I-Biograge
Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, uGustav Malener waduma ngokuthi okungcono kakhulu phakathi kwe-Opera kanye neSymphonic abaqhubi base-Austria. Futhi uhla oluncane kuphela lwabalandeli Qagela ukuthi phambi kwabo umqambi omuhle. Iqiniso lokuthi uMahler yi-Symphony enkulu kakhulu yekhulu lamashumi amabili, abantu bamazweli bamazwe bafunda isigamu seminyaka ngemuva kokushona kwakhe.Ubuqambi boMqambi baphenduka ibhuloho, babopha ubuhlakani bekhulu le-XIX kanye nesimanje se-XX. Imisebenzi kaMahler's Musical iye yaba ngumthombo wokuphefumulelwa kanye nemodeli yokulingisa abaqambi besikole saseVienna Brittonich ne-Dmitry Shostakovich, futhi izingoma zalo kanye nezingoma zaso ziye zabanjwa ziqinile emperozini yekhonsathi.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Umqambi wesikhathi esizayo nomqhubi wazalelwa e-Austro-Hungary, futhi manje uCzech Bohemia ehlobo lika-1860. UGustav uyingane yesibili yamaJuda nguMary German noBernhard Maler. Sekukonke, izingane eziyi-14 zazalwa emkhayeni, kepha u-8 wabulawa yizifo ezincane nobuphofu. Kunzima ukuletha umndeni ngaphansi kokuthuthukiswa komgomo wokudala. Ubaba, kanye nogogo uGustav emugqeni kababa, uyithiti. Umama - ndodakazi kamenzi omncane.
Ithuba lokuhlakulela ithalente lokuzalwa futhi abopha i-biography ebuciko bobuciko bavele emfana eneminyaka engu-4 ubudala, lapho umndeni usuka ehlane elidala edolobheni laseJihlava empumalanga yeCzech Republic, elihlalwa ngamaJalimane. Lapha uGustav waqala ukuzwa i-orchestra ephelele futhi wavakashela opera. I-maller young yasheshe iphinda eminye imiculo ephakamiseni i-almonic, inika abazali ukuthi kukhona ithalente lethalente kulo.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-6, uGustava wahlala epiyano, ujuzisi uthisha womculo. Ngo-10, umfana wabhala ama-Essays okuqala futhi wavela esiteji: Umculi onekhono wamenywa ukuba abambe iqhaza ekhonsathini yedolobha. Kukhulunywa okokuqala kukaMaleher njengoba umqambi usuka emuva ku-1874. Ukufa kwahlaselwa ekufeni komfowabo oneminyaka engu-13 ubudala, uGustav waqanjwa yi-Opera, kepha umbhalo wesandla awugcinwanga. Esikhathini sokuzivocavoca, osemusha wagxila emculweni nasezincwadini: Ngaphezu kwawo akuzange kuthakazelise.
Ubaba, owayephupha ngokukhulisa umsizi ebhizinisini lomndeni, wazama ukuguqula iNdodana yakhe kanye nesayensi yesayensi, ehumushe umsebenzi wokuzijabulisa ePrague, kodwa imizamo yehlulekile. I-Maller-Senider inamahloni futhi yasusa isifutho eVienna, sedlulise ukunakekelwa kwepiyano nothisha odumile nothisha uJulius Eprein. UProfessor waphawula ithalente lensizwa yesifundazwe futhi anconywe ukungena eVienna Conservatory. UGustav wafunda ngaphansi kokuqala kwe-Epsterin ekilasini likapiyano.
Ngo-1875, uGustav Malener waba nomuzwa wokuthi ungene enhlokodolobha yomculo waseYurophu. Sekuyinyanga nengxenye eVienna, uRichard Wagner wama, washukunyiswa amasite amasiko enhloko-dolobha. Hhayi i-opera eyodwa, imikhiqizo eyaholela kuyo, umfundi we-conservatory akazange aphuthelwe. EVienna, umoya kaBeethoven noSchubert Veda, wadala umqambi kanye nopiyano uJohannes Brahms, okwaba nomthelela ebuqambi bokuqala bukaMaler.
I-Adeline Patty noPaoline Luka bakhanyisa esiteji se-Opera, emakhonsathi, uHans Richter beqhutshwa ngamakhonsathi, futhi umqambi kanye nomqambi u-Anton Bruter banikeza izinkulumo ezivakashelwe yinhliziyo uGustav Maleter. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4, umqambi osemusha waqamba iCANTATHA "Ingoma eqondile", lapho ithonya lezindaba ezimbili - lwaluzwa uBruck.
Ngaphezu kokufunda ku-Conservatory, Gustav wakhombisa intshisekelo yefilosofi. Iminyaka emibili yavakashela izinkulumo ngale ndaba e-University of Vienna. Ukunciphisa iziphetho ngemikhawulo, umculi wanikeza izifundo zomdlalo wepiyaya. Vele u-malter wayeselungile ngekusasa elihle kakhulu njengopiyano. Ama-composer ahlangenwe nakho othisha abalondolozayo bamukela ukungabaza.
Umculo
IVienna yaba ngumculi wezwe lesibili, ethinta ukunambitheka, ekunqume enye indlela, inikeze imfundo egqamile. Ngo-1881, uGustav Malener wethule ukudalwa kwakhe "kwengoma ehlakaniphile" emncintiswaneni waminyaka yonke waseBethowhen. I-jutut yaphenduka yahlulekile: i-jury yanikeza ubuhlakani bomqhudelwano kanye nemiklomelo uRobert Fuchs.
Ukwehlulwa akukulimazi kuphela kushaye umnikazi weSamoldra, kodwa futhi, kusho futhi, wathonya okuqhubekayo. UGustavy wehla esiteji sokulungiswa kwengxenye nge-Opera, i- "RYubheval" inganekwane futhi wasukumela ikhonsoli yomqhudelwano eLybakh (namuhla ljubljana). Ngemuva kwalokho wathola i-angezent e-Olmyuz, lapho kwadingeka ngavimba khona izimiso ze-wagnernal zobuholi be-orchestra. Umsebenzi waqhubeka ePienna Karl Theatre, lapho waphathiswa khona umsebenzi weKhommerster.
Ngo-1883, uGustavu wanikezwa isikhundla sokuqhutshwa kwesivumelwano sesibili semidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseHessian Kassel, lapho ayehlala khona iminyaka emi-2. Akufanelekile ukuba athandane nomculi uJohann Richter, uMalener wabhala umjikelezo wezingoma "zezingoma zomfundi ogqokile", owawuzwa ngumphakathi eminyakeni eyi-13 kamuva. Umsebenzi ubizwa ngokuthi othandana kakhulu efeni lomqambi.
Ngenxa yokwehlukana nobuholi bemidlalo yaseshashalazini, ama-mall ashiye uKassel maphakathi nawo-1880s, athole i-angezhent ePrague German Opera. Inhloko-dolobha yaseCzech Republic yamukela umqhubisi womqhubisikazi, futhi umqondisi weshashalazi u-Angelo uNeuman wakwazisa kakhulu ukutholwa ebusweni beGustav, wabheka umqondisi wethalente. EPrague, i-MALEREAL yaqala ukunambitheka kwenkazimulo futhi yezwa ukuguqulwa kwezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lobuchwepheshe.
Inkontileka yaphetha ngethiyetha le-Theatre Leaipzig entsha yesikhathi sonyaka we-1886/1887 esiphoqelekile ukuba ishiye iPrague Enomoya wokungenisa izihambi.
Ukuqashelwa kwafika eGustav Maler kanye ne-Premiere ye-Opera "Pinto ezintathu", ebanjwe ngoJanuwari 1988. Umqambi ngesicelo soMthombo we-Foundger of the German Opera Karl Weber wengeza umsebenzi ongaphethwa, futhi kahle, ukuthi "ipinto ezintathu" ngokunqoba laqhutshwa ezigcawini ezinkulu eJalimane.
Entwasahlobo yango-1888, izinkinga zothando zaphinde zaphefumulela umqambi ukuthi adale umsebenzi omuhle - i-symphony yokuqala. Namuhla yindatshana eyabulawa kakhulu nelithandwa kakhulu.
Lapho esesebenze ezikhathini zeLeiipzig 2, umculi washiya lo muzi. Ukungqubuzana nomsizi womqondisi kanye nesifiso sokuthuthela eBustapest, lapho uGustav anikezwa khona indawo yomqondisi weRoyal Opera futhi ehloniphekile ngiyaxolisa. Imali, ngokunembile, ukungabikho kwazo, kuwunobuthi empilweni yomqambi. Ngemuva kokufa kukababa nonina, lo mfowethu nodadewethu ababili bahlala benakekela.
Umqondisi we-Therofable Budapest Budapest Mall wasebenza ukugqoka. Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha wakwazi ukuvula i-opera yasebukhosini e-National Theatre, eseqede ukuvakasha nokwakha i-orchestra ethathe i-opera ne-wagner opera yaba perpetoire. Umqondisi wakwazi "ukuhudula" esigabeni se-Opera Diva Lilly Lehman, edume nge-soprano eyingqayizivele.
Entwasahlobo yango-1891, uMahler waphendula esimemweni esivela eHamburg: Wabizwa ngesimo sesithathu esikhulu se-opera saseJalimane, enciphisa iBerlin neMunich kuphela, njengoMqondisi kanye ne-Drop-Macender. Shiya iBudapest ayiphoqeleli kuphela isimemo esilingayo, kepha ubukhulu bemidlalo entsha ye-Richi Thethe - ubuzwe obungafuni ukubona inhloko ye-Opera yaseJalimane.
Ekuqaleni konyaka olandelayo, uGustav Malener wabeka eHamburg Stage Opera Peter Tchaikovsky "Eugene One Goun". Umqambi waseRussia kanye nomqhubi wesifundo bafika eHamburg ukumela ikhonsoli yomqhudelwano, kodwa, bebona uMalier emsebenzini, benqatshiwe. UTchaikovsky wabiza ozakwethu baseJalimane ubuhlakani.
EHamburg, umqambi wakhipha iqoqo lezingoma ezithi "Umlingo uphondo lomfana", uthatha igama elifanayo lezinkondlo zezinkondlo zeHeidelberg Mug njengesisekelo. Imibhalo evela kumqoqi uMahler esetshenzisiwe lapho aqamba ama-symphonies amathathu - owesibili, wesithathu nowesine.
Impumelelo yomqambi kanye nomqhubi wesifundo eHamburg baqashelwa eVienna. Kusukela maphakathi nawo-1890s, iNkantolo ye-Opera yathumela abenzeli kuye, kepha uMalener akazange anciphe, wesabe umuzwa wokulwa namaSemite wabusa lapho. Kepha uVienna wabiza uManila. NgoFebhuwari 1897, uGustav wabhapathizwa ngobuKatolika futhi entwasahlobo faka isiginesha ngaphansi kwesivumelwano nomqhubi wesithathu.
Indlela eya eNkazimulweni yayingumTarnist, kepha uMalee wakwazi ukumhlula futhi athathe indawo yomqondisi wethiyetha. Kwakungekho sibalo esidumile edolobheni, yize bekukhona amabi. I-Symphony yesihlanu eyaziwayo yazalelwa eVienna, eyahlukaniswa ngezikhathi ngezikhathi zamakamu amabili: abanye babona ubuthi futhi ngokudabukisayo, abanye benyuselwa phansi, abanye benyuselwa ekwakhiweni kwamanani ezulwini. Kwavela okwethusiwesithupha kweyisithupha kweyisithupha neyesishiyagalombili.
Emidlalweni yayo yaseshashalazini, uGustav Malener wasungula imithetho emisha nemiyalo yokuthi akuwona wonke umuntu owayethandwa. Izilaleli eziphawuleka, ezazikade ziye zazizwa ngemuva kwezigcawu ze-opera, zithukuthelisa ekuvinjelweni ukuze zingene eshashalazini lapho evuka.
Ngo-1907, umqhubi we-EveAT wakuzwa ukuthi agula, aphelelwe yizinhlupho zemidlalo ethembisayo kanye nezinkinga zempilo aphoqelela i-matra ukuba ishiye ingxabano eyintandokazi, eyanikezelwa iminyaka eyi-10 yokuphila. Ubuholi besethiyetha eliqoke impesheni yabesilisa ngesimo sokuthi umqhubi wesifundo ngeke asisebenzele kunoma yimuphi we-Austria Operas. Kepha izibonelelo zezimali zaphenduka zinesizotha kangangokuba uGustavu kwadingeka asebenze ngokwengeziwe.
Uthole umsebenzi e-New York Metropolitan Opera. Ngalesi sikhathi, "izingoma zomhlaba" ne-symphony yesishiyagalolunye zazalwa. Emsebenzini womqambi, ithonya lemibhalo laseNietzsche, iSchopenhauer noDostoevsky abathintekile. I-master yokugcina ihlonishwa kakhulu. Emsebenzini ancomeka.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Uthando lwaletha ugqozi lomqambi, kodwa hhayi injabulo empilweni yomuntu siqu. Ngo-1902, uMahler wahola u-Alma Schindler iminyaka engu-19, eyanikeza umnikelo ngemuva kosuku lwesine. Unkosikazi wabeletha uGustavu izingane ezimbili - amantombazane uMaria no-Ana.
Ekuqaleni, impilo yabashade ibifana ne-idyll, kepha ngonyaka wesihlanu, inkathazo neyasendlini yafika eVienna Opera. I-diphtheria egulayo kanye nentombazane encane yafa, uMaria oneminyaka emi-4. Ngokushesha, odokotela bathola isifo senhliziyo esingenakuthenta e-matra kakhulu. Intaba icindezele ukwelulwa ukupela umjikelezo wezwi "izingoma mayelana nezingane ezishonile."
Impilo yomndeni yaphulwa. U-Alma - Umculi onesiphiwo nomculi - wakhumbula amakhono akhe angabonakali: Phambilini, lona wesifazane ubuke umsebenzi womuntu oshade naye otholwe ngumsebenzi. Ngokushesha waba nenoveli enomakhi odumile, okwabonwa nguMalener. Kepha lo mbhangqwana awuzange uhlukane, kepha waphila ndawonye ekufeni komqambi.
Ukushona
Ngo-1910, impilo ye-matra yasukuma: Uchungechunge lwe-Angletha luboniswa enhliziyweni yezinkinga. Kepha uMalener waqhubeka esebenza. NgoFebhuwari 1911, umqambi ogulayo wema ngekhonsoli, eqeda uhlelo oluqukethe imisebenzi ngamaNtaliyane.
I-Fatal ye-Gustav kwakungukutheleleka okubangele endocarditis. Wabangela ukufa. UMaster ushonele emtholampilo waseVienna ngoMeyi. Ithuna likaMalier liseduze nendawo yokungcwaba yendodakazi enomufi emathuneni amathuna.
Le filimu yadutshulwa ngempilo yomqambi wobuhlakani nomqhubi. Umqondisi uKen Russell wamenyelwa nguRobert Powell endimeni yomlingiswa ophambili. Iqiniso elihehayo yi-kinship yokwesaba nge-beyonce kunenkanyezi yaseMelika iyaziqhenya kakhulu ngayo.
Imisebenzi Yomculo
- Ngo-1880 - "Facile Song"
- 1885-1886 - "Izingoma zomfundi ogqokile
- 1892 -1901 - "Umlingo womfana uphondo
- 1901-1902 - "Izingoma On Poems Ryuckert
- 1901-1904 - "Izingoma Eziphathelene Nezingane Eshonile
- 1884-1888 - Inombolo ye-Symphony 1
- 1888-1894 - Symphony Inombolo 2
- 1895-1896 - Symphony Inombolo 3
- 1899-1901 - Symphony Inombolo 4
- 1901-1902 - Symphony Inombolo 5
- 1903-1904 - Symphony Inombolo 6
- 1904-1905 - Symphony Inombolo 7
- 1906 - Symphony Inombolo 8
- 1909 - Symphony Inombolo 9
- Ngo-1908-1909 - "Izingoma Zomhlaba"