I-Biograge
Isazi sefilosofi, nomlobi wabantu osolwaphikazi, ebekade benkululeko, eyethule kubantu kanye nezizukulwane ezizayo zenkumbulo "yokuthenga kanye ne-duma" yomsunguli wokuthayipha okungasebenzi, u-Alexander Hellen waba ngenye yezimpawu ezikhanyayo womzabalazo wezinguquko ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Amagugu akhe okubhala ahlala evinjelwe kwaze kwaba ngo-1905, elinde ihora lawo ngemuva kwemicimbi ka-Okthoba.Ubuntwana nentsha
I-SVETA Revolution yesikhathi esizayo yazalwa ngoMashi 1812 eMoscow, endlini edumile e-Tver Boulevard, eyayigcinwa kuze kube namuhla. Namuhla, isikhungo semibhalo saxazululwa lapha. I-Gorky. Le ndlu yaziwa nangonoveli ngu-Bulgakov "Master kanye neMargarita", ebizwa nge- "House Briboedov". Mayelana nabazelwe lapha, i-helzel ifana nesikhumbuzo esikhumbuzweni.
Isikali sefa elijwayelekile e-Tverskoy, kamuva, esasiyingxenye yesikhungo sonke, bakhuluma ngengcebo kaYise, i-Aristocrat kanye nomnikazi womhlaba u-Ivan Yakovlev. UGenes Yakovlev, odumile nabadala, uqala kusukela eBoyarina, u-Ivan Kalita ogama lakhe lingu-Andrere Mare, abacwaninga babiza okhokho bokuqala othembekile bendlu kaRomanov. Kuyamangaza ukuthi u-Alexander Heren, owayenobudlelwano obukude namakhosi aseRussia, waba ngelinye lamabhokisi wesakhiwo senkosi.
Izibongo ezahlukene nobaba zichazwa ngokuzalwa komfana okungekho emthethweni. Unina ungumJalimane oneminyaka engu-16 ubudala uHenrietta Hague, indodakazi yesikhulu esincane esivela eStuttgart, u-Ivan Yakovlev oneminyaka engama-45 waletha eMoscow eJalimane, lapho ayehlala khona isikhathi eside. Umnikazi womhlaba wawungeke ashade nephutha elincane, kepha indodana yakhe yavuma futhi yaze yaqhamuka negama lakhe lokugcina, elihunyushwe ngokuthi yiNdodana yeNhliziyo yaseJalimane. "
Umzali kaShasha omncane wayenomqondo wokuziphatha okuhle futhi osindayo. Ukwakheka kweNdodana yakhe wakunikeza ngokubona kwakhe. Ebushelweni nasebusheni, u-Alexander wakhuluma ngempumelelo ye-French Revolution futhi wavuma ukufunda ama-essay awina nge-pushkin nezincwadi ze-rousseau ne-volseare.
Ekupheleni kwawo-1820, ubaba wakhe wakunakekela ukubhaliswa kwengane yakini ekwakhiweni kweKremlin, eyenziwe ngomsebenzi wokulungisa nokwakha eKremlin nasezindaweni zomndeni waseMoscold nasendaweni ezungezile. Ngaleso sikhathi, umfana wawuneminyaka engu-8 ubudala, kepha uYakovlev waveza 14. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, uSasha oneminyaka engu-12 wanikezwa isikhundla sokuqoshwa kwekolishi, isikhundla esiphansi kunazo zonke etafuleni.
Lapho esemusha, helezen wajwayelana noNikolai Ogarev, naye uYakovlev wayesebudlelwaneni obukude. Abafana bavumile bazwelana nabasolwa ezintabeni futhi bahamba ezintabeni zaseSparrow, bafunga ukunika impilo "emzabalazweni ukuze kusizakale izwe." Kamuva, inkululeko yaseRussia yanikeza lo mcimbi e-Biography yokubaluleka kwaHeren. Ngo-18, u-Alexander Herzen wangena eyunivesithi, ekhetha ukukhetha okungokomzimba nangokwethematical.
Umsebenzi Wezenhlalo
Inyuvesi e-University ezungeze uHerezen no-Ogarev yakha umbuthano wabantu abanomqondo ofanayo owavuma ngentando yeningi, i-French Revolution, ebize bahlukumezekile, uMthethosisekelo kanye noSocialism of Saint-Simon ngemuva kwayo.
Okwesine komphakathi kwabonakaliswa 'emlandweni we- "Malovskaya", lapho u-Alexander Heren, kanye nabanye abafundi, wamelana nothisha uMikhail Malov, uGrubina noBontoramus. Intsha ithole ukukhala nangomanyathi, ukuze uMalov washiya izilaleli. Uthisha wadutshulwa, kodwa futhi nezintambo zombango zaphonswa ekhekhe.
Lesi siphithiphithi sabafundi, lapho u-helezen wabamba iqhaza khona ngenkani, kamuva wabizwa ngokuthi ukuboniswa kokuqala kwenhlangano yabafundi, ethweswe umqhele wokunqoba. Ngemuva kokuthi "Umlando waseMalovskaya" Amaphoyisa athole ukuqapha izishoshovu.
Kungekudala ngemuva kokushiya iNyuvesi, ngo-1834, kwaboshwa kwaHezen. Izinguquko ezisencane, zibamba iqhaza ePorushka, zabopha izingoma "rebar". Izinyanga eziyi-9, wagcinwa ngaphansi kophenyo enhlokodolobha, wabe esebhekisa kwi-PERM, futhi ukusuka lapho eVyatka. UHeleze wasebenza nesikhulu esincane futhi wabhala izindatshana kumamagazini wenhlokodolobha.
Ngo-1837, i-Tsar Alexander II yesikhathi esizayo yayise-vyatka, lapho iHerzen yahlela ukuvezwa kwemisebenzi yezemibuciko yendawo. Indlalifa kanye nombukiso, kanye nomhlahlandlela wawuthandiwe. Ekugcineni shintsha ulaka lwenkosi yomndeni luye waphumelela eVassily Zhukovsky, owanikeza isicelo sensizwa enhle kuye. Ngawo lowo nyaka, u-Alexander Heren wadluliselwa eVladimir, kwathi ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2 wasuswa ekugadwelweni ngamaphoyisa. Ubuyele eMoscow.
Ngawo-1840s, helezen wanikeza isikhundla esiphakeme enhlokodolobha esenyakatho, enkonzweni yezangaphakathi. Ngaphambi kokushiya iSt. Petersburg, inguquko ijoyine umbuthano waseMoscow waseNikolai Stanketich, avuselele abalandeli befilosofi elondolozayo ye-HEGEL.
Enkonzweni, lesi sikhulu sabambezeleka ngonyaka: incwadi kababa kaHeleze yangena ezandleni zamaphoyisa, lapho avukela khona uMnyango kuwo wonke ama-Frets. Ngokugxekwa, kwehliswe futhi kwathunyelwa ku-Novgorod umeluleki esifundazweni seDolobha.
Ngemuva konyaka, ngo-1842, imali kababa yasiza u-Alexander ukuba ashiye phansi abuyele eMoscow. Lapha waba inkanyezi yama-salon futhi wakhanya nge-oritory. Ukuba ne-pseudonym iskander, izindatshana zokuphrinta kanye nomsebenzi wobuciko. Ngale minyaka, wasebenza kwinoveli elithi "Ngubani okufanele asolwe?".
Entwasahlobo yango-1846, uYise womlobi wafa. Futhi ngoJanuwari ngonyaka olandelayo, uHezen waya eYurophu wawathola njengefa. Indlu yakhe esithakweni se-syvetsev yagcinwa. Maphakathi nawo-1970, iMnyuziyamu yomcabangi wavula.
Ukubukwa kwezincwadi nemibono yefilosofi
EParis, ukubonwa kwabanye abantu abazondayo ". Ngemuva koguquko lukaFebhuwari, olwamukele kakhulu uHeleze, kanye nokucindezelwa kwegazi kwabavukeli bezisebenzi, ekugcineni wagobeka engosilisakhi futhi wasondelana nemisebe yenguquko yezinguquko. Ngokubambisana ne-Proohon, wanyathelisa iphephandaba ngokuthi "glas yabantu", ethatha imali. Ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo nokungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu, u-Alexander Helyen wasondela.
Lapho esefundile ngezincwadi e- "Voice of People", uhulumeni waseRussia wayala umguqulelo ukuba abuyele ezweni lakubo. Ngemuva kokuphela kwehluleka ukulandela ukudingiswa nokuvinjwa ekubuyeni kwempilo. ERussia, helezen azange azikhohliwe. I-Nekrasovsky Magazine "Ishicilelwe" Izincwadi Zakhe "Ezivela Kuma-Marigny Avenue", Imisebenzi Yezifundo, Izindaba Zokuphila EFrance, Imibono Yakhe Yokulungiswa KweRussia.
Lapho umbuso weNapoleon III wasungulwa eFrance, iphephandaba laseParis lavalwa. Ukugwema ukushushiswa, u-Alexander vladimirovich wathuthela emnandi. Lapha, seluleme ezinkingeni zomndeni nasezinhlekeleleni, i-helezen yaqhubeka nokubhala ukubuyekezwa kwemibhalo, izindatshana nezincwadi. Ekupheleni kokuguqulwa kwethemba lomfuduki waseRussia, bawa eYurophu. Ukukhanya kwakhe okumnandi nefilosofi akuthandwa entshonalanga. EJelezeni ubuntatheli kaJerenen, amanothi okudumazeka ngama-oda eYurophu azwakala.
Izolo, "Western" wake wabuyela emcabangweni kaRussia. Manje waphikisa ukuthi umphakathi wabampofu ngumbungu weSocialism, okuzothuthukisa umphakathi ofanele. Ngasikhathi sinye, iYurophu yagxiliswa e "Bourgeois Burglary" kusuka ekupheleleni.
Ngo-1849, ngemuva kokuboshwa, uNicholas Mina eRussia, impahla yaHeren nonina ukuthola imisebenzi yokuguqula, ochwepheshe kanye nomlobi baya eLondon. Maphakathi ne-1850s, wavula indlu yokuphrinta, lapho kusuka ku-1855th Pripled Almanac "Polar Star". Ngemuva konyaka, u-Ogarev wajoyina. Ehlobo lika-1857, umagazini wokuqala kamagazini "Bell" washicilelwa, lapho abafuduki bevumelana nokuqedwa kweSerfdom nentando yeningi eRussia.
Ama-Russian Liberoals ale nkathi ye-Alexander II afundwa ngodaba ngalunye lo magazini, izingcaphuno ezabiwe zoMphakathi onethalente, waze wabenzela uHeleze wasekela ukuvukela kwasePoland kwe-1863-1864. Izigxobo zitshele ukubuyiselwa kwenkulumo ngenhlanganisela ku-Dnieper. Izingcingo "Izinsimbi" eziya kumasosha aseRussia ukuhambisa ohlangothini lwezigxobo kuthethe abahlonishwayo balo magazini. Ukujikeleza kwawela izikhathi ezi-6, kuze kufike kuhhafu oshoko wamakhophi.
ERussia, uHeleze wadelela futhi wagxekwa. Futhi maphakathi nosopolitiki abangu-1860, usopolitiki waphoqeleka ukuba athuthele eGeneva: Uhulumeni waseBrithani wahola ingcindezi yaseRussia futhi wanikela ngo-Alexander Ivanovich ukuba ahambe ezweni. Ehlobo le-1867 "Bell" kuvaliwe. Eminyakeni emihlanu ngaphambili, isiphetho esifanayo sathola "inkanyezi ye-polar". Ngo-1868, inguqulo ephelele yezinkumbulo zakwaHelezen "Ukuthenga noDuma" kwashicilelwa. AmaMemoirs anentshisekelo njengomthombo ongokomlando futhi ahlale indawo evelele kwizithombe ezibonakalayo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngendlela umlobi abuke ngayo ebusheni bakhe, angahlulelwa yimidwebo yebhulashi le-helezen a. zbruev. Ubuso obuncanyana, obungasindayo obunobuso obumnyama obuvuthayo abakwazanga ukufana nabesifazane. Omunye wabo nguNatalia Zaharin - waba ngumfazi u-Alexander. Umbhangqwana Wokuphila Kwakho - uzungu lwenoveli. UNatalia ungumzala uHerzena, umshana wakhe womdabu kaYise.
IHenzen empeleni yantshontsha ekhaya liyoshada. Abalingani babethweswe umqhele eVladimir, lapho ngaleso sikhathi bebekhonza khona isixhumanisi sokuguqula. Kwakukhona futhi neSasha eshiwo okokuqala, efakwe emfanekisweni nobaba ka-A. Vitberg. Waba udokotela odumile womzimba, uprofesa owafundisa uLusanne e-University. Sekukonke, abashadikazi bazalwa yizingane ezi-8 lapho ezintathu zasinda khona.
EFrance, lapho uHelkena asuka eMoscow, uNatalia wayenenoveli nembongi yaseJalimane uGeorg Herveg. Okwesikhashana, imindeni emibili (i-herveg yashada) yayihlala ngaphansi kophahla olufanayo, kwaze kwaba nguHezen obambe umngane womshado, owakholelwa ukuthi 'uxhumano lukaJearnal "noGeorg wayenaye noGeorg wayenaye noGeorg wayenaye noGeorg naye. Ngemuva kokuhlaziywa kwenhlamvu, uGerlebu wasuka endlini. UHerine wangabaza kababa owazalwa ngawo-1850s endodakazi ka-Olga, kodwa wayibona le ntombazane. Waphila nokuguga okujulile futhi washona eminyakeni eyi-103.
Ngonyaka emva kokuzalwa kwendodakazi, umndeni udabukile usizi. ELwandle iMedithera waminza umkhumbi, lapho umama kamama kaHerewen ofungelwe khona ngoKole indodana eneminyaka engu-8. Imizimba yabo ayitholanga. U-Aven ngonyaka kamuva - ngo-1852 - uNatalia Herzeze wabulawa ngenxa yokubeletha. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, indodana esanda kuzalwa uVladimir wafa.
Ngo-1856, umngani osenesikhathi eside futhi umlingani ka-Ogaren wathuthela eLondon eLondon, uHeleze wathatha "umkakhe uNatalia Tuchkov. Kusukela ngo-1857 nasekufeni kuka-Alexander Ivanovich, bahlala ndawonye. Ngasikhathi sinye, ubungane no-Ogarchis abaphazanyiswa.
Ngo-1858, uTuchkov wabeletha indodakazi u-Elizabethe, nangemva kweminyaka emithathu amawele. ULisa wazibulala eminyakeni eyi-17, futhi amawele ashonile eDiphutheria. Kusukela uNatalia Tuchkov akazange ahlukanise no-Ogar, izingane ezavezwa kwaHezen zabheka ngokusemthethweni izingane zikaNikolai Platenovich.
Ukushona
Ekwindla yabangu-1869 HEZKKOV bathuthela eParis. E-French Capital yaphila isikhathi eside: NgoJanuwari 1870, kusho umbhali. Imbangela yokufa yayiyi-pneumonia.
U-HEZENZENZELWE EMAKHAYA AMAPARISI Adumile EParis Of Per Leshas, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi umlotha wathuthwa ngamathuna amahle, eChiteau.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1852-1868 - "Kuhlanzwa kanye neDuma"
- Ngo-1846 - "Ngubani okufanele asolwe"
- Ngo-1846 - "Motion"
- Ngo-1847 - "Udokotela Wezamasiko"
- Ngo-1848 - "Soroka-Fla"
- Ngo-1851 - "Olonakalisiwe"
- Ngo-1864 - "Usizi lwe-Groan Groch"
- Ngo-1869 - "Isizungu se-"