I-Biograge
Umcwaningi waseNorway wezifunda zasePolar Reaal Amundsen wayewukuthola izinto eziningi zezindawo nemizila. Ngo-1911, wafinyelela esigxotsheni eseningizimu yeplanethi, wabe esevele waveza umgwaqo waya endaweni ephakeme ye-hemisphere esenyakatho. Njengoba usuqede ogwini olusogwini lweSiberia emkhunjini wemoto "yoa", isihambi saseScandinavia saba yisibalo esibalulekile endabeni yezifundo ze-Antarctic, ekunqobeni ivesi elingaziwa enyakatho-mpumalanga eholela emabhange abandayo ePolar Region.Ubuntwana nentsha
URouel Engelbregg Engraving Amgraving Amundsen wazalwa ngoJulayi 16, 1872 edolobheni laseNorway laseBorg. I-biography yomndeni wakhe yayihlanganisa amaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo maqondana nemvelaphi nempahla yamadlozi.
Umlando we-geunes amundsen waqala ngekhulu le-XVII nabamele umphakathi wabampofu weScandinavia Isle yase-Asmali. Lapho-ke amalungu aphezulu esibongo athuthela ezweni elikhulu nangesikhathi sokuvela kukaRualai kanye nabafowabo u-Ul Ul Antoni, uGustavis Nabivistas kanye ne-Leon banazomiswa kanye nezakhiwo ze-Oslo-FJord Coast.
Ubaba wesihambi esizayo uJens Amundsen uthole umbuso wokudiliva ukudla ngesikhathi sempi yango-1853-1856 eCaucasus nasezokuthutha zabasebenzi ezivela eChina.
Umama uRuarata, uHana Henrik Gustava usqualist, wayeyindodakazi yesikhulu samasiko sendawo eyayigasele ekutholeni izindlu nokukhulisa izingane. Amakilasi omyeni awazange athande lona wesifazane osemusha, futhi wabeka umzamo omkhulu wokuvikela izingane ekuqhubekeni kwecala lomndeni. Imizamo kaHana yanyamalala ngesipho, futhi izingane ezimbili ezisencane zahlanganyela ebhizinisini nasekuthengiseni, kanti ezinye zanikezela impilo yomsebenzi wezempi nohambo.
Esiphepheni sesizukulwane esisha, iqhaza eliyisisekelo ladlalwa ngendlela yokufundisa uYise, owayefisa ubuntwana baqala ukufundisa amadodana ezimotjhi nasezimweni ze-spartan. Kusukela esemncane, uRuhal phakathi kwabafowethu abaphezulu kanye nabafana abangomakhelwane ababandakanyeka e-Gymnastics, bangena eSkis futhi babamba iqhaza ekulweni nasekulweni komgwaqo.
Unomlingiswa ozikhukhumezayo nowuzimele, umcwaningi wekusasa akazange abelalele othisha futhi abile ngemuva kontanga ekufundweni kwezinto zemfundo ejwayelekile. Kwafika lapho ephothula ngaphandle kokunye futhi ngobunzima bathola incwadi esekupheleni kwesikole.
Ngemuva kokufa kukaYise ngonyaka we-1886, uRuhal wangena ekukholiseni kukamama futhi wathuthela enhlokodolobha ukufaka ubuhlakani bezokwelapha beNyuvesi yaseChristiania. Ngandlela-thile ubuke emnyangweni wokulungiselela, u-Amndessen wenqaba ukutadisha ezinye izifundo kwathi ngo-1893 ekugcineni wawushiya umsebenzi kadokotela. Ngalesi sikhathi, uHana wafa, futhi akukho lutho olungagcina insizwa enenkani eMthethweni.
Umuzwa wenkululeko wasondela ekuhambeni, esekelwa ngumuntu ojwayelene nomlando wempilo yesiNgisi Navigator uJohn Franklin. Ngokuvunywa kweKhomishini Yezokwelapha Yezempi, udokotela ohlulekile waya epuletini ye-ski epuletini kaKhardangervidd, wabe esengena emkhunjini wokudoba ethembeni lokuthola isihloko seNyakatho ye-Navigator yasenyakatho.
Ukulungiselela ukubhukuda, i-AMundsen yavakashela inkulumo yoMcwaningi wePolar u-Evin Astrap futhi wanquma ngokuqinile ukunikela impilo yakhe yokufuna amazwe angenakufakwa engxenyeni esenyakatho. Ngokokuqala ngqa, wazama ukujoyina uhambo oluya ezweni laseFranz Joseph, oluthathwe yi-English Geograph Frederick Jackson, kodwa ngenxa yokuntuleka kwesipiliyoni, wathola ukwenqatshwa.
Ukuphuma kanye nocwaningo
Ngo-1896, i-AMUndsen, eyathola isihloko se-navigator, yaqhubeka nohambo lokuqala oluya eningizimu ye-magnetic pole eMkhandlwini we-International Expedition Council ngaphansi komyalo woMcwaningi waseBelgian adrien de shirlash. Ama-navigators ahlele ukufinyelela e-Antarctica futhi, ashiye amalungu amane eqembu ngobusika ukuqoqa idatha, abuyele eRio de Janeiro.
Ngemuva kokuhlangana kwe-magellanov, i-turnat enqunyiwe yaba ngumuntu wokuqala owenza inguquko ye-ski ngasogwini lwesiqhingi saseTu Hammok, futhi kanye namanye amalungu eqembu achitha izinyanga eziyi-13 engxenyeni esentshonalanga yoLwandlekazi oluseningizimu.
Ezinsukwini zokuhlala eqhweni, uRuhal waba ngumqambi wokuthunga izingubo ezifudumele ezindlini eziseceleni futhi wahlela ukunikezwa kwamandla kweqembu, ukubamba isidumbu namaphezine avela emanzini. Ngokusekelwa ngudokotela womkhumbi kaFrederica, u-A. Cook amundsen wazama ukugwema ukudicilela phansi isimo semvelo kanye nokubumbana kwengqondo kwabahlanganyeli, kepha ama-zrlas awazisanga imizamo yabaphansi, futhi ingxabano yavutha emkhunjini odonsayo.
Ngokwemithetho yeNational Geographic Society, indoda yesizwe saseBelgian kuphela esingayala, kodwa, ngokwesizwe saseNorway, ngo-1897, iBrazda yeBhodi Yemishini Ye-Antarctic imwele ngokuphelele kuye. Uma kucatshangelwa ukusindiswa kwabantu bemisebenzi ebabazekayo, uRuhal wasiza ukaputeni ukuba alethe umkhumbi endaweni enobuhlakani, kwathi ngoNovemba 5, 1899 abasebenzi bafika e-Antwerp.
Ngemuva kwalokho, obambe iqhaza ophuma eBelgian wahlala eJalimane futhi waqala ukutadisha i-geonysics kanye nezinto zomlando endimeni yaseNyakatho nentshonalanga. EHamburg, uRuhal wajwayelana nomqondisi we-Georg von Neuumayer, umsunguli we-meteorology nguHenrik Monom kanye nomcwaningi wePolar Furmeer Furheof Nansen.
Ngaphansi kwethonya labo ngo-1901, isiNorway sathola i-yacht enkulu yokudoba "yoa" nangemva kokusebenza kabusha kwaqala amalungiselelo okunqoba koLwandle i-Arctic. Umkhumbi wahamba ngomkhumbi usuka ogwini ngoJuni 1903 kwathi ngoSepthemba wafika kulesi siqhingi esiqhingini sase-Arctic Archipelago waseCanada. Ngesikhathi sobusika seminyaka emibili, amalungu eCrew aqala ubudlelwano nama-eskimos endawo futhi aqala kabili ekuhambeni kwesigxobo seNyakatho Kama Kabubanzi emhlabeni.
Ngo-1906, ngemuva kokuma esiqhingini sikaHether, u-Amsensen wabuyela empucukweni futhi wazuza uMhlaba ohlonishwayo ngomnqobi wendima yasenyakatho nentshonalanga. Umbiko wokuhamba wabangela izimpendulo ezinomdlandla zabantu baseYurophu futhi waletha umcwaningi isiphambano esikhulu se-oda likaSt. Olaf kanye nobulungu obuhlonishwayo emphakathini waseRussia.
Ngaphandle kokuvimba lokho okufinyelelwe, kwabuswa laba yilungu elisebenzayo lomjaho we-polar, kodwa wehluleka ukuzungeza ama-Robert Piri noFrederick Cook, lapho kufika indawo ezayo enyakatho, lapho i-Norwegian efika engxenyeni yokulungiselela.
Emva kwalokho, u-AMundsen wanquma ukuguqula indlela futhi wahlela uhambo lokuya emaphethelweni ahlukile omhlaba. Kwavela amabhizinisi afanayo ekhanda nasenduneni yemikhumbi yasebukhosini yeGreat Britain - ukucwaninga uRobert Scott, owenza owakhe sekwedlule isikhathi amasonto ambalwa.
Ngenxa yenhlangano enekhono lokuphuma kanye nokunyakaza okwenziwe ngezigaba ezinjeni, elibuswa neqembu kwagcwala ikamu laseFramheim eWhale Bay kanye ngoDisemba 14, 1911 ngomzamo wesibili weza esigxotsheni saseSouth Magnetic semhlaba.
Njengoba uhambo lwe-AMUndsen ngokuyinhloko lalingosayensi ngokwemvelo, abacwaningi babheka kaninginingi izixhumanisi zendawo, besebenzisa ummeli oyimfihlo kanye nomkhathizeli wokufakelwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngamaphuzu ama-3 akhiwe ngamamayela ambalwa ukusuka komunye nomunye, amalebula nezindawo ezinezici zenzalo zenzalo.
Kwelinye lamatende ahlotshiswe ngamafulegi eNorway naseFramctiim, ukunqoba kwe-Antarctica kuhloswe iqembu elilahlekile kaRobert Scott, othi umlindi wakwazi ukutholakala futhi unomphela uqhubeke nomnqobi wesigxobo saseNingizimu inombolo 2.
Endleleni ebuyayo, abahloli bama-polar basebenzisa okwesikhashana okwesikhashana, bashiya amaqhwa e-whale bay, wazama ukubuyela ezweni made. Umgwaqo wawuhambisana namahlazo futhi ucacise ubudlelwano phakathi kwamalungu eqembu, futhi ekugcineni abakwazanga ukushicilela ezabo lokho, njengoba i-AMUNSEN ibambe amalungelo obunikazi wedayari ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Kodwa-ke, kwaze kwaba ngo-1912, isiNorway sasingazethembi ekuvulekeni kwakhe. Futhi yize umphakathi wezwe wabona ukuthi impumelelo kanye negalelo elikhulu kwisayensi, ukuntuleka kweWesta esimweni seScott Swawubeka ukungabaza ezinhlwini zososayensi nabaphenyi.
Imininingwane mayelana neBrithani yavela lapho u-Ashunsen ebhala incwadi mayelana nohambo lwakhe futhi enza izinkulumo eYurophu naseMelika. Ngenxa yenhlangano embi, uRobert namanye amalungu eqembu endleleni ebuyayo babulawa eHunger naseFrostbite, beshiya amadayari aqinisekisile ngesimo sokundiza esijwayelekile.
Eminyakeni eyalandela, uhambo lwaseNorway eBering Strait futhi ngemuva kokulethwa okuningana kobusika nge-geography, i-meteorology, i-zoology kanye nezinye izindlela zesayensi eYurophu futhi wacabangisisa ngezinhlelo zokunqoba izigxobo ngomoya. Kulokhu, i-AMUNDSEN ithole ama-hydroplanes, yathola ilayisense yokushayela futhi ngo-1925 wayindiza endaweni yaseGreenland kanye nendawo yase-Arkube, bese kuthi e-Aerkube "ephethe i-Arctic yeplanethi, echitha enyakatho yeqhwa Amahora angama-72 ezikhathi ezingezona zesikhathi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngokwemininingwane esemthethweni, i-AMUndsen, enikezelwe ekuhambeni nasekucwaningeni, yayingenaye umfazi noma izingane. Kepha kudayari, enyatheliswa ngo-1990, imininingwane ethile mayelana nokuphila komuntu onqobayo kwephasithi lasenyakatho-nentshonalanga nesigxobo esiseningizimu emhlabeni. Kuyo, isihambi sasho ubuhlobo nabesifazane abathathu abashadile: I-Castberg Sgrid, uCristina Elizabeth Bennett kanye nama-Bess Magids.
IPolarist yahlangana okokuqala ngo-1909 kanti phakathi nomRoma oneminyaka emi-4 ubudala uhlala ecelwa ukuba ashiye umngane womshado futhi angene emshadweni ophindwayo osemthethweni. Owesifazane akazange anqabe lesi sicelo, kepha akazange athathe isinqumo sokugcina, ngakho-ke abathandi bayeka ukuhlangana kwathi ngo-1913 ubudlelwano baqala njalo.
Unkosikazi osemusha wosomabhizinisi wamaNgisi owake wavakashela eNorway ngesikhathi kusukela ngo-1912 kuya ku-1925 waba uthando lwesibili lweRauauara. U-AMundsen wanikela ngezandla nezinhliziyo zakhe ebuhleni naphambi kohambo olulandelayo, wayithola impahla yakhe eWestskoga.
Owesifazane wokugcina amundsen wahlangana ngenkathi ehamba nge-bering strait ngo-1922. ICanada yemvelaphi yase-Ukradia yahlatshwa umxhwele ukubukeka okunesibindi kwamaNorway futhi kwavuma ukuthi umshado, kepha le nyunyana ibingamiselwe ukwenzeka ngenxa yokufa kwePolarist ngo-1928.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isithombe se-ruauara ne-Chukchi Girls sinama-Caity noCamilla, abavunywa ngu-Ambundsen futhi bahlala emndenini womfowabo kaLeon wakubo.
Ukushona
Ngo-1928, amundsen, ngokusekelwa nguhulumeni wase-Italy nosomabhizinisi baseNorway, baya kofuna umuntu owayecwaninga ngaphambili ePolar Umberto Nobile.
E-Seaplane, eqashwe amasosha aseFrance, uRuhal wagibela iziqhingi zaseSpitshergen Archipelago, futhi ngemuva kwamahora amabili imizuzu engama-4, ukuxhumana naye kwaphazamiseka.
Ngemuva kwesikhashana, uhambo lokuhlenga lwathola ukonakala kwendiza, kepha isidumbu somshayeli wakuthola. Usuku olusemthethweni lokufa u-Amundsen umenyezelwa ngoJuni 18, 1928.
Umfanekiso wePolarist wakhulelwa ezikhumbuzweni nasezikhumbuzweni, kanye nemicimbi ehambisana nokufa okubuhlungu kweNorwail kususelwa kwifilimu yefilimu uMikhail Kalatozova ".
Ukukhumbula
- Imnyuziyamu yeSikhumbuzo ye-amundsen ehlanganayo e-Uranieneard Estate eWestskoga, eNorway
- Izinto Zendawo:
- Sea amundsen
- Mount Amundsen
- I-Amndensen Glacier
- Amndsen Bay
- Kotlovan amundsen
- I-AMUNTSEn-Scott Polar Station