I-Biograge
UPeter Kapitsa ungusosayensi waseSoviet, umcwaningi kanye nomhloli. Ukubhalwa kwakhe kungokwakhe ku-Quantum Physics kanye namasu okushisa aphansi, i-elekthronikhi kanye ne-plasma physics. Wathuthukisa indlela egcwele ukukhiqizwa kwamandla amakhulu kazibuthe. UPeter Leonidovich wasungula futhi waqalisa imishini yokupholisa i-helium ye-helium futhi wasungula indlela yokugwema umoya ngomtshina we-turbo kanye nengcindezi ephansi. Ukunikela kwisayensi okulethwa ososayensi kunzima ukuwela ngokweqile.Ubuntwana nentsha
Isazi semvelo esizayo sazalelwa eKronstadt ngoJulayi 8, 1894. Uyise wasebenza njengonjiniyela wezempi futhi wahlanganyela ekwakhiweni kwezinhlamba zamadolobha. Umama wafundela izincwadi zezingane nezingane. UPeter waya esikoleni eneminyaka eyi-11, waba indawo yokuzivocavoca. IsiLatini sasingesihloko esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Lolu hlelo lwalunzima, ngakho-ke ngemuva konyaka kusuka endaweni yokuzivocavoca kwadingeka ngihambe.
Ukuthola ukwakheka kweKapitsa kuhambele esikoleni saseKronstadt. Amacala sezenze, futhi le nsizwa iphothule ukufunda nokuhlonishwa, ikhishwe ngo-1912. Ekuqaleni, wayefuna ukuba ngumfundi we-Faculty Yesiko neMathematics of State University eSt. Petersburg, kepha umncintiswano womfakisicelo akazange adlule.
Ngemuva kwalokho wadonsela ukunakekela kwi-polytechnic Institute, lapho angena khona kalula ubuhlakani be-electromechanics. Kusukela ezinyangeni zokuqala, umfundi onekhono waheha inzalo kaProfesa Abram Ioffe. Uthisha wanquma ukuheha iKapitsa ukuthi isebenze ngelebhu yakhe.
Umeluleki waba nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni ama-protege futhi wasiza eScotland ehlobo lika-1914. Lapho, insizwa ethile yathola impi yezwe yokuqala, ngenxa yalokho yabuyele ezweni lakubo.
UKapitsa ubeseRussia ngoNovemba 1914. Ngemuva konyaka, wazinikela futhi waqokwa umshayeli wezokuhlaselwa. Ngo-1916, uPitrosi wadlala kabusha, futhi umfundi wabuyela ePeterSburg, lapho angena khona emsebenzini ngokushesha ezivivinyweni namasemina. Ngalesi sikhathi, isihloko sokuqala somcwaningi singeyakho.
Umsebenzi wesayensi
Sebenza ngezinga elisezingeni eliphakeme liphakamise kapitsa ngisho nangaphambi kokuvikelwa kwediploma. Isazi se-novice samenyelwa kwi-X-ray kanye ne-radiological Institute. Ngakho-ke kwaqala umsebenzi we-physics. UProfesa waba nomthelela ekuhambeni kweKapitsa phesheya ukuthola ulwazi olusha. Kepha kwakungelula.
Ngaphandle komngcele, kwavela kuphela ngosizo lukaMaxim Gorky ngo-1921. UKapitsa wathunyelwa e-UK. Waba yisisebenzi selebhu yaseCavendish futhi wangena ekulaneni kuka-Ernest Reznenford. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, uPeter Leonidovich wayevele eyisisebenzi seCambridge.
Lapha uwinile ukuthembeka nenhlonipho. Waqala ukutadisha amasimu aphezulu kazibuthe futhi wabeka izivivinyo zokuqala kule ndawo. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yokuqala, uKapitsa waba ngukufunda ngokuhlanganyela noNikolai Semenov, onikezelwe esifundweni soMzuzu kazibuthe we-athomu elisenkabeni yobunzima obungenazinkazi. Ucwaningo luholele ekuhlangenwe nakho kwe-terter-gerlacha.
Ngo-1922, wavikela ukuphikisana kwakhe nodokotela, kwathi ngo-1925 waba yiPhini Lomqondisi welebhu ocwaningweni kazibuthe. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4, abacwaningi baqoka ilungu leLondon Royal Society. UMkhandlu wakhe uxhase ukwakhiwa kwelebhu ekhethekile ngososayensi. Ukutholwa kwenzeka ngo-1933.
Ukuqondiswa okuyinhloko kokusebenza ngalesi sikhathi iKapitsa kwakuwukufunda ukuguqulwa kwe-nuclei nokuwohloka komsakazo. Ithuthukisa imishini yokuhlela amasimu aqinile kazibuthe futhi ifinyelele imiphumela engakaze ibonwe, iphule irekhodi lokuhlolwa kwangaphambilini kaninginingi. Ukufaneleka kwakhe nokufeza kwamukelwe i-Landau.
Ukuqhubeka nocwaningo, inhloko-dolobha kwakudingeka ukuthi ibuyele ezweni lakubo, njengoba kudingeka izimo ezifanele ukutadisha amazinga okushisa aphansi. Uhulumeni waseSoviet, owayevame ukuphakamisa ngakusasa lokuhlala unomphela, wayekulungele ukwamukela i-physics. Kepha waveza isimo: Ukusuka kwelinye izwe ngesicelo sakhe futhi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
Ngo-1934, uPeter Leonidovich nomkakhe bavakashela izwe lakubo, kodwa lapho besuka ezwa ukuthi i-visa yakhe yaseBrithani yachithwa. Kamuva, umlingani we-physics wavunyelwa ukuba ashiye izingane ngesimo sokubuya okuphoqelekile. Ukukholisa ozakwabo abangamaNgisi akwenzanga kuhulumeni waseSoviet. Inhloko-dolobha kwakufanele ihlale e-USSR.
Ngo-1935, i-physist yahoxisa isikhungo sezinkinga zomzimba eRussia Academy of Science. I-Academitian yathanda isayensi kakhulu kangangokuba ukudumazeka akuzange kumvume ukuthi alahle udaba lwempilo. Ucele imishini esebenza kuyo e-UK. I-Rutherford eyamukelekayo ngalokho okwenzekayo kwaphoqelelwa ukuthengisa inqubo ye-USSR.
UKapitsa uqhubeke nokutadisha amasimu aqinile kazibuthe ngokuhambisana nozakwethu abavela eCambridge. Izivivinyo zaqhubeka iminyaka eminingana. Icala likhokhile: UPeter Leonidovich wasindisa lesi sigameko i-turbine yokufaka, futhi i-liquefaction yomoya seyenze kahle kakhulu.
I-Helium yaphonswa ngokuzenzakalelayo ku-detaarder. Kusetshenziswa imishini efanayo ekukhiqizeni kwanamuhla kuwo wonke amazwe omhlaba. Kepha ukutholwa okuyinhloko okwaba ngumcimbi obalulekile e-biography ye-physics kanye nesayensi kwakuyinto enkulu ye-superfluidity ye-helium. Ukuntuleka kokubonakaliswa kwento ekushiseni okungama-2 degrees Celsius kwaba isiphetho esingalindelekile. Ngakho-ke i-physics yoketshezi lwama-quantum yavela.
Ngalesi sikhathi, uKapitsa wayengumbhali wezincwadi eziningana nososayensi odumile. Uhulumeni wakunaka lokhu lapho kwethulwa iphrojekthi yebhomu le-athomu futhi lahlelwa ukuheha uPeter Leonidovich ukubambisana. Kepha wenqaba futhi wasuswa emsebenzini. Isijeziso sesiboshwe ekhaya iminyaka eminingi.
Inhloko-dolobha yenqatshelwe ukuxhumana nabantu ozakwabo, kepha lokhu akuzange kumvimbele ekwakheni ilabhorethri entsha eDacha yakhe. Kwakukhona izivivinyo ezazisenhliziyweni yocwaningo lwe-Electronity Pugnemicty Electricics. UKapitsa wafunda amandla we-thermonuar. Izivivinyo ezindongeni zelebhu engokomsebenzi sezitholile kuye ngo-1955 kuphela, ngemuva kokubulawa kukaStalin kanye nokubuyiselwa kweRegalia ye-Acopemian.
Ngaleyo minyaka, izivivinyo zokuqala zazihlotshaniswa nocwaningo lwe-Plasma yokushisa ephezulu. Ukutholwa kososayensi kwasebenza njengesisekelo sokwenza i-thermonuclear reactor. Isazi semvelo safunda izakhiwo zombani webhola noketshezi lwe-hydrodynamics. Kepha isithakazelo esikhulu kunazo zonke kwakungama-generator we-microwave ne-plasma.
Ngo-1965, ukuze uthole izimpumelelo kwisayensi, uKapitsa wathola indondo kaNiel Bora emcimbini onobuqili eDenmark. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4, waba nethuba lokuvakashela i-United States, kwathi ngo-1978 wezwa ukuthi waba nguNobel Laureate. UNiels Bor wanikeza u-Peter Leonidovich futhi phambilini: Ngo-1948,1956 no-1960. Kodwa-ke, izingxabano ngaphakathi kwekomidi elibaluleke kakhulu le-Declt alizange linikeze ithuba lokuthola umklomelo ofanele.
Isizathu sesethulo sawo sasebenza njengamazinga amade. Iqiniso elithandekayo: Usosayensi wathola umklomelo wesihloko esasingaphezu kweminyaka engama-30, futhi ukucwaninga kwakhe ukusabela kwe-thermonuclear ngaleso sikhathi kwakujabulisa ngokwengeziwe. Ngakho-ke, ukufunda inkulumo, ophumelele emklomelweni uvunyelwe ukuguqula ingqikithi.
Igama likaPeter Kapitsa lanikezwa i- "Pendulum of Kapitsa." Lesi yinto emkhakheni ekhombisa ukuqina ngaphandle kwezimo zokulingana. Umphumela wezihloko zikaDirak ukhombisa ukuhlakazwa kwama-elektroni endaweni ye-electromagnetic wave.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngokokuqala ngqa, uPeter Kapitsa washada nobusha bakhe, ngo-1916. Ubaba wenhloko yethemba leChernotalithite wayeyilungu leKomidi eliChantral yeqembu leCedet kanye neSekela Lombuso. Ngo-1917, umkakhe wabeletha indodana esosayensi uJerome, futhi ngawo-1920s - Indodakazi yendodakazi inethemba. Kwabonakala sengathi impilo yomuntu siqu yemvelo yajabula uma kungeyona isenzakalo esibuhlungu: Umlingani nezingane zafa kungazelelwe. Imbangela yokufa yayinguSpanishi. Ukulahleka kukaKapitsa kwakhathazeke futhi kwakwazi ukunqoba usizi kuphela ngenxa yosizo lukamama.Ngo-1926, u-Alexey Krylov, umngani nozakwabo, wayejwayelene noKapitsa nendodakazi yakhe u-Anna Krylov. Umshado wenzeka ngemuva konyaka. Emndenini omusha we-physics, kwazalwa amadodana eSergei nase-Andrei. Bobabili baba ososayensi. Umshado wesibili kaKapitsa wajabula. Kanye nomkakhe, baphila iminyaka engama-57. U-Ana wasiza ekusebenzeni emibhalweni yesandla, kwathi ngemuva kokushona kososayensi wadala umnyuziyamu endlini yakhe.
UPeter Leonidovich wayethanda ukusebenzisa isikhathi sakhe samahhala sokudlala i-chess. Kunelukuluku lona, ukusebenza eNgilandi, wawina ubuqhawe be-cambikeshire kulo mdlalo wedeskithophu. Usosayensi akazange alimaze umsebenzi ngezandla zakhe: wathanda ukwenza izinto zefenisha nezimpahla ezenziwe ekhaya, wayethanda ukulungiswa kwamahora. UPeter Kapitsa wanamathela esitayelweni esifikile ukunambitha eNgilandi. Wayekuthanda ugwayi, egqoke izingubo ezingamashumi amabili futhi wayehlala endlini eyakhiwe ngesitayela sesiNgisi.
UPeter Kapitsa wahlanganisa nobuhlobo obunzima nohulumeni waseSoviet, kodwa waba nemibono engapheli ngokwenzeka enkundleni yezepolitiki futhi wayethembekile ezitatimelini. Ukuvikela imibono nodumo lweziboshwa zososayensi, ngo-1934-1983 wahlala wabhalela uhulumeni izincwadi. Ngibonga kubo, kukhululwa ezinye izibalo zesayensi.
Ukushona
Usosayensi akazange aphile izinyanga ezimbalwa kuze kube-90. Ushone ngo-Ephreli 8, 1984. Ithuna litholakala emathuneni eNovodevichy.
UPeter Kapitsa wakhangwa yi-Institute of the Academy of Science of the USSR ohola ososayensi, ebambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwesikhungo sesayensi ngaseNovosibirsk naseMoscow Institute of Physics neTekhnoloji. Ukufakwa okusungulwe embonini kusetshenziswa embonini, futhi izifundo ezihambisana nokukhishwa komoya owuketshezi zithuthuke kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi e-USSR.
UKapitsa wawuphikisana nokwakhiwa kwefektri ye-pulp nephepha eduzane naseLake Baikal. Usosayensi wawungena ekomitini le-Paguic Movement for Peace and Disparmatont, akhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kososayensi be-USSR ne-United States.
Ngokufaneleka emkhakheni wesayensi mayelana ne-capital postud amadokhumenti. Ngo-2017, amafilimu afika ezikrinini eziphathelene neFiziksi "lenkululeko yenkululeko". Isithombe sakhe namuhla sibekwe ezincwadini.
I-Bibliography
- 1966 - "Imisebenzi Yomzimba"
- Ngo-1968 - "Uyayiqonda yini i-physics?"
- 1981 - "Isivivinyo. Umbono. Prakthiza "
- Ngo-1989 - "Izincwadi eziphathelene nesayensi"
Imiklomelo kanye nomklomelo
- 1941,1943 - Umklomelo kaStalin
- 1943 - Faraday Medal
- Ngo-1944 - Indondo kaFranklin
- 1945,1974 - I-Hero of Socialist Labour
- Ngo-1959 - Indondo Yegolide. I-Lomonosov Academy of Science of IsSR
- 1965 - Niels Bora Medal
- Ngo-1966 - Indondo kaRutherford
- Ngo-1968 - IMethali liqanjwe nge-Challeng-Onnesis
- 1978 - Umklomelo KaNobel ku-physics