I-Biograge
ILaurea yoMklomelo kaNobel wezwe lango-2002, owayengumongameli waseMelika owayekade e-American Carter ngesikhathi esifushane wadlula ngendlela evela kubasebenzi bezempi, usomabhizinisi kanye noSenator kumnikazi ogcwele wendlu emhlophe. Umbusi, owakhuphula impi ebandayo esuka e-USSR kanye nemidlalo yokuqokwa ehlobo yama-Olimpiki yeminyaka yama-1980s, uthole ukuhlolwa okuhle kokuphikwa ngemuva kwalokho futhi manje sekungumholi wezepolitiki owayehlala isikhathi eside emlandweni wase-United States.Ubuntwana nentsha
I-biography kaJames Lada Carter - omncane waqala ngo-Okthoba 1, 1924 edolobhaneni elincane lendawo, eGeorgia. Ngokwesifiso esizayo, bekukhona abantu abadumile njengoRichard Nixon, uMilter Gates, umsunguli weCornell University Thomas Cornell nomunye wabafuduki bokuqala basemasimini, abanikazi bamahlathi ekotini kanye nezimboni.
Ubaba weDemocrat omncane wawubandakanyekile ekutshalweni kwezimali kwezolimo, ephethwe yisikhathi futhi waholelwa ngempumelelo ekusebenzeni kwamazwe kanye nokutshala amantongomane. Umama wasebenza njengomhlengikazi esibhedlela sendawo, ngemuva kwamashumi eminyaka kamuva wathola isimo sesikhungo sokunakekelwa kweziguli esiqanjwe ngoLillin J. Carter.
Ngaphezu kukaJames, umndeni wakwaCarter wawunezingane ezintathu ababehamba nabo ezweni lonke bahlala emphakathini wase-Afrika wase-American wase-Webster Administrative District. Umfana waba abangane nomakhelwane abamnyama abanesikhumba esimnyama futhi waqhuba ubuntwana, ekhula amantongomane esiteyeni sakhe se-acre eyi-1.
Esencane, uJimmy wafunda esikoleni esiphakeme nasesikoleni esiphakeme, naphezu kwamapharamitha asemqoka wemvelo (ukuphakama ngo-175 cm, isisindo 73 kg), edlalwe eqenjini lentsha ku-basketball. Ukuphupha ukuba ngumlaleli we-Naval Academy of Anapolis, ngo-1941, i-The The Carter yaqala ukutadisha ubunjiniyela kwelinye lamakholishi aseGeorgia, base beqhubeka nemfundo e-Atlanta Institute of Technology.
Ngo-1943, lo mfo wazuza eyakhe futhi wadlula ukuqeqeshwa kweminyaka emithathu kwisikhungo sezemfundo esekwe kwi-American Navy. Ukubonisa umphumela we-60 ekusebenzeni kwezemfundo, uJimmy uthole i-bachelor of science degree kanye nesihloko se-michmana ye-US Navy.
Iminyaka engu-2, iphoyisa elisencane lasebenza olwandle oluthule futhi likhona, labe selithuthela emgodini wamafutho we-USS Pomfret futhi esigabeni seLieutenant sabamba iqhaza ohlelweni lokuthuthuka kwemikhumbi yenuzi.
Ngo-1952, uCarter njengochwepheshe kuma-Naval reactors athunyelwa eWashington, lapho ahlanganyela khona ekuxazululeni imodeli yezimo eziphuthumayo iModel NRX futhi ayelalele inkambo yezinkulumo ngamandla wenuzi. Ngemuva kokufa kukaYise maphakathi nawo-1953, uJimmy washiya le nsizakalo wabuyela eGeorgia ukuzoqhubeka nokwandisa ibhizinisi lezolimo lomndeni.
Ipolitiki
Umsebenzi wezepolitiki weCarter waqala ngawo-1960 eGeorgia. Ukuba yilungu elivelele lomphakathi wendawo, umnikazi webhizinisi le-peanut elibalwe eSenate nangemva kokuvezwa kwe-Democrat Deackotsed uphumelele okhethweni lwango-1962.Ngenxa yokuvinjwa ekuxazululeni izingqinamba eziphikisanayo, uJimmy waba ngumshayamthetho okhuthele futhi wakhulisa ukuxhumana e-Democratic Elite. Ubengusihlalo weKhomishini Yokuhlela Ukuthuthukiswa KoMbuso futhi wazibandakanya ekusatshalalisweni kwamaphrojekthi wezenhlalo kanye nomphakathi futhi ngenxa yohlelo lokunwetshwa ekolishi, waqala ukungena ezingxabanweni nabamele amaRepublican.
Kamuva, uCarter wayeholwa yiKomidi ngeMfundo futhi, ezuze ukwabiwa okubalulekile kwezikhungo zemfundo endawo, abhale ukwesekwa kwabakhethiweyo futhi abeke okhetho lwakhe eposini likaMbusi Georgia.
Umzamo wokuqala awuzange umqhele ngempumelelo, futhi uJimmy ubuyile kwezolimo futhi waqala ukulungiselela umkhankaso we-1970. Ukuphendukela ezimfundisweni ze-Evangelical, uSenator wangaphambili waba isithunywa sevangeli esenkolo futhi wafunda ukusho ukuthi iqembu elilodwa noma elinye iqembu labavoti afuna ukuzwa.
Umphumela wokuziphatha okunjalo kwaba ukunqoba phezu kommeleli weRepublican, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho uJimmy akhuluma ngokumelene nepolitiki yobuhlanga futhi wanqoba izinhliziyo zabantu abamnyama baseGeorgia.
Ehhovisi lombusi, uCarter wenza umvikeli wamalungelo ezomphakathi futhi wanikeza amaMelika ase-Afrika ngokusebenza eminyangweni yoMbuso kanye nasezikhungweni zenhlalo. Ngemuva kwalokho waqhuba ukuguqulwa kwezabelo izikhungo zemfundo futhi wazama ukusabalalisa ngokulinganayo isabelomali phakathi kwezikole ezakhamuzi abacebile nabampofu.
Ngo-1972, inhloko yeGeorgia yenza izinkulumo eziningi zomphakathi, yaba yinhlangano yenhlangano kazwelonke yeDemocrats yabe namalungu agciniwe omphakathi ogcina iso lokubamba iqhaza okhethweni lukaMongameli.
Ukuphakanyiswa okusemthethweni kokuqokwa kukaCarter kwaqhutshwa eWashington National Press Club ngoDisemba 12, 1974. Futhi yize ama-Democrats asebenza nabo lapho ebekelwe amathuba ngamathuba wombusi wangaphambili, uJimmy Won New Hampshire Primary futhi wathola ukwesekwa okugcwele kokubala okugcwele.
Ezinyangeni eziyi-9 zohlanga lwangaphambi kokhetho, umnakekeli wawungenhla kwe-Exeptol futhi wathola ukuthandwa ngumkhakha we-elite wabezindaba baseMelika. Izakhamizi zase-US zazikholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kwakhiwe i-ejensi yokuvikela abathengi be-Federal, umnyango ohlukile wezemfundo kanye nokusayina isivumelwano sokunciphisa isikhali senuzi ne-USSR. Ngenxa yalokhu, umdubuli wanqoba ukhetho okhethweni kanye no-29 kaMongameli wase-United States.
Ukuqala izibopho zeNhloko Yezwe, uJimmy wazama ukuhlela kabusha izinqubomgomo zangaphakathi ze-United States kanye nokunciphisa ukungasebenzi kanye nokunciphisa ukwehla kwamandla emali. Kodwa-ke, lezi zifiso azizange zithweswe umqhele ngempumelelo, futhi izwe lashaya inkinga yamandla, lilandelwa ukwehla kokukhula komnotho nokwanda kwamanani kawoyela.
Ukuxolelwa okungenamibandela kubantu abane-bunned ekubizeni eVietnam, ezokufundisa kanye nezinguquko zokunakekelwa kwempilo, kanye nokwesekwa kwabamele abamele ubulili kanye nomzabalazo womphakathi nezidakamizwa, waba yizikhathi ezinhle zeBhodi yeBhodi.
Enhlanganweni yakwamanye amazwe, uMongameli we-39 wenza ngcono ebudlelwaneni neCanada futhi abuthaka ukungezwani empini ebandayo neSoviet Union. Isivumelwano ngokukhawulwa kwezingalo ezihlelekile, ngo-1979, uCarter waletha isivumelwano se-ASSR-2 ngokuqabula okudumile nomholi we-USSR Leonid Ililch Brezhnev.
Kodwa-ke, "ubungani" phakathi kwabaholi bamandla enuzi asemhlabeni baqhubeka izinyanga ezimbalwa futhi ekugcineni bayeka lapho iSoviet Union yethule amabutho ensimini yase-Afghanistan. Ngenxa yalokhu, isivumelwano esisayiniwe sasingavunyelwe yiCongress, kanye nabasubathi baseMelika bathola i-1980 MosMow Olympiad.
Shumeka kusuka ezithombeni ezifuywayoEnye igxathu lenqubomgomo yakwamanye amazwe kaMereter kwakuwukulamula lapho kuqhubeka khona impikiswano ye-Arab-Israel, ngenxa yokuthi amaqembu alwayo aqepha isivumelwano esivumelwaneni futhi aqala imigomo yokuhlangana eMiddle East.
Kuliqiniso, le mpumelelo yayingehla olwandle lokuhluleka kwamazwe omhlaba kanye nasekhaya lomongameli waseMelika. Imiphumela yokubusa kwakhe imhlangano iveze ngokuqondile ukudalulwa komzamo ohlulekile kanye nesimo nonogwaja, lapho inhloko yeWhite House yazabalaza khona ukuyolwa nesilwane esihlangene esikebheni sakhe.
Ngenxa yalokhu, umkhankaso wokhetho kabusha wethemu lesibili akazange alethe ividiyo yokunqoba okufisayo, futhi walahlekelwa yisihlalo sakhe eRenald Reagan. Esithombeni somholi wamanje wase-United States, isimo esasisukuma nabathumbi baseMelika e-Iran kanye nokusebenza okuhle kokutakula, eyaziwa ngokuthi "u-Orlin Claw", yayinomqondo ongemuhle.
Imisebenzi yokugcina ukuthula
Ngemuva kokuhlulwa okhethweni lukaMongameli, uCarter wabuyela eGeorgia futhi kusukela ngo-1981 kwaqala ukwenza ngokusebenza komphakathi ngenkuthalo. Ngokubambisana nonkosikazi, owayengumholi wase-United States wasungula inhlangano engenzi nzuzo, inhloso yawo kwakuwukuthuthukisa izimpilo zabantu emazweni angaphezu kwama-80 omhlaba.
Ukubambisana ne-Emory Yezokucwaninga Kwangasese, uJimmy ahlanganyele ekuxazululeni izingxabano eziningi zomhlaba futhi athuthukise amasu entando yeningi ahlose ukuqinisa amalungelo abantu futhi athuthukise isimo sezomnotho emhlabeni.
Imizamo kaCarter ngo-1994, i-United States yavumelana neNorth Korea ekuqandeni koHlelo lweNyukliya, khona-ke abasebenzi balesi sikhungo basiza abakwa-Israyeli kanye no-2002-2003 ukuthuthukisa a Isivumelwano Somhlaba esijwayelekile.
Ngo-1995, uJimmy wabeka isandla sakhe ukuxazulula inkinga yodlame esifundeni sase-Afrika samachibi amakhulu futhi wadlala indima enkulu ezingxoxweni zeNairobi kanye neSudan.
Ngenxa yalokhu, ezinye izimpumelelo eziningi, uCarter wathola idumela njengelungelo lokuphumelela kwathi ngonyaka we-2002 wanikezwa umklomelo weNobel Peace Prize "ukuze uthole izinqumo zentando yeningi namalungelo abantu ..."
Ngo-2015, uJimmy, njengengxenye yalokho kudluliswa, "abadala" bavakashela eMoscow futhi bakhuluma noVladimir Putin noSergey Lavrov ngalesi simo eRussia nase-Ukraine.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Enyakeni kaJimmy Carter washada nentombazane egama linguRuth Rosalin Smith, manje abashadikazi banamadodana amathathu, indodakazi eyi-1, abazukulu abangu-11 kanye nabazukulu abangu-1. Eminyakeni edlule yemisebenzi yezepolitiki mayelana nempilo yomuntu siqu yomndeni kaMongameli we-39, izintatheli zafunda okuningi. Iqiniso elijabulisayo kwakuwubungani bomholi waseMelika ngenganekwane yedwala kanye noRoll Elvis Presley, inkumbulo yayo yaqhubeka nezincwadi zezinkumbulo nezithombe ezingavamile.Ukuhlanganyela nothando lomkakhe ngokudoba, ithenisi nemidlalo yasebusika, i-Carter ingahlala ibhekele ukusekelwa kwayo ekhaya nasemsebenzini. NgoJulayi 2016, unkosikazi kaCarter waphawula iminyaka engama-70 yomshado futhi ngokwesibalo seminyaka evunyelenwe ngaso limi odumile laseMelika uLeorge naseBarbaru Bush.
Kuliqiniso, ngaphambi nje kweholide, imizwa yendabuko yakhe iguga ngokugula kwekhanda lomndeni omningi. Ngo-2015, ngemuva kokuhlinzwa esibindini, ngoba uMongameli waseMelika watholakala nesibindi se-melanoma isibindi nobuchopho. Ukuze aqinise isimo sezempilo, uCarter wadlula inkambo yokwelashwa kwemisebe kanye nokwamukelwa kwezidakamizwa eziminyanisi.
Ngenxa yalokhu, ngoDisemba 6, 2015, uJimmy wanyathelisa isitatimende esisemthethweni futhi wabika ukuthi ukwelashwa kusize, ngesikhathi sokugcina udokotela udokotela akatholanga naziphi izimpawu zomdlavuza.
UJimmy Carter manje
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, uCarter ngenxa yokuguga ulahlekelwe yikhono lokuphila impilo yezepolitiki esebenzayo. Noma kunjalo, uyaqhubeka nokwenza izitatimende eziphathelene nezenzo zombusi wamanje waseMelika uDonald Trump.
Entwasahlobo yango-2019, uMongameli we-United States waba oneminyaka emidala ehlala eMhlophe eWhite House futhi washaya irekhodi lokuphila isikhathi eside, owayengowaseGeorge Bush - oseNyakatho.
-Zuzayo
- Indondo "yomkhankaso waseMelika"
- Indondo "Yezemisebenzi Yezokuvikela Kazwelonke"
- Indondo Yokuhlonishwa kwesiqhingi sase-Ellis
- Indondo KaMongameli Yenkululeko
- I-oda Crown (Belgium)
- Oda i-Neal (iGibhithe)
- I-UN ingalo emkhakheni wamalungelo abantu
- I-oda leVasco Nuniz de Balboa (Panama)
- Order of the Liberiator SA-Martin (Argentina)
- Umklomelo weNobel World (2002)