I-Biograge
Maphakathi nekhulu le-XIX, uGüstava, uGustava Flaabert wabheka njengezinhlungu nokuziphatha okubi, futhi namhlanje umlobi waseFrance ubhekwa njengenkosi ehamba phambili yepeni epanini nge-Gi de Maupassan ne-Onor de Balzac. Ukuthandwa kweFlaux kwaletha izincwadi ezithi "Mnu. Bovari" kanye "nemfundo yezakhiwo", ezilotshwe ohlotsheni lweqiniso ngamanothi wezengqondo kanye nemvelo.Ubuntwana nentsha
UGustave Flaubert wazalwa ngoDisemba 12, 1821 enhlokodolobha yomlando waseNormandy - uRanga. USurgeon Achille Cleafas Flaubert no-Anna Justin Caroline Fluurio, indodakazi kadokotela, enomugqa walindele le ngane - izingane ezintathu zifele eGüstava emndenini: intombazane kanye nabafana ababili.
Shumeka kusuka ezithombeni ezifuywayoI-Novel Novesist yesikhathi esizayo yakhuliswa nomngane wakhe u-Achille, owazuza njengefa nguYise kuphela, kodwa futhi nangomsebenzi, waba udokotela ohlinzayo, owazalwa iminyaka emi-3 kamuva. Ubuntwana badlula emkhathini wangaphakathi kwesibhedlela iRouen, lapho inhloko yomndeni isebenza khona.
Bathi uFlaubert waba nesifiso sokubhala eminye iminyaka engu-8, ngenkathi efunda eRoyal College. Ngo-1832, le nsizwa yangena eLyceum kaPierre Cornelle, lapho ahlangana khona no-Ernest Chevalé, osopolitiki baseFrance esizayo. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, abangane bahlela umagazini abenziwe ngesandla "ubuciko kanye nenqubekela phambili", lapho kwashicilelwa khona umbhalo wokuqala kaPlaba.
Shumeka kusuka ezithombeni ezifuywayoNgo-1840, i-Novel Bhalovali yesikhathi esizayo yaya eParis ukuba ifundele ilungelo. Inhloko-dolobha yaseFrance yavela eFlauer enyanyekayo, futhi umsebenzi okhethiwe uyadina, ngakho-ke lapho kuphele lowo nyaka umfundi wahamba ngohambo ngePyrenees naseCorsica. Lesi sikhathi se-biography yombhali sabonakaliswa "kumaMemority Of Fantness" (1901).
Ekuqaleni kuka-1846, uyise kaFlababert's washona, eshiya indodana ka-500 ama-franc. Lapho-ke le nsizwa yabona ukuthi ubuqili kwakungeyona indawo yakhe, baphonsa iYunivesithi. Ifa elangenzeka liqinisekisile impilo encane engenamntwana, ngisho nasendabeni yokuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ngakho-ke wanquma ngokuphelele ukuzinikezela ngokubhala.
Izincwadi
NgoSepthemba 19, 1851, Flaubert, abaphefumulelwe abangane bakhe uLouis Bui noMaxim Duucan, bathatha ukwakheka kwenoveli "Masame Bovarie). Ezinyangeni ezingama-56 kamuva, ngoMeyi 1856, le ncwadi yaqedwa. Uphume ngo-Okthoba 1 kuya ku-December 15 wonyaka ofanayo ebhukwini "Ukubuyekezwa kweParis".Shumeka kusuka ezithombeni ezifuywayoNgoFebhuwari 1857, umqondisi weParis Ferris noGustava Flaubert basolwa ngokungahloniphi isimilo kanye nenkolo. " Umlobi waze wavela phambi kwenkantolo ngenxa yesithombe esithi "inhlamba nangesibindi sabalingiswa", kodwa isijeziso sasiphunyuka. Ukususa izinsolo kungazange kube nomthelela kuphela ekushicilelweni kukaNkk Bovarie incwadi ehlukile, kodwa futhi wahlinzeka ngokuduma kokuthandwa.
Maphakathi nesakhiwo - u-Emma Bovarie, angajabuli ngowesifazane omshado. IMadame ayinamahloni ukushintsha umngane womshado emthanda ngokuqinile. Ngezipho zabesifazane abasebasha abakhethiweyo, owesifazane uchitha isimo somndeni, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi aqala ukubeka ubucwebe nezezakhiwo. Umphumela wowesifazane kusuka ekunganeliseni ngempilo ezungeze amahloni nokungabi nalutho - yilokhu okulindele ekugcineni unkosikazi kaBhovarie, futhi owakwakhe ngokwethembeka oqhubeka nokuxhumana nabathandi bomkakhe - ukubandlulula kwe-everdey.
Isibindi, umlando wezemvelo weGustava Flaubert washiswa ngokuphila hhayi kuphela umphakathi wanamuhla waseFrance, kodwa futhi nezinkomba zamakhulu eminyaka ye-XX ne-XXI. Ifilimu lokuqala kwinoveli ethi "Mnu Borkov" yadutshulwa ngo-1933 nomlobi we-compatriot, bese kuba ngumbhali waseJalimane, wase-Argentina, wase-Italiya, isi-Italiyane, sekuze kusizakale amafilimu.
Shumeka kusuka ezithombeni ezifuywayoIndatshana elandelayo yeFlaubert yayihluke kakhulu kuNkk Bovari - inoveli eyingqophamlando ethi "Salambo" mayelana neMpi yaseLibya eCarthage, eyakheke ngo-240-238 ngaphambili. Ns. Ushintsho ngesitayela sokulandisa nokuzikhethela okungajwayelekile kwesihloko kungenxa yokuthi umbhali wazibheka njengencwadi "yothando lokugcina", ngenkathi incwadi ephathelene nomngane wesitembu.
I-salamo flauber yasondela nomsebenzi ophelele - wafunda cishe amavolumu ayi-100 mayelana neCarthage nemicimbi yalezo zikhathi, evakashele iTunisia. Eminyakeni engu-5 kamuva, kwabasebenzi ababuhlungu, ngo-1862, inoveli yazalwa. I-French Society ikhumbule ngokuzithandela izinganekwane zaseMpumalanga, zikhathele ngemisebenzi enengqondo. Ukwakheka kwaziswa futhi eRussia - inguqulo ehunyushiwe yavela ngokufana 1862 ebhukwini "amanothi omphakathi".
Cishe i-flaubert enzima kunazo zonke ukubhala inoveli "imfundo ye-Senior" (noma "imfundo yokuzwela"). Uqale waqala umlando we-autobiographical ngoFebhuwari 1843. Isizathu sokubhala kwakuwumhlangano womlobi no-Elise Schlelinger - Owesifazane oneminyaka yobudala, lapho uFlaubert wathandana khona nobuhlanya.
Shumeka kusuka ezithombeni ezifuywayoIqiniso lokuthi liphume ngaphansi komlobi womunye umbhali ongenalwazi, embuthanweni wababhali, kungokwesiko elibizwa ngokuthi "okokuqala" imfundo yezinzwa ". Uhlobo lwe-rut luqediwe ngo-1845, futhi kwashicilelwa ngemuva kokushona kukaFlaubert - ngabo-1910. Iqiniso Elijabulisayo: Le noveli ayihlangene nalutho ngomsebenzi ophrintiwe ngaphansi kwegama elifanayo ngo-1869.
Ku- "Adult", inguqulo yokugcina ye "Ezemfundo Yobukhosi" ka-1869, i-protagonist Frederick Moro othandweni noMaria Arnu, intokazi yomshado ye-Balzakovsky Age. Ngenxa yemicabango mayelana nabakhethiweyo, iMoro ayikwazi ukusungula ubudlelwano nabanye besifazane, kuholela indlela yokuphila egubha kanye nemithetho eya phansi. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-27, iMoro ne-ARNA babhekana nezikhathi ezithile futhi baqonde ukuthi sonke lesi sikhathi sasithandana futhi, yize bengakwazi ukujabulela umuzwa wobabili, babejabule. Bayahlukana, banelisekile ngokuqashelwa.
"Ukukhuliswa kwemizwa" kubangele ikakhulukazi impendulo engemihle evela kubagxeki kanye nozakwabo Flaubert kuPeru, kepha wonke umuntu waphawula uMthetho we-Autobiographical womsebenzi. UGi de Maupassan uthe "inqwaba yabanolwazi futhi ecindezelekile baphetha kule noveli", u-Emil Zola wabiza umsebenzi we- "Book Personal" Flaubert. USomerset Mom waphikisa ukuthi "uFrederick Moro uyingxenye yomfanekiso weFlaubert uqobo, lowo umbhali ozibona."
Naphezu kokuhlaselwa okumangazayo okumangazayo kwezempilo kanye nokuhlaselwa njalo kwesithuthwane, ngo-Ephreli 1874, uGustave Flaubert ushicilele inguqulo yokugcina yenkondlo eProse "isilingo sikaSt. Anthony". Umqondo womsebenzi wazalelwa emuva ngo-1845, lapho umlobi ebona isithombe sikaPeter Breygel igama elifanayo - omncane. Iqhawe lenkondlo ka-Anthony, njengokudakwa okwenziwe nguJohann Wolfgang von Goethe, uphoqeleke ukuba aqhubeke ngezilingo zobudemoni maqondana nempilo ejabulisayo.
Ngo-Mashi onyakeni ofanayo, iqoqo elithi "Ukuhlolwa Okuthathu" kwaphuma, okubandakanya "umphefumulo olula", "inganekwane ye-Holy julian Milosive" kanye ne- "Irodia". Le misebenzi kaFlauubert ibheka okunye phakathi kokudalwa komsebenzi wokugcina - inoveli "Buwar neBeiyusha". Ngenxa yokwamukelwa ngumlobi, ukudalwa kwalowo nalowo kwaholela ezinyangeni eziyisithupha.
Shumeka kusuka ezithombeni ezifuywayoIncwadi yamaSathane ethi "Bhwar noBeyisha", okubhaliwe okubhaliwe lapho uFlaubert aqala khona ngo-1872, ayengamiselwe ukuqeda - impilo ebuthaka yombhali yenza ukwehluleka. Inoveli yashicilelwa yathinteka ngo-1881.
Maphakathi nesakhiwo - amadoda ngamagama eBuwar neBeiyusha, eyame ngengozi emgwaqweni. Bobabili bangababhali, kepha baphupha ngasese ukuhambisa edolobhaneni futhi bahlanganyele kwezolimo. Abangani banquma ekugcineni, kuhlanganisa amaphupho abe ngokoqobo futhi uthenge indlu. Okokuqala amadoda athanda ukudoba, ukugawula izingodo, ubuciko, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bayaqonda ukuthi injabulo yabo yangempela ukubhala kabusha. Ukuphela kwenoveli bekufanele kube yisigameko lapho i-Bhwar neBeisha igcwalisa khona amashidi ephepha ngaphansi kokubika komunye nomunye.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Entwasahlobo ka-1846, iFlabert yeminyaka yobudala emincane enemiboniso yamaFrance lezinkondlo uLuiz Coora yaqala. Ezincwadini eziya kothandekayo, ezazifinyelela kulolu suku futhi zanyatheliswa encwadini ethi "Verbena noMusk", umlobi wacabanga ngendima yobuciko, ubudlelwano baseFrance, ubudlelwano phakathi kwendoda nowesifazane. Incwadi yokugcina yabhalwa ngoMashi 6, 1855.
Shumeka kusuka ezithombeni ezifuywayoUFlaubert wayenamaphutha eBrussels, eParis, eMunich, akazange alimaze nabesifazane nabesilisa ngokuziphatha okulula, kodwa, naphezu kokuphila okusebenzayo, umkakhe nezingane azange bathole. Lesi sikhundla kungenxa yekhotheshini evela ku-KOLE BELL kaDisemba 11, 1852:
"Umqondo wokuletha umuntu emhlabeni ungigcwalisile. Bengiyosithuka uma ngiba ubaba. Kungcono inyama yami ishabalale kunalokho ngenza umuntu ehlazweni lokuba khona. "Ukushona
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, uGustava Flaubert uphuze kakhulu isithuthwane. Abangani abakhohliwe futhi bahlukunyezwa, ukukhanya kwezincwadi zaseFrance kwafa ngoMeyi 8, 1880 edolobhaneni laseCrossset. Imbangela yokufa ingena nge-hemorrhage ibanda ebuchosheni ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa okulandelayo.Umngcwabo wenzeka ngoMeyi 11 phambi kwababhali abadumile - Emil Zola, Gi de Maupassant, Edmond de Godcard, Alfons Dodé. Umzimba uphumule emathuneni amakhulu kaRouen.
Shumeka kusuka ezithombeni ezifuywayoIningi lemisebenzi, amakhulu amafilimu, amanyuvesi kanye nemigwaqo ebimbize ngokuthi yigama elalihlala likhumbula i-flaub. E-ruang, ngonyaka ka-2008, uGustava Flaubert wakhiwa ngisho - ibhuloho eliphakeme kakhulu eliphakamisayo eYurophu, eliphakeme eliphelele lingu-91 m, kanye nokuphakanyiswa okuvundlile kwe-cannon kungama-55 m.
Kepha into ebaluleke kunazo zonke umsebenzi kaFlaubert waba nomthelela omkhulu babhali banamuhla: Uma kungenjalo "uNkk Borkov," umhlaba ubungeke ufunde imisebenzi kaFranz Kafka noma uJean-Field of Sartre. Abalobi baseFrance basabeka i-Flaubert ngesinyathelo esisodwa nalezo zishayamthetho zobuciko bakazwelonke, njengo-Arthur Rambo noCharles Baudler, namanoveli akhe bangena umjikelezo omusha wokuthandwa.
Amacaphuna
"Yiba yisiwula, i-egoist futhi ube nempilo enhle - lezi yizimo ezintathu ezidingekayo ukuze ujabule. Kepha uma owokuqala kubo akwanele, khona-ke abanye abangenamsebenzi. "" Amanga amanga asephenduke isidingo sakhe, i-mania, injabulo, futhi uma ethi izolo ihamba ngakwesokunene somgwaqo, khona-ke kwakudingeka Ukukholelwa ukuthi empeleni wayenguye "." Awukwazi ukuthinta izithombe: I-gilding ihlala iminwe yethu. "I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1838 - Memoirs Madness "
- Ngo-1842 - "Novemba"
- 1857 - "Mnu. Bovarie"
- Ngo-1862 - "Salambo"
- Ngo-1868 - "Imfundo Yezinzwa"
- Ngo-1874 - "Isilingo seSt Anthony"
- Ngo-1877 - "Izindaba ezintathu"
- Ngo-1881 - "Buvar noPekuy"
- Ngo-1913 - "Isichazamazwi samaqiniso e-capital"