I-Biograge
UCharles de Gaulle, umholi wenhlangano yokumelana, wayenesifiso sezinto ezenhle ebuntwaneni, ebusheni bakhe, waqonda ubuciko bamaqhinga, waphupha ukuba senkumbu yempi. Ngezindlela eziningi, ngenxa yalokho, ikhono lakhe lokufunda isitha, iFrance lakhululwa ekucindezelweni kweJalimane lamaNazi ngo-1944. Manje uDe Gaualle ungumuntu omkhulu womlando omi emugqeni ofanayo noNapoleon I.Ubuntwana nentsha
UCharles Andre Joseph Marie de Gaie wazalwa ngoNovemba 22, 1890 ngesiFulentshi uLille. Okwesithathu kwabangu-5 wezingane oprofesa bezincwadi kanye nomlando kaHenri de Gaulle noZhanna (kuMajous's Major), amadodakazi osomabhizinisi abacebile.
Shumeka kusuka ezithombeni ezifuywayoAbafowethu nodadewethu abathathu bakababa babandakanyeka ekwakhekeni kwabafowabo nodadewabo abathathu: Wakhuluma ngomlando waseFrance, wakhuthaza isithakazelo sezingane zibe yifilosofi namakilasi obuciko. Umama obucayi, owatshelwa ukuthi wakhala kanjani ngesikhathi sokuzinikela kweFrance phambi kwamaJalimane e-Sedan ngonyaka wempi.
Sekuvele ngo-10, uCharles wafunda izincwadi zabantu abadala: Umlando wezempi, imisebenzi yefilosofi uHenri Bergson, Friedrich Nietzsche, Immanull Kant, IManuleweel Kant, Plato. UCharles osemusha uphupha ngokuziphindisela eJalimane ngo-1870. Lapho eneminyaka engu-15, umfana wabhala i-eseyi "General de Gaulle," ethula ngombusi wamasosha aseFrance azonqoba.
Umbutho wezempi
Ukusebenza okuhle eCollège Stananislas eParis kunikeze iDe Gaulle indawo esifundazweni samasosha esikhethekile sangasese ngo-1909. Kuthiwa le nsizwa yayehlisa umsebenzi womlobi noma isazi-mlando, kepha yakhetha indlela ehlukile yokujabulisa uYise. Kamuva "eMemoirs wezempi" de Gaulle wabhala:
"Ukungena ezikhundleni zempi kuwumcimbi omkhulu kunabo bonke e-biography yami."Le nsizwa yasebenza ebunzweni bezinsuku ezingama-33 zebutho laseFrance - isigaba esibambe iqhaza ezimpini ngaphansi kweBorodino, austerlitz, i-Vagram War. Wayala uPhilippe Petern, owaba ngumeluleki weMentor De Gaulle iminyaka engu-15 ezayo.
Ngo-Agasti 1914, impi yezwe yokuqala yafika eFrance. I-33rd yezinganekazi yezinsana yaphonswa ku-intelligence edolobheni laseBelgian uDornan. Ezinsukwini ezi-3 ngemuva kokungena empini namaJalimane de Gaulle alimale edolweni lakhe. Okwesibili, inhlamvu yawela ngakwesokunxele. Iqiniso elihehayo: Igazi lalithelelekile, isandla sinciphile, ngakho-ke uCharles impilo yakhe yonke waphoqeleka ukuba agqoke indandatho yomshado ngakwesokunene sakhe.
Ngesikhathi sokulimala kwesithathu, uDe Gauarle usazi futhi wathumba amaJalimane izinyanga ezingama-32. Wazama ukuqhuba amahlandla ama-5: acashe kubhasikidi ogeza izingubo, emba umhubhe odongeni, waze wazinikela kumhlengikazi. Lo mfanyana wawela ukuphelelwa yithemba emcabangweni wokuthi impi ingena ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwakhe. Ukunqoba kukaDe Gaulle kuhlangane ngisho nasekudingisweni, kwathi ngo-December 1, 1918 ubuyela ekhaya.
Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, uDe Gaulle wayala i-Polish yasePoland ezimpini neRussia ngo-1919-1921, wafunda inkulumo emaqhinga, wabhala imisebenzi yamasosha. Kusukela ngoSepthemba 1927, waqokwa umkhuzi we-Battalion ye-19 ye-Elite Frantry yebutho laseFrance.
UCharles wayekholelwa ukuthi ungathola ukunqoba ngosizo lwamathangi kanye nokuthunyelwa okusheshayo. Ngo-1934, indoda ekhishwe "ebhekisisa ibutho" ("» ka-v'armée de métier "), lapho ahlongoza khona ukuguqulwa kwemishini yezinsana. UDe Gaulele wathi angayithola impi enaba yizinkulungwane eziyikhulu namathangi amathangi ayizinkulungwane ezintathu. Ngosuku lwempi yezwe yesibili, umFulentshi wamisa umphathi wamathangi angama-80 "wamathangi, awabiza ngokuthi" uthuli ".
Shumeka kusuka ezithombeni ezifuywayoI-Star Hour yafika e-Gavel ngo-1940. NgoMeyi 10, iJalimane yamemezela iYurophu eYurophu, ngoMeyi 15 yagqekeza e-sedan. Ukwahlukaniswa kukaCharles kwakufanele kunqobele isikhathi. NgoMeyi 17, umphathi we-Commander walahlekelwa ngamathangi angama-23 kwangama-90, wosuku olulandelayo amandla alo afinyelela amayunithi obuchwepheshe angu-150. Ukulwa okuqinile uDe Gaulle waphoqa amaJalimane isikhathi eside ukubuyela emuva eComono. Meyi 23 Ngoba uValori kaCharles wabiza jikelele.
Uhulumeni waseFrance akafuni impi. Ngokubambisana noWinston Churchill, uNdunankulu waseGreat Britain, iziphathimandla zeRiphabhuliki ziye zaphonsa isivumelwano neJalimane. Ungafuni ukwelula isandla sakho ezitheni, ngo-June 18, 1940 de Gaualle ngaphesheya komsakazo waseBrithani wabiza abantu baseFrance ukudala ukunyakaza kokumelana. NgoJuni 22, iFrance neJalimane basayina isivumelwano.
Umsebenzi wezepolitiki
EFrance, kwasungulwa imodi yeVichy, ngamanye amagama - umsebenzi. UWinston Churchill waqonda ukuthi othile angaphula indandatho kaDe Gaulle. NgoJuni 24, uNdunankulu waseBrithani wavuma uDe Gaulle "inhloko yazo zonke izifo zamahhala futhi wayalwa ukuba anikeze indlela ephephile yokungena eFrance.
Shumeka kusuka ezithombeni ezifuywayoNgonyaka okuzayo, ngoJuni 22, 1941, uDe Gaulle walungisa ukuxhumana noJoseph Stalin, Genelissimus of the USSR. Wasekela umFulentshi "ovela emoyeni": I-Union de Gaulle neStalin kwaholela ekudalweni kweqembu elidumile "eNormandy-Neman". Lezi zindiza zidlale indima ebalulekile ekulweni ne-hitler coalition.
Ngo-1944, uDe Gaulle wahlangana e-Hero ekhululwe yiParis: wabikwa ngokukhululwa kweFrance kusukela emsebenzini. Ngo-Agasti wawo lowo nyaka, uCharles wahola uhulumeni wesikhashana.
Izwe elithintwe yimpi lidinga ukwakhiwa kabusha kohlelo lombuso. Ngaphambi kwalokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi, uDeaulle waphuka: NgoJanuwari 20, 1945 washiya isikhundla sikasihlalo woHulumeni wesikhashana ngenxa yengxabano ngesimo seBhodi - futhi iningi lezepolitiki lalikhuthaza Ukulawulwa kwePhalamende kuhulumeni.
UCharles wamemezela impi eya empini yesine (France yesikhathi se-1946-1958), azibiza ukuphela kwesicelo sokuphathwa kombuso. Abakwa-Ezepolitiki abazwanga izikhalo zakhe, bese uDe Gaulle wahamba iminyaka emi-5 ukuze aphile eKolomba-Le-Dzoz-Egliz, ikoloni laseFrance elibhekisisa.
Lapha, okujwayelekile kwabhala "ama-Memoirs ama-Memoring" awehlekile adume kahle emifanekisweni emi-3: "Shayela", "Ubunye", "Insindiso". Wazinikela ngempi, wazethula eHelm of the State, wathi iFrance kufanele ibe sezandleni zalokho okwakuzokwenza ubukhulu, "kungenjalo kungenzeka abe sengozini efayo."
Inkinga yangaphakathi uDe Gaulle iphetha inhlekelele eFrance. Impi yase-Algeria, ubuphofu kanye nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi kwaholela eRiphabhulikhi eya emaphethelweni ayingozi, futhi ekugcineni ubuholi baphendukela eDe Gaulle ngesidingo 'sokuthi bathule ukuthula'. UPolitician wakhuluma emsakazweni kanye neziqinisekiso "ezilungele ukuthatha wonke amandla eRiphabhulikhi." NgoJuni 1, 1958, kwamenyezelwa nguSihlalo woMkhandlu WeziNgqongqoshe.
Shumeka kusuka ezithombeni ezifuywayoKulokhu, abaholi baseFrance bamukela zonke iziphakamiso zikaDe Gauulle mayelana nombuso wombuso. Wakhipha isinqumo sokuthi igunya lokuphatha izwe kufanele libe sezandleni zikaMongameli, obeka ongqongqoshe futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke kunguNdunankulu. Ama-postulates akha isisekelo soMthethosisekelo, ngokusho kwalapho iFrance ihlala khona manje. Ukutholwa kwedokhumenti yesikhulu ngo-1958 kunikezwa ukwakheka kweRiphabhulikhi yesihlanu ngaphansi kobuholi bukaDe Gaulle.
Umsebenzi kaDe Gaulle waqondiswa, okokuqala, kwinqubomgomo yakwelinye izwe. Ngo-1960, waphothula eVietnam naseCambodia, ngo-1962, e-Algeria kanye nasezifundeni eziyishumi eziphezulu zase-Afrika. Kula mazwe, izakhamizi ezazithanda iFrance zasala, ngakho-ke "ukuqhakaza" kwezindawo ezinobungane zikaDe Gaulle zinikeze ukwesekwa kwesigaba somhlaba.
Ngo-1965, iFrance yaphuma eNato, yenqabile ukusebenzisa iDollar ekubaleni kwamazwe omhlaba. Kuleli lizwe, imali yezokuxhumana kwakuyindinganiso yegolide. Izinguquko zenzeke kwinqubomgomo yangaphakathi yeRiphabhulikhi yesihlanu. UDe Gaulle waqinisekiswa ukwakhiwa kwesikhali senuzi esiyingqayizivele, ngoba ukubabeka kwaba namandla emhlabeni jikelele. Ukuhlolwa kwento eyingozi kuphekwe kuphela ngokufika kukaFrancois Mitterian ngo-1981.
Shumeka kusuka ezithombeni ezifuywayoNgo-1965, isikhathi seminyaka eyisikhombisa seBhodi de Gaulle sasondela ekugcineni. Ngokweqiniso ngamakhono akhe, osopolitiki bagcizelele ekwenziweni kokhetho oluqondile, okungukuthi, ngokuvota okudumile. Ukuhamba bekuyingozi: UDe Gaulle washaya ama-54%, futhi u-45% - uMitteraran, owakhuluma ngokugxekwa okunzima kweRiphabhulikhi yesihlanu.
Ilayisi lezikhali, elalingadingi abantu abalula, ukuqedwa okuphelele kwamapulazi abampofu, ubukhosi kuthelevishini kanye nomsakazo, kube nomthelela ekuthayimeni okubukhali ekuthandweni kwe-de Gaulle. Kwezepolitiki zabizwa ngokuthi "ukundiza ngobushiqela onamakhoyili." Ukuvama kwemizamo eDe Gaulle kwanda. By the way, impilo yakhe isengozini inombolo yerekhodi lezikhathi - 32.
Shumeka kusuka ezithombeni ezifuywayoNgoMeyi 2, 1968, abafundi baye besula eholeni kuMongameli. Ukuhlubuka ngesidingo sokuvula ubuhlakani beSocialogy of the University of Paris, okwavalwa ngemuva kokunye ukubhekana namandla, kuguqulwe kwaba ukuvunyelwa kwezwe lonke. Abantu abayizigidi eziyi-10 baya emigwaqweni. Ukusindisa izwe empini yombango, uMongameli wahlongoza ukuthi anikeze "amandla abanzi" ukuthola "isibuyekezo" seFrance, kodwa yini ngempela engacaciswanga. Ukunikezwa kwatholakala ema-bayonets.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-Ephreli 6, 1921, u-Ivonna Wandru waba ngumkakhe uDe Gaulle. Ukuphila kwabo okujabulisayo kwathatha isigamu sekhulu, kwaze kwaba nokufa kukaDe Gaulle ngawo-1970.Shumeka kusuka ezithombeni ezifuywayoNgoDisemba 28, 1921, indodana kaFiliphu yazalelwa e-Union, yaqanjwa ngokuthi ngemuva kukaFiliphu Petern. NgoMeyi 15, 1924, indodakazi ka-Elizabeth yavela emhlabeni, kwathi ngo-1928 u-Ana, owahlupheka nge-Down syndrome. Intombazane yaphila iminyaka engama-20. Isifo sakhe senziwe uDe Gaulle kamuva waba ngumphathi wezisekelo zezingane nge-Down syndrome.
Ukushiya phansi ukushiya phansi
UDe Gaulle "ukuvuselelwa kwakuwukuhlelwa kabusha kwesenethi emzimbeni wezomnotho nakwezenhlalo, okusebenza ukuze kusizakale osomabhizinisi kanye nezinyunyana zabasebenzi. Kwacatshangwa ukuthi lokhu kuzobe kunqoba ukungasebenzi. Ngemuva kokuguqula kabusha ngereferendu, uDe Gaulle waveza ukuthi uma isiphakamiso singasekelwa, wayezoshiya phansi izinyembezi. Ngo-Ephreli 28, 1969, uDe Gaulle, esekufundile imiphumela, athole uNdunankulu wezwe eColombe:
"Ngiyeka ukufeza imisebenzi kaMongameli weRiphabhulikhi. Lesi sinqumo siyasebenza namhlanje ntambama. "
Impilo yezombusazwe isishintshe yaba khona okuvuselelekayo nonkosikazi wakhe u-Ivon nendodakazi yakhe u-Elizabethe e-Ireland naseSpain. UDe Gaulle wabhala "Memoirs of Hope", okwakungenaso isikhathi sokuqeda, kwafinyelela kuphela kuze kube ngu-1962.
NgoNovemba 9, 1970, azikho isikhathi esingaphansi kwenyanga, ngaphandle kokusinda kuze kube-80 iminyaka, uCharles de Gaulle washona. Imbangela yokufa yayiyigebe le-aorta. NgoNovemba 12, le ndoda yangcwatshwa emathuneni asemakhaya eColombe eceleni kwendodakazi ka-Ana. Ukwahlulela ngesithombe sethuna, kamuva indawo yokugcina izihlobo ihlukaniswe futhi yahlukaniswa. ICataFalk eCharles yayingu-eccentric kakhulu - umuntu ohlomile ngoMbhoshongo ohlukanisiwe.
Ukukhumbula
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, umbuso kaDe Gaulle bekungesona isibalo esithandwa kakhulu, kodwa emkhumbuleni eFrance, ngokwesibili emlandweni (ngemuva kweNapoleon I) wamemezela ukulila. Ukubika ukufa kukaMongameli wangaphambili, kwathi uGeorges POORGES wakhe uGeorges Pompidu uthe:
"Kufe General de Gaulle, eFrance Widowel."
Igama elithi de Gaualle liqanjwe ngemuva kwesikhumulo sezindiza eParis, indawo lapho kufakwa khona i-arch ye-triumhal, ophethe izindiza ze-athomu. Eduze kwama-Elysee Fields ngo-2000 kwavela itshe lesikhumbuzo. Ngendlela, itshe lesikhumbuzo lesibili limi eMoscow phambi kwehhotela "cosmos", futhi le ndawo ibizwa ngokuthi uCharles de Gaualle.
-Zuzayo
- I-Legion of Honour
- I-Order kaZwelonke "ngokufaneleka"
- Ukuhleleka kwenkululeko
- Order of the Black Star
- I-Royal Order Cambodia.
- Ukuhleleka kwe-Dragon Annama
- Order of Anzhan Star
- I-oda "lokuhlelwa kwe-Federal Republic of Germany"
- I-oda "ngokufanele iRepublic yase-Italy"
- I-Royal Victorian Order
- Ukuhleleka kwe-renand of Poland.
- I-oda le-White Rose laseFinland
- Ukuhleleka kwezindlovu ezigidini kanye nesambulela esimhlophe
- Ukuhleleka koMsindisi