I-Biograge
Igama eligcwele lososayensi waseJalimane nguMax Carl Ernst Ludwig Planchk. Iminyaka eminingi ngokulandelana, wayengomunye wabaholi bomphakathi wesayensi waseJalimane. Ungumnikazi wokuvulwa kwe-quantum hypothesis. Isazi semvelo safunda i-thermodynamics, theory of Quanta kanye ne-Thermal Radiation. Umsebenzi wesosayensi wenza umsunguli we-quantum physics. Omunye wabambalwa owaba nesibindi ukuvikela amaJuda phakathi nobuNazi eJalimane. Kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku, kwahlala isayensi ethembekile futhi yakwenza kwaze kwavunyelwa impilo.Ubuntwana nentsha
UMax Planckk wavela ngo-Ephreli 23, 1858 edolobheni laseKiel. Okhokho bakhe babevela kubantu abadala. Umkhulu wakhe (Gottlieb Jakob Planck) wafundisa imfundiso yenkolo e-University of Göttingen.
Shumeka kusuka ezithombeni ezifuywayoUMax Wilhelm Planque Baba ungummeli kanye noprofesa wezomthetho e-University of Kiel. Wayeshade kabili. Izingane ezimbili zavela emshadweni wokuqala. Okwesibili washada noMama uMax Emma Petskig, emshadweni lapho kuzalwa khona izingane ezinhlanu. Ubevela emndenini wabelusi nasemhlanganweni noWilhelm, ipulangwe lalihlala edolobheni laseGreifswald.
Kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-10, uMax wayehlala eKiel. Ngo-1867, uyise wamukela isimemo sobuprofezo e-University of Munich, futhi umndeni uqhubekela enhlokodolobha yeBavaria. Lapha umfana unikezwa iMaximilian Gymnasium, lapho abhalwe khona ezikhundleni zabafundi abahle kakhulu bekilasi.
Ithonya elikhulu ku-The South Planck lihlinzeka ngothisha weMathematics Herman Muller. Uzofunda kuye okokuqala ukuthi uyini umthetho wokulondolozwa kwamandla. UMax ukhombisa idatha yezibalo egqamile. Amakilasi e-Gymnasium avikelekile kwintshisekelo yesayensi, ikakhulukazi esifundweni semithetho yemvelo.
Isifiso esinye izingane zepulangwe kwakuwumculo. Wahlabelela ekwalini labafana, wadlala amathuluzi amaningana wasebenza kakhulu ngopiyano. Ngesinye isikhathi wafunda umbono womculo waze wazama ukubhala, kodwa wafika esiphethweni sokuthi umqambi ngeke akwazi ukusebenza. Ngokuthweswa iziqu, ipulangwe selivele lakha umlutha walo.
Ebusheni bakhe, wayefuna ukuzinikela emculweni, waba yipiyano. Uphuphe ngokuhlanganisa i-philalogy, wakhombisa intshiseko enkulu ku-physics kanye nemathematics. Ngenxa yalokhu, uMax wakhetha isayensi enembile futhi wangena e-University of Munich. Ukuba ngumfundi, akushiyi umculo. Wayengabonakala emculweni esitho esontweni labafundi. Wahola i-chorus encane futhi waqhutshwa yi-orchestra.
Ubaba weluleka uMax ukuthi aphendukele kuPrifesa Philippe von Zholly ukumsiza ukuba anqobele ekufundeni kwe-physics theoretical. Uprofesa wancenga umfundi wenqabe lo mbono, njengoba, ngombono wakhe, le sayensi isondele ukuqeda. Ngokusho kwakhe, akukho okutholwe okusha okuvele ukulinda, kucwaninga okuyinhloko.
Kodwa-ke, umgibeli akayeki. Akadingi okutholakele, ufuna ukuthola izisekelo zombono wenyama futhi angathanda ukuzikhuthaza uma kungenzeka. Umfundi uqala ukuya ezinkulumweni ku-physics yokuhlola yaseWilhelm von Betz. Ngokubambisana noProfessor Filiphu, i-von Zholly yenza isifundo ekulweni kweplatinamu evuthayo ye-hydrogen. UMax angabonakala emakilasini ezilalweni zabathengisi - izibalo uLudwig Zeidel noGustav Bauer.
Ngemuva kokujwayelana ne-physista edumile, uHermann Helmpholz, iplastke ihamba ayothola imfundo eBerlin University. Uvakashela izibalo zezinkulumo ze-mathematics karl Weierstrass. Ufunda umsebenzi woprofesa wabakhohlisayo kanye noGustav Kigoff, obathatha isampula ukuze balingise ngekhono lokuhlekisa ngezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngemuva kokujwayela ngemisebenzi kaRudolph Clazius emcabangweni wemfudumalo, ukhetha indlela entsha yokucwaninga - Thermodynamics.
Isayensi
Ngo-1879, ipulangwe lithola ubudokotela obude ngemuva kokuvikela i-thesis emgomeni wesibili we-thermodynamics. Emsebenzini wakhe, i-physisios ifakazela ukuthi inqubo yokuzisekela, ukushisa akudluliswa kusuka emzimbeni obandayo kuya kufudumele. Ngonyaka olandelayo, ubhala omunye umsebenzi ku-Thermodynamics futhi uthola okuthunyelwe komsizi oseJunior ePhinic Persulty e-University of Munich.Shumeka kusuka ezithombeni ezifuywayoNgo-1885, umgibeli uba nguprofesa okhunjulwe e-University of Kiel. Izifundo zakhe sezivele zaqala ukumlethela ukwahlukaniswa ngohlobo lokuqashelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, usosayensi umenyelwa e-University of Berlin, lapho futhi esesikhundleni soprofesa we-adjunct. Ngokubambisana nalokhu kuthola okuthunyelwe komqondisi we-Institute of theoretical physics. Ngo-1892, uMax Planck uba nguprofesa ovumelekile.
Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4, usosayensi uqala ukuzibandakanya ekucwaningeniseni imisebe ye-thermal. Emcabangweni wendiza, imisebe ye-electromagnetic ayinakuqhubeka. Kuhamba ne-Quanta, ubukhulu bokuthi kuncike imvamisa ebekiwe. UMax Planckk ususa ifomula yokusatshalaliswa kwamandla ku-Blull Black Work Spectrum.
Ngo-December 1900, i-physist emhlanganweni weBerlin Academy of Science ibika ngokuvulwa kwayo futhi ikhuphukela endaweni entsha - umbono we-quantum. Kakade ngonyaka olandelayo, ngokususelwa kwifomula yepulangwe, inani le-boltzmann njalo libalwa. I-Bar ilawulwa ukuthola i-avogadro eqhubekayo - inani lama-athomu ezitolo ezinkulu, kanti usosayensi ubeka inani lecala le-elektroni ngezinga eliphakeme lokunemba.
Shumeka kusuka ezithombeni ezifuywayoU-Albert Einstein ngemuva kwalokho waba nomthelela ekuqiniseni umbono we-quantum.
Ngo-1919, usosayensi weScientist Max Plank uthola umklomelo kaNobel ka-1918 ngokuvulwa kwe-Quatera yamandla kanye nentuthuko ye-physics.
Ngo-1928, wesula, kepha uyaqhubeka ebambisana nenkampani yesayensi eyisisekelo kaiser Wilhelm. Ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2, uNobel Laureate uba ngumongameli wakhe.
Inkolo Nefilosofi
I-MAX Plan yakhuliswa emoyeni wamaLuthere, futhi kuye ngaso sonke isikhathi kwakuyizindinganiso zenkolo. Njalo lapho ethandazela ukudla kwasemini. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kusukela ngo-1920 kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo esebenza njenge-presbyster.
Usosayensi wayephikisana nokuhlanganiswa kwesayensi nenkolo. Ngaphansi kokugxekwa kwakhe, ukufundwa kwezinkanyezi, i-Theosofism, ukoma kokomoya kanye nezinye izinkombandlela zemfashini kwathola. Ngasikhathi sinye, wayekholelwa ukuthi isayensi nenkolo babelingana ngokubaluleka kwabo.
Shumeka kusuka ezithombeni ezifuywayoInkulumo yakhe "Inkolo Nesayensi Yemvelo" kusuka ngo-1937 yayithandwa, eyayiboniswa ezincwadini zayo eziphindaphindwayo ngemuva kwalokho. Umbhalo usewubonise imicimbi yezwe, eyayingaphansi kwegunya lamaFascists.
Ipulangwe alilokothi libize igama likaKristu futhi liphoqelekile ukuba liphikise amahemuhemu okuvuselela amahemuhemu ngokushintsha kokholo lwawo. Usosayensi wagcizelela ukuthi akazange akholwe nguNkulunkulu uqobo, kodwa lihlala likholwa.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngokokuqala ngqa, uMax Plank washada nomngane wobuntwana uMary Merk ngonyaka we-1885. Kwazalwa izingane ezine emshadweni: amadodana amabili namawele amadodakazi. Wayewuthanda umndeni wakhe, wayengumyeni nobaba onakekelayo. Ngo-1909, umkakhe uyafa. Ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2, usosayensi uzama ukuhlela impilo yakhe ngokwethu okwesibili futhi wenza isiphakamiso kumshana womshana von von heslin. Owesifazane unikeza umhlanga wenye indodana.
Shumeka kusuka ezithombeni ezifuywayoE-biography yososayensi kufika umucu omnyama. Indodana endala ifelwa eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala, ngo-1916, kwathi amadodakazi afele ukubeletha ngo-1917 nango-1918. Indodana yesibili emshadweni wokuqala yabulawa ekuqaleni kuka-1945 ngokuhlanganyela ekubambeni uzungu ngokumelene noHitler, naphezu kwesicelo sikababa odumile.
UNazi wayazi ngemibono kaMax Planck. Lapho evakashele kuHitler, lapho i-physist ibeka iNhlangano Yesayensi Yasesisekelo uKaiser Wilhelm, waphendukela kuye ukuthi angashushisi izazi zamaJuda. UHitler wathukuthelisa naye ebusweni bakhe waveza konke acabanga ngakho ngesizwe samaJuda. Emva kwalokho, iplastke yathula futhi yazama ukuvinjwa emcabangweni wayo.
Ebusika, ngo-1944, ngemuva kokuvuselelwa kwebutho lama-Allies, indlu kasosayensi yashiswa ngokuphelele. Emlilweni wacekela phansi imibhalo yesandla, idayari, izincwadi. Uqhubekela emnganeni uCarl namanje ama-roghts ngaphansi kweMagdeburg.
Ngo-1945, phakathi nenkulumo eKassel, uprofesa acishe afe ngaphansi kwamabhomu. Ngo-Ephreli, indlu yesikhashana yabalingani bepulangwe yayibhujiswa ngaphansi kwezindiza. Usosayensi nonkosikazi baya ehlathini, baphila ngobisi. Impilo yepulangwe selibalekile - isithwathwa somgogodla sanda, futhi wahamba nobunzima obukhulu.
Ngokwesicelo sikaSolwazi Robert Fields, amasosha aseMelika asuka kuNobel Laureate athathe abe yi-hetgetingen ephephile. Kwaphela amasonto amahlanu, usesibhedlela embhedeni wesibhedlela, bese kuthi ngemuva kokululama, kuqala ukusebenza: Kufundza izinkulumo.
Ukushona
NgoJulayi 1946, owesilisa waya eNgilandi egujwe ukugujwa kwesikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-300 sika-Isaac Newton. Iqiniso elihehayo: Usosayensi ubesemcimbini okuwukuphela kommeleli ovela eJalimane. Ngaphambi nje kokushona kwe-physics, i-kaiser wilhelm Society iqanjwe kabusha uMax Planck, ngaleyo ndlela aphawula umnikelo wakhe kwisayensi futhi.
Uyaqhubeka nokukhuluma nezinkulumo. EBonn, usosayensi wagula ngokuvuvukala kwamaphaphu, kodwa wakwazi ukunqoba lesi sifo. NgoMashi 1947, ugcina ukuvela kwabafundi. Ngo-Okthoba wonyaka ofanayo, isimo sikaMcca Planck sawohloka kakhulu, futhi wafa. Imbangela yokufa ingunhlangothi. Akazange aphile kuze kube yiminyaka engama-90. Ithuna leNobel Laureate litholakala ethuneni likaGöttingen.
Ngemuva kwami, ososayensi washiya umbhalo wesandla, izincwadi, izithombe - amagugu, ezibaluleke futhi ziyaqhubeka nokuthwala inkonzo yesayensi engathandeki.
Imiklomelo kanye nomklomelo
- Ngo-1914 - Indondo yeHelmholts
- Ngo-1915 - Order "ngokufanele kwiSayensi nezobuciko"
- Ngo-1918 - Umklomelo KaNobel ku-physics
- Ngo-1927 - Indondo yeLorentz
- Ngo-1927 - Medal kaFranklin
- 1928 - Adlerschild DES Deutschen Reiches
- 1929 - UMax Plank Medal
- Ngo-1929 - Indondo Copley
- Ngo-1932 - Indondo ye-Gutrei kanye nomklomelo
- 1933 - Medal Garnaca
- 1945 - Umklomelo we-GÖTTE