I-Biograge
Isibongo seSchmidt, esivela kwezinye izilimi, sidluliselwe ku-Kuznetson, sagqoka abantu abaningi abadumile - ososayensi nabagabi, abasubathi kanye ne-warlords. Ama-Schmidt amabili adume kakhulu eRussia - uLayela Omnyama Olumnyama, oye wagcwala u-Ilfa noJevgeny Petrov, umlingiswa weBaj namahlaya, futhi "Red Columbus" ogama lakhe lingu-Otto. Umcwaningi wePolar wahlanganisa ithalente lezibalo kanye ne-geophysics ngethalente lenhlangano futhi wabonakala uSanta Claus.Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Otto Yulievich Schmidt wazalwa ekwindla ka-1891 eMbusweni WaseRussia. Efihlini le-biographical ngososayensi wesayensi yango-1964, kwathiwa ungowokuzalwa edolobheni laseMogilev, owanikela okukhulu kwisayensi, kwenzeka kwabalimi baseLatvia. Lokhu akulona iqiniso impela: okhokho bakaSchmidt abasohlangothini lukaYise bangamaJalimane.
Amaqiniso atholakalayo we-biography yokuqala ye-Schmidt:
- Ngo-1897, incwadi eneminyaka engaba ngu-6 ubudala u-Otto Schmidte ivele ephephandabeni uMogilev - ingane yanqoba umfula wedolobha lendabuko;
- Eminyakeni engu-8 ubudala, umfana waphupha ngokuba "ngumqondisi" wehlane laseSahara ukuxazulula inkinga yokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi;
- Ngesikhathi eqeqeshwa eKiev Gymnasium, u-Otto wake wafunda ubufakazi be-Theorem enikezwe indlu nangesikhathi sokuphendula esifundweni sakhombisa ukuthumela okufiselekayo ngendlela yayo.
Ebusheni bakhe, uSchmidt wenza uhlu lwezincwadi ezifuna ukufunda. Kwavela ukuthi ukugcwaliseka kwabakhulelwe kuzodingeka kugweme ukufa iminyaka eyinkulungwane. Le nsizwa yanciphisa uhlu izikhathi ezi-4, kanye nokusondela ekusetshenzisweni kwephupho, lehlise isikhathi sokulala nokudla.
Ngemuva kokuphothula iziqu zokuzivocavoca kwe-medasist yegolide, u-Otto wangena eNyuvesi yaseKiev. Umsebenzi wesayensi oshicilelwe eminyakeni yabafundi emkhakheni wethiyori yezibalo wavula le nsizwa kwabangane abazimele (i-analogue yesikole sanamuhla sokuphothula esikoleni sanamuhla). Le nsizwa yayilungiselela ukuthola isihloko sikaprofesa.
Umsebenzi wesayensi
USchmidt uvumile ukuthi abantu ababili babehlala kulo - isayensi nezenzo: izinguquko zenhlalo nakwezomnotho ezenzeka eRussia zanelisa okwesibili no-Otto ngaphezu kokuqala. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe I, usosayensi weza eKiev Merry wacela ukubhekana nendlala ngokungenisa ukusatshalaliswa kokudla kwakhiwa nguye.
Ngemuva kokunqoba kwe-Okthoba Revolution, iSchmidt yajoyina iqembu leBolsheviks, yathuthela ePetrograd, yabe seliya eMoscow. Ngokushesha usosayensi waba yilungu likaKhomishani Wokudla, wabamba iqhaza ekwakhekeni kwamathemba. NgoJanuwari 1919, egameni likaVladimir Lenin, u-Otto yulievich waba ngumthetho osalungiswa kumthengi. I-polarist yesikhathi esizayo yasebenza nakulo mlutha wezidakamizwa - abasebenzi bokuqeqesha abathuthukisi abathuthukisi.
Umuntu we-Encyclopedic Outlook, u-Otto Schmidt waba ngumhleli omkhulu we- "Big Soviet Encyclopedia", imisebenzi ethile yatholakala - amaphutha atholakala ezihlokweni awazange agcizelele, kodwa eyakhe yalungiswa kahle. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izimpumelelo zososayensi emasimini asemazweni kanye nesayensi yezinkanyezi ziye zengezwe ekulweni kwentsha emkhakheni wezibalo.
Kuma-40s ekhulu lama-20, iSchmidt yadala i-hypothesion yokuvela kohlelo lwelanga efwini eliphethwe ngegesi. Ngesikhathi sempi enkulu yokuthanda izwe, usosayensi, engokombi - uMongameli we-Academy of Science, ehlele ukuphuma kwezikhungo zocwaningo empumalanga.
Ukuphuma
E-Otto, uSchmidte waphila kuJules-vernovsky umoya wokuhamba ngezinyawo. Ukuba sekwelashweni eJalimane, usosayensi "wagula ngokukhuphuka kwezintaba kwathi ngo-1928 wahlela uhambo lokuya ePamir, okwakungumphumela wokusungulwa kwemvelo kanye nosayizi wangempela we-Fedchenkel Glacier. Lapho unqoba iziqongo zezintaba, uSchmidt wakhombisa okungajwayelekile ukuthi usosayensi amandla okuhola abantu ezimweni eziphuthumayo, avakashelwe emikhankasweni yasolwandle e-Arctic.
Ukuqala kwe-apopea apopea otto uJulievich babeka 2 ukubhukuda ku-icebriaker "sedov". Umsebenzi wokuqala - "Impela wezesayensi kanye nezombusazwe" - Ukuhanjiswa kwakuwukuqinisekisa kobukhosi kwezwe elincane laseSoviet ezweni laseFranz Joseph. Impumelelo yaloluhambo bekungukunyuka kwefulegi leSulfur-Hammer esiqhingini saseGucker kanye nomlando wokungena ekubuyiselweni kwesikebhe esisenyakatho. Ekupheleni kokuhamba kwesibili kwasenyakatho, u-Otto Julievich ukuqinisekisile ukuthi kungukukhona kwesiqhingi se-visa, kuvuleke, njengePeptune Planet, ngokubala kwezibalo, kanye nesiqhingi esibizwa ngegama likaSchmidt.
Ngo-1932, usosayensi, ngaphambi nje kwalokho, eholwe yisikhungo sokucwaninga nge-Arctic, wahamba ukubhukuda emkhunjini oshukumisayo "u-Alexander Sibiryak" ukuze anqobe indlela yolwandle esenyakatho. Ngosuku lwe-14, ababambiqhaza balesi sikhankaso baqala e-Arkhangelsk bamukelwa emhlabeni osenyakatho nabahloli bama-polar eminyakeni emi-2 edlule ngesikhathi sesibili se-Schmidt Arctic.
Kusukela lapho kuhanjiswa phakathi kwesiqhingi saseBolshevik kanye ne-Taimyr Peninsula kwakugcwele iqhwa, abahambi banquma ukudlula iziqhingi ezivela enyakatho, lapho kungenzeka kunoma yimuphi umkhumbi. NgoSepthemba 10, ama-200 km avela e-Bering Strait Ice aphuca ukugibela kweqhwa, futhi uSibiryakov wasukuma. Ukuphakamisa ngemuva futhi ususe ukuwohloka, iqembu le-Vessel lihudulwe amathani angama-400 amalahle ekhaleni lomkhumbi. Ngemuva kokulungiswa, okugciniwe kaphethiloli kubuyele engxenyeni yokupha, futhi abaseSiberia baqhubeka nokubhukuda.
Wabe eselandela ingozi yesibili. Amatilosi akhulisa amatilosi athumba angenalutho phezu kweqhwa eqhweni, adonsela umkhumbi ngamakhebuli, aqhume i-torus esebenzisa i-ammoni. Ekuqaleni kwenyanga yesibili yekwindla ka-1932, uSibiryakovtsy wafinyelela eCape Dezhnev futhi abizele ukunqoba kwemvelo nezimo. Ngokushesha u-Otto Schmidt waba yinhloko esemthethweni yeSoviet Polar Explors.
Ehlobo ngonyaka olandelayo, kwaqalwa isazi esidumile se-Arctic - Sokubhukuda emkhunjini "eChelyuskin", okuyinto english berwright uBernard Shaw wadonsela inhlekelele, indlela emangalisayo yaphenduka ekunqobeni kweSoviet. Umkhumbi wabagibeli - wabuthana emikhunjini yaseDenmark akazange aguqulwe ngokuhamba e-Arctic latitupe.
NgoSepthemba 23, u-Ice wavimba umkhumbi endaweni yengozi yonyaka odlule "Sibiryakov". Kulokhu, kwalandelwa cishe izinyanga ezi-5, kwathi ngoFebhuwari 13, ama-ICE Flaes achithe umsiki, futhi "chelyuskin" wacwila. Ngesikhathi sokususa, i-zaneshos yabulawa, igama elalivela egameni ledolobha laseSchmidt.
Abantu abangu-104 abasele, kufaka phakathi abesifazane abayi-10 nezingane ezimbili, bachitha izinyanga ezi-2 eqhweni baphuthunyiswa ngezindiza zokutakulwa ezingaphezu kuka-20. USchmidt weseka umoya wabalingani bakhe futhi wafunda nezinkulumo zesayensi etendeni. U-Otto Julievich wayehlose ukukhishwa kulokhu, kodwa egula nge-pneumonia esindayo, futhi ekugcizeleleni kukahulumeni obhalwe phansi ngo-Ephreli 11 waxoshwa esibhedlela e-Alaska.
IMoscow ihlangane ne- "Chelyuskintsev" njengabawinile. Izithombe eziningi ezithunjwe ama-muscovites, ezamukela ama-navigators e-Arctic. Abashayeli bezindiza bokuhlenga baba ngamaqhawe okuqala eSoviet Union, futhi ababambiqhaza abadala baloluhambo bathola i-oda.
Ngo-1937, indiza no-Otto Schmidt nabanye abahloli bama-Polar Explorers bafinyelela eNorth Pole, futhi isiteshi saseSoviet enegama elinjalo sahlelwa eduze kwe- "Makushka" yomhlaba. Inhloko yezwe emhlabeni wesiteshi esidishelayo kwakungu-Ivan Papanin, kamuva washukunyiswa yi-Schmidt evela ekhanda lekhanda lekhanda.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Okude, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, nge-gait ekhanyayo esheshayo, eyafuna ukuhlekisa ngezinye futhi u-Otto wakujabulela ukuphumelela kucansi oluhle. Abesifazane abathathu abawathandayo baletha ososayensi amadodana amathathu.
Umfazi wokuqala u-Otto yuivch - udokotela oyifaye uVera Yanitskaya - wayemdala kunososayensi iminyaka emi-2. Ukuqashelwa kwendodana kaVolloyaya kwasebenza njengesisekelo sowesifazane ngokubhala incwadi ethi "Dayari kaMama". UVera Fedorovna, owashona eminyakeni engama-47 evela kulesi sifo se-thyroid gland, umsunguli we-soviet devectology.
Umlingani wesibili waseSchmidt, ontanga bokholo Yanitskaya, uMargarita Voosker wayengumuntu. USigurd Schmidt wangena ezinyathelweni zikamama waba yisazi-mlando esidumile. I-Chelyusussin epopea yadlulisela i-Implint empilweni yomuntu siqu ka-Otto Juliyevich. Kusosayensi kwavela ku-Entulelwa u-Alexander Gorkaya, owayesebenza emgodini. I-Polar Star ayizange ichithe umshado nomvoti, kepha indodana kaSasha yavuma okokugcina.
Ukushona
Eminyakeni yamuva nje yokuphila, owayenguNavigator wayegula kakhulu. Imbangela yokufa emavikini ambalwa kuze kube sesifo sofuba sama-65 kwakuyisifo sofuba, saphonswa emaphashini eLarynx.
Ithuna le-academian litholakala emathuneni eNovodevichy yedolobha laseRussia.
Ukukhumbula
- I-Institute of Land Physics ebizwa nge-O.YU. Schmidt Russian Academy of Science
- I-Asteroid (2108) "Otto Schmidt"
- I-Schmidt Plain e-Antarctica
- O. YU. Umklomelo weSchmidt we-Russian Academy of Science for umsebenzi ovelele wesayensi emkhakheni wocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwe-Arctic.
- Cape Otto Schmidt - Cape eChukotka (RF)
- Cape Schmidt - Uhlobo lwe-Urban-Type Eartem on Chukotka (RF)
- I-Schmidt Avenue eMogilov (Republic of Belarus)
- I-Schmidt Avenue eCottage Exercing Nikolina Mountain (Odintsovo esifundeni saseMoscow esifundeni, RF)
- UMnyuziyamu wesikole "Indaba yokusebenzisa kahle i-Arctic. O.YU. Schmidt Mou "Gymnasium No. 4" Murmansk (RF)
- Peak o.kodwa. Schmidt (5954 m) - "I-Tianshhana Kanchinjung" (eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Peak Space)
- I-Icebreaker yephrojekthi 51 "Otto Schmidt" (Kusukela ngo-1938, u-Anastas Mikoyan, wayekwa ngo-1968)
- I-Icebreaker yesayensi yokucwaninga kwe-Icebreaker yephrojekthi 97n "Otto Schmidt" (isikhathi sokusebenza: kusukela ngo-1979 kuya ku-1991).
- Amagama: I-Oyuschinld (a): "Otto yulievich Schmidt eqhweni", i-lagshminald (a): "I-Schmidt Camp ku-Ice", i-Lagshmivar (a), "i-Schmidt Camp e-Arctic"
- Bust O.YU. Schmidt enyakatho yeMuseum (Arkhangelsk, Rf)
- I-Postage Stamps 1935, 1966 nango-2001. ukudedelwa.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1916 - "I-Abstract Group theory"
- Ngo-1926 - "Izilimi kanye ne-Natural Science: Izibonelo zoshintsho lwenani ngekhwalithi"
- 1933 - "I-Abstract Group theory"
- Ngo-1934 - "Ukuphenywa kwe-Arctic eSoviet Union"
- Ngo-1936 - "Imisebenzi yethu ngo-1936. Bika emhlanganweni wabasebenzi basekhaya bohlelo lweGlavsevmorthuti e-USSR SCC 13 Jan. Ngo-1936 "
- Ngo-1944 - "Ithiyori ye-Meteorite yemvelaphi yoMhlaba namaplanethi" (DoKL. I-Academy of Science of the USSR)
- Ngo-1947 - "Kungenzeka ukuthi kuthwebula kumakhenikha asezulwini"
- Ngo-1948 - "Inkinga yokuthwebula emsebenzini wemizimba emithathu"
- Ngo-1949 - "Imvelaphi Yomhlaba Namaplanethi"
- 1957 - "Izinkulumo Ezine Emcabangweni Wemvelaphi Yomhlaba"
- 1959 - "Imisebenzi ekhethiwe. I-Mathematics "