wenqaba ukubikwa kwesazi-mlando, afuna ukuzinikela kubasemashashani ayizintandane.
Kungazelelwe, i-Klyuchevsky yabo bonke ngo-1869 bashade udadewethu omdala u-Anna - u-Anice, ubhekwa ngaleso sikhathi ngaleso sikhathi "ababebambelela emantombazaneni." Ngaleso sikhathi wayeneminyaka engama-32 ubudala, futhi wayemdala eminyaka emithathu, kodwa awunamahloni nguKlyuchevsky.
Ngokuphila kukaSontweniodi kuchaza usosayensi kude nemibala yakudala yobuhle eyenziwe ngumuntu, ebeka ukuvela kuye ukubonakala kwembongolo yesifunda: ubuso obungenakuchazwa, isivalo esincane esivinjelwe. Kepha bekufanele indoda yokubopha ingxoxo, njengoba uCharisma yakhe emangalisayo aboniswe.
I-Biographs Klyuchevsky ibika ukuthi abashadikazi bathwala isisa ngemuva kokuphila konke komunye nomunye. Kepha u-Anice akazange asondelene nendoda yomoya ngoVasily Osipovich. Kepha ngodadewabo abancane - u-Anna nethemba - UKlyechevsky wasekela izincwadi ezethembayo.
Kepha u-Anice Mikhailovna wanakekela impilo, indlu kanye nomnotho, ngoba kulezi zindaba, njengososayensi abaningi, oshade naye wayengasizi ngalutho. Lo mbhangqwana oshadile waletha yena okuwukuphela kwendodana kaBoris, owaphothula e-Moscow University futhi wasiza uyise emsebenzini wakhe wesayensi, yize ayengenaso isifiso esikhethekile.
Futhi, umshana wakhe u-Elizabeth Kornev wakhulela emalungelweni endodakazi yakhe yabantu bakabika kaProfesa emndenini. Intombazane ngo-1906 yashada futhi ngokushesha yafa isuka eChakhotka. Ngemuva kweminyaka eli-3, u-Anice Mikhailovna wafa - lona wesifazane ushonele phakathi kolunye lwezihlakala ethempelini.
Ukushona
Okwe-Klyuchevsky, ukufa komkakhe kwaba bushe, ngemuva kwalokho akazange alulame. Usosayensi ovelele nothisha bafa ngoMeyi 12 (Meyi 25, ngesitayela esisha) sango-1911 eMoscow ngenxa yokugula okuvela obala. Ithuna likaVasily Osipovich lisendaweni yamathuna yeDon Monastery.
Emkhumbuleni isazi-mlando saseRussia ngo-1991, iNdlu - Imnyuziyamu ePhenza yavulwa. Ukuchazwa kutholakala esakhiweni seSikhumbuzo lapho kukhanyiswa khona. Ngawo lowo nyaka, kwavulwa i-glaque yeSikhumbuzo neSikhumbuzo edolobhaneni lakubo laseVoskresenovka. Ngo-Okthoba 11, 2008, kwasungulwa itshe lesikhumbuzo eVasilia kuznetova ePhenza.
Amacaphuna
"Ukuba omakhelwane akusho ukuthi basondele." "Ukujabula kusho ukungafuni ukuthola lutho." "Ukufiphalana akusikho ukukhohlisa, kodwa kube ngumkhuba omubi kuphela wokucabanga ngokuzwakalayo." "I-Axioma iyiqiniso kuphela lokuthi ubufakazi abunele. "I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1866 - "I-Delatives yabezinye izizwe nge-Moscow State"
- Ngo-1871 - "Izimpilo Zasendulo ZaseRussia Zabangcwele"
- Ngo-1872 - "Izingxabano ze-PSKOV"
- Ngo-1878 - "Tale of the Wonders of the Vladimir Isithonjana sikaMama kaNkulunkulu"
- Ngo-1880 - "AbakwaWaySkaya Duma yasendulo Russia"
- Ngo-1885 - "Umsuka Weserfdom eRussia"
- Ngo-1887 - "U-Evgeny Enyeginagin nokhokho bakhe"
- Ngo-1890 - "Ukwakhiwa kokumelwa eZemstvo Catheddrals of Eaden Russia"
- 1904-1922 - "Round Russian History"