I-Biograge
I-Furoof Nansen - umcwaningi waseNorway nesihambi, usosayensi kanye nesibalo somphakathi. Ungene eCopenhagen International Council of Study Awalwandle futhi wanikezwa umklomelo weNobel Peace Prize. UNansen weza nobuchwepheshe bokubala amanani okugeleza kusuka emkhunjini e-Drift, athuthukise uhla olunembile kanye ne-barometer. Uhole imisebenzi esebenzayo yezenhlalo futhi wayephakathi kwabatakuli besifunda saseVolga ebulawa yindlala ngo-1921. I-navigator futhi yasungulwa i-ejensi yababaleki eGeneva, okwathi ngo-1938 yanikezwa umklomelo wezwe waseNobel.Ubuntwana nentsha
Lowo odumile waseNorway wazalwa eduzane nale oslo ngo-Okthoba 10, 1861. Lapho-ke idolobha labizwa ngokuthi i-cristia. Izimpande zesihlahla somndeni wakhe ziholele kumaDanes. Ngekhulu le-17, okhokho baseNasen bathuthela eNorway. Ngiseyingane, umfana wayehlala emngceleni kababa uFren. Umzali wakhe wayengummeli ophumelelayo. Kwakhuliswa izingane ezintathu emndenini: U-Alexander and Enar Brothers and Disdere Sgrid.
UNansenov wayenesiyalo futhi ahleleke ngentengo. Uthando lwemidlalo lwanikezwa iNdodana kusukela ebuntwaneni, futhi ikakhulukazi umama waba neqhaza kulokhu. Kusuka eminyakeni engu-2, i-fuloof isivele ishiye ukushushuluza, kwathi ngo-15 yaba umhlanganyeli ogcwele futhi unomphela emiqhudelwaneni ye-ski. Iqiniso Elithakazelisayo: Ngo-1877, uNasen ubeka irekhodi lomhlaba ezindlini zokuhamba nge-skating izinhlanga kude nemayela le-1. Ngemuva konyaka, waba ngumpetha kazwelonke emjahweni we-ski. Ngemuva komsubathi wamahlombe kwakungu-12 onjalo wempikiswano.
IMISEBENZI YOKUFUNDA IMISEBENZI ETHOLAKALA KWEMPILO. Ubaba wayefuna ukuthi iNdodana ikhethe umsebenzi onzima, mhlawumbe, iyaqhubeka. Ngakho-ke, waphikelela ukuthi angahleki amadokhumenti ahambisa esikoleni sezempi. Ukuba nobuciko ngohlobo, le nsizwa yayithanda ukupenda, kepha isayensi yakhe yaheha. Akazange ahambe kuYise, wathatha le mibhalo esikoleni wangena eYunivesithi yobuKristu, ethatha isinqumo sokutadisha odokotela bezilwane.
Ukudla bekuthanda ukwazi izwe, ngakho-ke iminyaka engama-20 ngemuva kwamahlombe endoda enengqondo yayinokubhukuda kwezinyanga ezi-4 e-Arctic Ocean. Njengengxenye yalo mkhuba ku-biology, uFudoofo uhambe emkhunjini weViking phakathi kweqhwa, afunde izimpawu.
Ukuthakazelwa kwezincwadi nobuciko bakaNansen kwaqhubeka: Funda imidlalo ye-HENCR IBSEN NEMITHETHO YEMPILO yeNKOSI BAIRON. Insizwa yayazi izilimi zesiNgisi, isiFulentshi nezamaJalimane. Waqala nokuthatha izifundo zokupenda.
Ukuphuma kanye nocwaningo
Uhambo lokuqala lwanikeza isithakazelo sokutholwa kwezindawo ezintsha kumcwaningi futhi sathumela imisebenzi yaso embhedeni abona ngayo. Ngo-1883, uFrooof wathola idiploma futhi aqokwe emnyuziyamu weBergen, lapho eba ngumlawuli womnyango we-zoological. Wayeneminyaka engama-21 ubudala. Ngo-1884, uNangen wawela eyodwa ezintabeni eBergen waya eChristia, wabe esephumelela umqhudelwano wokugxuma eSubi. Ngemuva konyaka, umcwaningi onesithakazelo esiguquguqukayo wathola indondo yeFriere ngomsebenzi we-Histology kanye ne-anatomy ye-mySsomidi.
Kusukela ngo-1885 kuya ku-1886, uNansen wasebenza e-University of Parma, naseNaples esiteshini sokuqala sebhanoyi laseYurophu. Insizwa yaphinde yanikezwa indondo yegolide yeRoyal Academy of Sciences for Conspoince, ayiholele ngokutadisha ubuntu bezicubu zezinzwa. Ngokushesha kwafika usosayensi we-novice wathola iziqu zobudokotela kulo msebenzi.
Enye yezinhloso eziphambili zomcwaningi ngalesi sikhathi kwakuwukushintshwa ngeGreenland Ice Plateau kanye nokuhlangana kwensimu kusuka empumalanga kuye entshonalanga. Kwakungqubuzana nokuthandwa ngokwejwayelekile ohlangothini olusentshonalanga, okwabanjwa. I-Press yahlanganyela ePereres, futhi uNansen wayeyimishini ehlanganisiwe, eqoqa uhambo. Kwakunomxhasi, ohlinzeka ngemali encane yomkhankaso. Futhi ingxenye yezindleko ezinxeshezelwe indondo yegolide ethengisiwe, ukushintshwa kwawo kwakuyimpinda yethu yethusi.
ENhloko yohambo kwakunguNansen uqobo. Wamema nge-Otto Sverdrup, i-polarist enolwazi kanye nochwepheshe osindile, kanye nabashushuzi baka-Olaf Ditrichson kanye noChristian Trana, umyeni we-reindeer no-Caiura Samuel Balt. Abayisihlanu abanesibindi baqhubeka nohambo eScotland, bese kuthi-ke i-Iceland.
Lapho empumalanga yeGreenland, leli qembu lafika e-Ice 20 Km kusukela osogwini. Indawo esemhlabeni eyayilele kuyo, futhi abantu kwadingeka bazidonsele. Abahambi babanjwe amaqhwa, lapho izinga lokushisa lehlela kuye - 40 C. Ukushiya ngendlela ebekiwe ngoJulayi 17, 1888, iqembu lafika lapho lifika ku-Okthoba 3.
Abahambi banqoba i-660 km ye-greenland ice. Baba ngowokuqala kulolu daba, beqoqa imininingwane yesayensi kanye nokubukwa kwesimo sezulu. Ngo-1890 no-1891, uNansen wakhipha izincwadi ezi-2 ngokuphuma kwayo: "Ukushushuluza eGreenland" kanye "nempilo ye-Eskimos."
Umqondo olandelayo weFutrofofa waphenduka waba yingozi ngokwengeziwe. Umcwaningi wanquma ukubeka indlela eya eNorth Pole. UNansen waklama ngokuzimela komkhumbi obizwa ngokuthi "Fram". Umkhumbi bekufanele anikele ngesikhathi sokuqhaqhazela kanye nokucindezelwa kweqhwa, edlula enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNovosibirsk Islands, futhi iqembu lalikhukhuleka emkhunjini.
I-Royal Geographical Society of Great Britain yagxeka uhlelo lokuhamba. IPhalamende laseNorway labelwe uxhaso lwezinkulungwane ezingama-250 imiqhele, ephoqelela uNansen ukuqoqa iqembu kusuka kumaNorway. Izindleko zezindleko zathatha abashisekeli: U-Oscar Dickson wanikeza imishini kagesi, ama-Eduard TOLTS ahlelwe izisekelo ezisizayo eziqhingini zaseNovosibirsk. Lapho kuchithwa kweqembu kunikeze izinja ezingama-35 zokushayela. Abaxhasi bomkhankaso wenkampani "KEDBURY" kanye ne- "Knor", abayimikhiqizo yabo iqembu elinamathele ngaphambi kokuba lithunyelwe.
NgoJuni 24, 1893, abantu abangu-13 ngaphansi komyalo weNansen badlula esifundazweni, okwakufanele ngabe sekwanele iminyaka engu-5, futhi nevolumu kaphethiloli yanele iminyaka engu-6 yokuxoshwa kweminyaka eyi-6. Kwama-sneaker angama-600, abantu abangu-13 benzeke eqenjini. Esedlule enyakatho yeSiberia, ngaphandle kokufinyelela eziqhingini, uFuefo wahamba enyakatho futhi ngasekupheleni kukaSepthemba "uFram" wakhukhuleka eqhweni.
Kusukela esigxotsheni sabahambi, ibanga elincane elide lihlukaniswe kunososayensi ohlelele. I-FUROOF inqume ukwenza ukwehlukana futhi enkampanini yakwaYalmar Johnsen yalibangisa lapho iya khona. Umsebenzi waphenduka waba nzima. Abaphenyi baphenduka emuva bashintsha indlela eya emhlabathini uFranz Joseph. Iqembu alizange lifike esigxotsheni, kepha lalisondele kuye konke ukuqhathaniswa nabanye abacwaningi.
Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezi-3, la madoda ayesemhlabeni uFranz Joseph, lapho basinda khona ebusika ekuhlangeni kwezikhumba zezilwane namatshe. Izimo zesimo sezulu eziyinkimbinkimbi, ubunzima bokuba khona endaweni engafakwanga bakhombisa amandla ososayensi ukuba bavumelanise nezimo nokusinda. Ehlobo lika-1896, kwatholakala ukuthi "uWindward" Vessel Expedition watholakala, owakhulula abahambi eVardo ngemuva komkhankaso oneminyaka emi-3 ubudala. "UFram" wafika ngesonto lasekhaya kamuva.
UNanten akazange azakhe kahle umkhondo we-trajectory we-drift, kodwa futhi anikeze umnikelo omkhulu kwisayensi, ukuqoqa idatha ku-geograph yendawo, isimo sezulu kanye nezimo zesimo sezulu. Kwenziwa umsebenzi omusha wobunjiniyela kulo mkhankaso, owaba isithando somlilo okwazi ukufudumeza isikhala ezimeni ze-polar. Yasungulwa uNansen uqobo.
Ukutholwa okufuywayo kuthonywe eminye imisebenzi yayo. Waba ngumdwebi wasolwandle. Iminyaka eminingana ishiyelwe ukucutshungulwa kwemininingwane etholakala kuhambo. Ukusuka ngaphansi kwepeni uNansen wanyathelisa incwadi ethi "" Fram "eLwandle Olwandle, oludluliselwe ngokushesha ezilimini eziningana zakwamanye amazwe. Umsebenzi washicilelwa ngaphansi kwegama elihlukile - "ezweni leqhwa nobusuku." Ukubhala kuphinde kwaklebhula kabusha.
Phakathi kokuphuma okulandelayo komcwaningi kwakuwuhambo oluya eSvalbard nase-Alloy esikebheni emlonyeni woMfula uLena. Ubuye wabuthana e- "Fram" emkhankasweni we-Antarctic, kodwa, abagulayo, wanikela emkhunjini ngokubusa kabusha ngo-1905. UFuloof uphinde wahamba ngomgwaqo omkhulu waseSiberia. Kusukela kumhambi wango-1928 wabamba iqhaza lapho kulungiswa uhambo oluya e-Antarctic, eyahlelwa ukuba ibanjwe ezindleleni.
Umsebenzi wesayensi fulloof Nansen uhlangene nemisebenzi yomphakathi. Ngo-1906, waba inxusa laseNorway e-UK walibamba le minyaka emi-2. Empini yezwe yokuqala, umcwaningi waba yisikhundla esifanayo e-United States, kwathi ngo-1920 kwaphela iminyaka emi-19, waba nguKhomishani ophakeme weNhlangano Yezizwe. Wasebenza nezindaba zeziboshwa zempi e-USSR. Ngo-1921, umdwebi wasolwandle wadala usizo "usizo lweNansen", olunikeze ukwesekwa kwesifunda saseVolga egameni lenhlangano yamazwe omhlaba ye-Red Cross ye-Red Cross.
UNansen wayethembekile maqondana ne-Bolshevik Movement and Constrow of USSR.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Umlingani wakhe u-Eva Sars wadlalwa indima enkulu e-Biography egcwele i-Frogrodfa Nansen. Isihambi sathatha indodakazi kaZolagist odumile wezilwane nompristi uMikael Sars ngo-1868. Le ntombazane ibingumculi wegumbi kanye nomnikazi we-mezzo-soprano emnandi. Wahlabelela ezothando, enentshisekelo kwezobuciko futhi ethanda ukushushuluza. U-Eva ungowokusungulwa kwezingubo zowesifazane ngokushushuluza.
Impilo yomuntu siqu yesihambi iye yathuthuka ngenjabulo. Wayemthanda umkakhe futhi anikela ngokuncwatshwa "uFrama" ngaphambi kokukhishwa okubalulekile ngo-1892. U-Eva walinda ukubuya komngane womshado. Ngenkathi esendleleni, umfazi wabeletha indodakazi. Little liv wabona ubaba useneminyaka engu-3 ubudala. Ngenkathi umyeni engekho, u-Eva wathuthukiswa entuthukweni yokudala, futhi umsebenzi wakhe waphumelela. Ukuhlonipha abesifazane abawathandayo, uNangen wabiza iziqhingi ezi-2 emhlabeni uFranz Joseph. Kamuva, kwavela ukuthi lesi yisiqhingi esisodwa, futhi namhlanje ubizwa ngokuthi i-evlas.
Ngemuva kwe-1898, kwavela izingane ezine emndenini waseNasen: Odd no-Osmund, umnyombo no-Irmelin. Othandweni nangokuvumelana nabakhethiweyo babo, uFudocho waphila kuze kube ngu-1907. U-Eva wafa ngesikhathi lapho uNansen esebenza njengenxusa e-UK. Usosayensi ophindaphindwayo washada ngo-1919. Isithandwa sakhe saba yi-sigtun munte.
Ukushona
Izinsuku zokugcina zokuphila kwe-furoof Nansen zahlangana ngokuthula nokuthula efeni lakhe eLusaka eduze kwe-Oslo. Usosayensi wahlupheka iminyaka eminingana ngezinkinga ngohlelo lwenhliziyo, okwakuyimbangela yokufa.
AbakwaNansen bafa, bedlala eNeveranda nomzukulu wakhe. Umcwaningi wehlela ukuvala isidumbu sakhe futhi axoshe uthuli phezu kwe-Oslo Fjord, eyenziwe yizihlobo nezihlobo zakhe.
Ukukhumbula
Namuhla, isikhumbuzo esiya e-Ocean Ocean Gootgrognar sitholakala eBig Levshinsky Lane. Kunesakhiwo sesiphambano esibomvu saseRussia, ngakho-ke isithombe saphenduka ukungazethembi kule ndawo. Ukuvulwa kwesibazi kwenzeka ngo-2004 kwathi kunqunywe isikhathi seminyaka eyi-100 yobudlelwano bezombusazwe phakathi kweRussia naseNorway.
Imidwebo yomcwaningi manje ishicilelwe ezincwadini nasezincwadini. Ziyabonakala kumaMnyuziyamu naku-Intanethi. Ukuhlonipha umdwebi wasolwandle, umklomelo wekhomishani we-UN ophakeme uqanjwa igama, elinikezwa njalo ngonyaka.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1904 - "Enyakatho Ekude Kakhulu"
- Ngo-1915 - "Ezweni elizayo"
- Ngo-1928 - "Phakathi Kwezimpawu Zama-Palar namabhere Polar"
- Ngo-1937 - "Ukushushuluza eGreenland"
- Ngo-1937 - "Impilo Ye-Eskimos"
- 1956 - "Fram" olwandle oluseceleni