Umlando Wemilingiswa
UBertolt Brecht uwukudlalela okuvelele kwekhulu lama-20. Ubhale imisebenzi ezimele, eyalandela ngemuva kwalokho isivikelo esigabeni seshashalazini. Prakthiza futhi i-theorist, uBrecht wathuthukisa lo mbono, maphakathi kwawo kwakuyimidlalo yaseshashalazini enkulu. Ngokusho komdlalo wokudlala, inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini kufanele isakaze, futhi ingaboni ngamehlo, idlulisele ingqondo, hhayi imizwa yabantu. Lesi sithembiso esakhonjiswayo emihlanganweni eyaba yi-Clamaturgy yezwe yakudala: "Indoda Elungile evela eSeushana," "Waal", "ukuvakashela isalukazi."
Umqondisi Brechtu ungowomqondo we- "Umphumela Wokushintshana", okubandakanya ukudala udonga phakathi kwesibukeli nomlingisi, okuthi lapho kunesimo esibonakalayo. Umbhali we-theory ehlongozwa ukwethula izinhlobo ezingalindelekile emphakathini futhi achaze imicimbi engalindeleki, evusa umsebenzi wengqondo, ukubukeka kwesikhundla sayo kanye nekhono lokuhlaziya ukuqonda. Waqhathanisa lobu buntu obuhlanzekile, ukuvela kwalo esibukweni, ngokusho kwakudala, kuyinhloso enkulu yokubonisa ukusebenza. Incwadi ethi "Theory of the Epic Theatre" ichaza imibono kaBrecht kulokhu.
Umlando wendalo
Ukudlala "Isibindi sikaMamash nezingane zakhe" sabhalwa nguBrecht ngo-1939, embundwini weMpi Yezwe II. Induna yokudlala yenzeka ngo-1941 eZurich. Lapho-ke lesi sitatimende sahlelwa ngumlobi we-Firether Fentirary ngesisekelo se- "Berliner of the Ensemble" enziwe nguYe. Izimiso ze-Epic Theatre, zimemezelwe njengenye indlela eya kuma-Classics, zabuyiselwa ekusebenzeni. I-Reformer kanye nenguquko, iBrecht yabona ubuciko bezemidlalo njengendlela eya ekwakhiweni kokwazi kwamakilasi.
Ukudlala "Mamash Isibindi" kuchaze izehlakalo zesikhathi sempi yeminyaka engamashumi amathathu, eyenzeka ngekhulu le-17. I-Playwright isebenzise imicimbi edumile ukudala uzungu lokuxwayisa isibukeli ekuphindweni kwezinhlanga zegazi. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukuthula kanye nokwethembeka maqondana nenqubomgomo yamandla anamuhla "iBrecht" yomuntu omncane "kukhuthaze isikhundla se-Stoic Civil, inxusa ukukhohlwa ukunganakwa kokuyeka inhlekelele yezenhlalo.
Ubuso obukhulu bokudlala lowesifazane nguwesifazane ogama lakhe ngu-Anna Wilding. I-Marchtatant yaqanjwa ngokuthi nguMose Mama isibindi futhi yahamba ngezindlela zamasosha eveni, igcwele izimpahla ezibalulekile. Le nkampani yenziwa yizingane: amadodana amabili nendodakazi eyisimungulu. UBrecht wethule isithombe sowesifazane kukhiye ongalindelekile. U-Anna wenza umuntu ocebile ozama ukuzuza ngesikhathi sempi. Okwakhe, ukuhlupheka kwabantu, indlala nobumpofu bekungabalulekile. Konke akukhathalelayo yithuba lokufakazela.
Isakhiwo sokudlala sithinta iminyaka ende le-12, lapho impilo yomlingiswa eyinhloko iguqulwe ngokungenakuphikiswa. Impi yathatha izingane, wawa, washintsha ngaphandle, kepha akazange alahlekelwe yintshiseko yawo yangaphambili. Ukhazimulisa impi ngokumnika ucezu lwesinkwa, isibindi salo ngaphandle kosizo lugoqa iveni lakhe ngezimpahla.
UBrecht unake ukutadisha kahle isithombe se-heroine eyinhloko. Izithombe ezivumayo zabesifazane ezikhanyiselwe ngomama futhi injabulo yempilo ayihambelani nethambo lezentengiselwano, ikakhulukazi libheke nge-wartime. Umlingiswa ophambili waxoxwa nabagxeki kanye nezazi-mlando zobuciko njengento entsha ezincwadini zaseJalimane kanye nedrama. Ngalo mlingisi, uBrecht wayefuna ukudlulisa ezilalelini umbono wokuqonda, ushiye isiphetho se-heroine ezandleni zakhe.
Abagxeki bahlambalaza i-PlayWright yokwakha isithombe esimangazayo esakhelwe ama-motifistic motifs. Ukuzama ukusinda ngokulahlekelwa yimpi, uMama Kurazh uletha umhlatshelo wakhe wezingane.
"Mamash isibindi nezingane zakhe" - umsebenzi osephenduke isibonelo se-dramaturgy yesimanje yanamuhla. Imvamisa kufakwa ngabaqondisi abakhuthaza izinqubomgomo zokuguqula izinguquko, abangesabi ukuphonsela inselelo ama-canons angokomphakathi neyeshadekazi. Umdlali odume kakhulu wendima yabesifazane abaphambili ekusebenzeni kwezemibhalo kwakungu-Elena Waygel, unkosikazi kaBertolt Brecht. Ukudlala bekufunwa eRussia esikhathini sempi yangemva kwempi futhi kuvame ukuvela nge-repertoire yaseshashalazini ngezikhathi zaseSoviet.
Ngokokuqala ngqa eMoscow, uNikolai Oklopkov, owayesebenza e-Moscow Theatre egama linguMayakovsky wanqunywa ukwenza umsebenzi weBrechch. Ngo-1960, isikhathi sokudlala senzeka, indima enkulu lapho kwenziwa khona i-Judith Glizer. Ukusebenza kwabizwa ngokuthi ama-coarse futhi kuqhakaze, okuhambisana nezinkondlo zemisebenzi ye-playwright yaseJalimane.
Iningi lemidlalo yokudlala abugcwaliselwa umoya olwenzeka kumlobi. Babenesambulo esincane, shayela futhi balahliwe. Umsebenzi wawungumsebenzi kaMark Zakharov e-Moscow Theatre yaseSatira, lapho uTatiana Peltteri akhuluma khona ngomfanekiso kaMamashi.
Abaqondisi banamuhla bavame ukuphendukela emsebenzini kaBrecht. Phakathi kwabakhiqizi abadumile abasebenza ngokufakwa emzimbeni wokudlala, okwaba yisibonelo esicacile semidlalo yaseshashalazini ebabazekayo eBrechch: U-Alexander Morphov, uYuri Butusov noValery Fokin.
Isakhiwo sendaba
Isenzo emsebenzini siyavela phakathi nempi eneminyaka engamashumi amathathu, lapho iJalimane yabhekana nesikhathi eside sokuhlanya, yaholela enhlekeleleni kazwelonke. Ngo-1642, ibutho laqoqwa, elalithunyelwa nalokhu kuhlaselwa ngePoland. Abaqashi abaqashile umbhali owethula umbhali amele izilaleli abalingiswa abaphambili. Umama isibindi, kanye nezingane, uzulazula emigwaqweni, ethengisa i-skarb elula. Omunye wabajwayelene abajwayelene abakhulumisana abakhonta iNdodana ukuba bahlanganyele nebutho, futhi umfana ogama lakhe lingu-Eilif ushiya iveni leMarkwattika.
Ukuhlangana nomuntu omndeni kwenzeka eminyakeni emibili kamuva. Indodana Mamashi inesibindi ivuthiwe futhi iyaziqhenya ngokufanele kwamasosha, eyayihambisana namagazi kanye nolaka. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, indodana yesibili yeMamashi isibindi iba ngumgcinimafa embuthweni wobumnene, futhi wawunomsebenzi omuhle naye. Kokunye kokuhlaselwa amaKatolika, eza emhlabathini, lapho iqembu lalimi khona, isibindi saseLuthere siphenduka ukuba selungeni lakhe, sivikele umngcele oqondisayo kusuka esitha.
Indodana yakhe yesibili kaSchwearskas ithatha amaKatolika athunjiwe. Ukusindisa ingane, isibindi sikulungele ukudela ukubulawa okubusayo, kepha ulahleka ngokungenakuphikiswa: isosha laliphonsa emfuleni, lapho libona ukujaha okuqala. Isidumbu saseSwitzerland senziwa, futhi isibindi siyaphinde sathunyelwa ezinhlangothini eYurophu. Ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa, inkosi yaseSweden yabulawa ngaphansi kwensikazi, kwathi isikhathi sabuswa isikhashana. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izinto zaya ekwehleni, isibindi siyakujabulela ukuthi akalahlekelwa ezinye izingane.
Umhlaba uletha inkathazo yomndeni wakhe kungaphansi kwempi. Ukuziphatha okubi kwendodana ka-Eilifa ezinsukwini ezimnandi kwakubhekwa njengecala, futhi kwavela i-feat yakamuva kuholele ekudubuleni. Impi iqala futhi. Isibindi, ngokungazi kokufa kwendodana yesibili, kuqhubeka nohambo eveni yakudala yokuhamba ngezinyawo.
Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-16, impi iye yaqedwa bonke abasebenza kwezezimali nabasebenzi. Isibindi nokupheka, i-satellite yakhe, ijuba. Kungazelelwe, umamezala weMamashi isibindi kuza incwadi ayenefa elincane ngesimo sendawo yokudlela. Iqhawe libiza ngowesifazane ngaye, kodwa ngesimo azosuka endodakazini. Isibindi senqaba kanye nendodakazi yakhe uKatrin ehamba eJalimane ethwaleni lezempi. Kokunye kokuma kukaCatherine, ngezwa uhlelo lwezitha, luphakamisa ukukhathala, futhi luyabulawa. Isibindi sikaMama saqala futhi emgwaqweni.