I-Biograge
Igama likaKonstanta Ushinsky limi emugqeni wokuqala wezibalo ze-Russian pedagogy, futhi ingabizwa ngokuthi umsunguli wesikole sesayensi yokufundisa isizukulwane esisha ebondeni. Njengoba sesiphilele impilo emfushane, kwaqhamuka owesilisa ogcwele uhlelo lokuhlelwa ngokugcwele futhi waba ngumlobi wezincwadi eziningi, phakathi kwemisebenzi yesayensi eyisisekelo kuphela, kodwa futhi nezindaba zezingane. Uthisha wabona injongo yokuphila yokusebenzela abantu futhi wazinikela ngaphandle kwebhizinisi lakhe elithandekayo, efuna ukwenza imfundo itholakale esidlangalaleni.Ubuntwana nentsha
UKonstantin Dmitrievch wazalelwa eTula emndenini we-Dmitry Grigorieving kanye nothando lomkakhe uStepanovna. Ubaba wothisha wesikhathi esizayo waba nomsebenzi wamasosha ngemuva kwamahlombe akhe, waba yinto eyi-mpi nempi noNapoleon.
Izazi-mlando zekhulu lamashumi amabili zibheka usuku lomlobi ngoFebhuwari 19, 1824, kodwa kodwa kodwa kodwa kwathembela ekubusheni izingobo zeTula, kuthi i-Ushinsky yazalwa ngonyaka phambilini. Ukudideka ngezinsuku ezenzekile ngenxa yokubhaliswa sekwedlule isikhathi kwesitifiketi se-metric, esihlehliselwe ukuxhumana nokuqokwa kukababa kuya kokuthunyelwe okusha kanye nokufuduswa komndeni. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube namuhla, unyaka owamukelwa ngokuvamile ozalwa uthisha uhlala eneminyaka eyi-1824, futhi zonke izehlakalo zokugubhana zithatha ukubala phansi kulesi sibalo.
Ubuntwana kanye neNtsha iminyaka yososayensi yenzeke eChernihive idolobha elidala laseNovgorod-Seelfsk, lapho ubaba womndeni amisa khona umahluleli. Lapho ingane ineminyaka eyi-11, kusho umama, kusukela esemncane esebandakanyekile ekwakhekeni kweNdodana yakhe. Ngenxa yolwazi olutholwe, umfana ungene kalula endaweni yokuzivocavoca, futhi wachazwa ngokushesha ebangeni lesithathu.
Kamuva, u-Ushinsky wathola umqondisi, othisha bokuqala futhi baphawula ukuthi labo babexakeke ngesayensi, bacekelwa phansi futhi bathanda izingane. Kungenzeka ukuthi izinga lezemfundo esikoleni lavela liphakeme kunasemadolobheni ajwayelekile e-County alesosikhathi. Le nsizwa yathola isitifiketi ngo-1840 futhi ngaleso sikhathi wavele wahlangana nomlando woMlando Wokubonisa kanye nemibono ewinayo yokukhanyiswa kwaseYurophu.
Ukuqhubeka nokuqeqeshwa kweKonstantin eMoscow University, kubhalisa ummeli. Lapha, insizwa elalela izinkulumo zobuprofeba obuqhakazile futhi ithanda ifilosofi, izincwadi nakwesokudla. Ngemuva kokuthola iziqu esifundweni ngo-1844, umfana uhlala eyunivesithi eyobeka ukuhlolwa kweNkosi. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-Ushinsky iqala ukukhathazeka ngezinkinga zokukhanyiselwa kwabantu baseRussia, okwakukhona iningi labo ababengafundile.
Ukuba ngumuntu ozongenela izakhi zomthetho, iziqu ziye e-Yaroslavl, lapho kusukela ngo-1846 kusebenza ebhizinisini lezomthetho le-demidov. Uthisha wemibono ethuthukayo wabanjelwa kanye nabafundi futhi akazange angane nezinto ezisetshenziselwa izifundo ukwedlula izifundo kunabaphathi ababenelisekile.
Isimo esithuthukile sochwepheshe osemusha sashaqeka ubuholi, futhi ngemuva kothisha wafakwa ngemuva kokubhekwa kwe-Unlady. I-Charter ukubekezelela isimo sengqondo esinjalo, uKonstantin ushiya indawo futhi aphile ngokuhumusha izihloko zakwamanye amazwe athola omagazini. Njengoba usuthuthele eSt. I-Petersburg, yanelisekile ngesikhulu esincane esisenkolweni yezangaphakathi.
-Obandla
Ngo-1854, u-Ushinsky wakwazi ukuthola isikhundla sothisha abaphezulu eGatchin Orphans Institute - isikhungo esivaliwe sesibili, esasikunakekele i-Empress. Ukusungulwa kwabhalwa emfundweni yezikhulu ezizayo zeminyango kanye nezinkonzo futhi kwahlukaniswa ngamandla ama-oda. Uhlelo lokujeziswa lwe-strata oluncane lwachuma lapha kanye nomoya ongenampilo wokwephula umthetho kanye nokuba ubutha phakathi kwabafundi okubusayo.Ekuqaleni, iKonstantin Dmitriving yafundisa izincwadi zomthetho zaseRussia, kodwa ngemuva konyaka wathatha isikhundla somhloli. Eminyakeni edlule, i-Ushinsky Institute ikwazile ukwakha inqubo yemfundo ukuze ama-klases, ukweba nehhovisi owomile asukile ezindongeni zesikhungo. Lapha uthisha uthola imilando yalowo owandulelayo, equkethe umtapo wolwazi wemisebenzi yabahamba ngezinyawo, umuntu ojwayelene nezwe elivulwa ngalo nothisha osemusha.
Ugqugquzelwe yizinto ezifundwayo, umbhali ubhala i-athikili "ngezinzuzo zezincwadi ezihamba ngezinyawo", ezazenza zaduma. Indoda iba ngumlobi waphakade we-metropolitan ngezikhathi ezithile, phakathi kwawo "umagazini wemfundo", "wesimanje" kanye "nomtapo wezincwadi wokufunda". Kamuva, kube unyaka owodwa nesigamu, uthisha wasebenza njengomhleli we- "Journal of the Ministry of Folk Ukukhanyiselwa" futhi waguqula le ncwadi yaba yiqoqo elidumile lezindatshana ezithuthukile.
Isigaba esilandelayo emsebenzini kwakuwumsebenzi eSmolny Institute of Noble Maiden, lapho usosayensi we-novice akwazi ukuhlanganisa imibono emisha enesibindi. Uthisha wabhekana nokuhlukaniswa kwamantombazane amahle futhi alula, ngakho-ke okokuqala wazuza ubuhlobo obulinganayo kubo bonke abafundi. U-Ushinsky ugcizelele ukuthi ukuqeqeshwa kwenzeke ngolimi lwakhe lwendabuko, kwanikeza namathuba amantombazane ukuthola izimfanelo zothisha.
Le ndoda yangenisa inkambiso ukuze ihlele njalo amaqoqo eqembu le-pedagogical ukuze axoxe ngokucindezela izindaba nemibono ethuthukile emkhakheni wezemfundo. Lokhu kusihlwa sekuyindawo yokuhlangana yabangane kanye nozakwethu abanakekelayo, lapho bekhuluma khona ngezinguquko, yaseshashalazini, izincwadi. UKonstantin Dmitrievoich wakujabulela inhlonipho futhi wathandwa phakathi kozakwethu kanye nabafundi, kepha iziphathimandla zabonakala ziyintambo yamahhala. Ngakho-ke, ukuze aqede umsebenzi "ongathandeki", ngonyaka we-1862 wathunyelwa ohambweni lwebhizinisi lwaphesheya kweminyaka emi-5.
Ukuhlala eYurophu, indoda inesifiso esicashile emkhakheni wezemfundo nezemfundo, ivakashele izikhungo zemfundo eJalimane, eSwitzerland, eFrance nakwamanye amazwe. Uyaqhubeka nokuzibandakanya emisebenzini ebhaliwe, eyaqala eGatchina.
Ngo-1864, izincwadi zezingane "Izwi Lendabuko" nelithi "Izwe Lezingane" liphuma embhalweni wombhali, futhi owokuqala uhambisana nezinto zokufundisa ekufundiseni izincwadi nakothisha. Le misebenzi yangena engcebeni yezincwadi ezihamba ngezinyawo, ezihambisana namakhulu okubuyisana.
U-Ushinsky wabhala kanye ne-prose yezobuciko, kanye nezinganekwane nezindaba zezingane ezihlala endaweni ebalulekile lapho. "Ukulala ihhashi", "Izifiso ezine", "uchoko lwasemafazana omdala - ubusika" baba ama-Classics wezincwadi zezingane.
Umsebenzi wokugcina oyisisekelo ePedagogy wabhalwa lapho abuyele ezweni "njengendaba yemfundo", elalihlala lingapheli. Ngesikhathi sokuphila kombhali, amavolumu ama-2 ocwaningweni lwe-anthropological aphuma, izingcaphuno ezivela ezitholakala emaphepheni wanamuhla wesayensi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Injabulo empilweni yomuntu siqu Konstantin Dmitrivich etholakele nentombi yomngane wakhe nethemba likaSemenovna Doroshenko, owaba ngumkakhe ngo-1851. Ngemuva konyaka, laba babhubha babonakala kuPaul kuqale ngabaluleka, ke indodakazi kaVera nethemba namadodana kaKonstantin noVladimir. Kugcinwe isithombe sezithombe, lapho umndeni uvela khona kulolu hlobo. Ngo-1867, ingane yesithupha iyazalwa - indodakazi ka-Olga, kamuva eyaba ngumculi.
Lo mndeni wasuka endaweni uye endaweni ngemuva kwekhanda lakhe, kodwa u-Ushinsky wayenegumbi lesiphephelo esithule, lapho ahlala khona njalo: IBogdanka Bogdanka yathengwa ngaphansi kweChernihiv, indoda ethile yathenga indlu.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo lokuthi amadodakazi othisha aba nabalandela ibhizinisi likaYise: amantombazane abenzele iqhaza enhlanganweni yezikole nezikole, ngaphandle kwesikhathi ezisindisayo nezimali zawo.
Ukushona
Eminyakeni yamuva yokuphila, i-heyday yomsebenzi wesayensi kanye nowombango we-Ushinsky. Ubhala izindatshana, ebamba iqhaza ezingqungqutheleni zobuchwepheshe, ubandakanyeka ekwakhekeni kohlelo lwe-slim pedagogical. Indoda ithola igunya njengengcweti kanye nomdlandla webhizinisi lakhe.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ngo-1870, umndeni uyaqonda ukuthi uMount: indodana endala uPawulu ifa eneminyaka engu-18 ngesikhathi sokuzingela. Ukufa kutholakala kakhulu ngumndeni, futhi uKonstantin Dmittievingch unquma ukuthuthela eKiev, ethola indlu lapho.
Ngemuva kwalokho, ukuthatha amadodana, uthisha oneminyaka engama-47 uya ekwelashweni eCrimea. Kodwa-ke, i-Ushinsky iyakhathazwa endleleni. Lesi sifo sidlula nezinkinga futhi siba imbangela yokufa ekupheleni kukaDisemba 1870 e-Odessa. Ithuna lothisha odumile lisezindandatho zesigodlo saseKiev-Vepubitsky.
Umnikelo wabantu abesilisa eRussia pedagogy kunzima ukuwela ngokweqile. Isifiso sakhe sokwenza imfundo etholakale kuzo zonke izingxenye zabantu kungekudala bathola izithelo, futhi imisebenzi eyisisekelo yombhali yabeka isisekelo sezinhlelo zemfundo ezalandela. Ukuhlonipha isibalo, inqwaba yezikhungo zemfundo, imitapo yolwazi kanye nemigwaqo eRussia yaqanjwa igama.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1847 - "Izinkulumo e-Yaroslavl Lyceum"
- Ngo-1856 - "Ezemfundo Yomphakathi Kazwelonke"
- Ngo-1857 - "Izinto ezintathu zesikole"
- Ngo-1858 - "Ekusabalaliseni kusho ngokufunda nokubhala"
- Ngo-1858 - "Izinguquko zesikole eNyakatho Melika"
- Ngo-1858 - "Idivaysi yangaphakathi yezikole zaseNyakatho Melika"
- Ngo-1859 - "Izincwadi eziphathelene nokukhuliswa kwendlalifa esihlalweni sobukhosi saseRussia"
- Ngo-1864 - "Izwi Lomdabu"
- Ngo-1867 - "Umuntu njengesihloko sokukhuliswa"
- Ngo-1869 - "Umuntu njengesihloko sokukhuliswa"
- Ngo-1870 - Izinto zokwakha "ze-anthropology yesithathu"